❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❈❆P❚❯❘❆ ▼❯▲❚■▼❮❉■❆ ❊▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊❙ ❊❉❯❈❆❈■❖◆❆■❙
■◆❙❚❘❯▼❊◆❚❆❉❖❙✿ ❆❙P❊❈❚❖❙ ❆❘◗❯■❚❊❚❯❘❆■❙✱
▼❖❉❊▲❖ ❉❊ ❈❖▼❯◆■❈❆➬➹❖ ❊ ■◆❚❊❘❋❆❈❊ ❉❊ ❆❈❊❙❙❖
❈❖◆❚❊❳❚❯❆▲
❍■❘❆◆ ◆❖◆❆❚❖ ▼❆❈❊❉❖ ❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❍■❘❆◆ ◆❖◆❆❚❖ ▼❆❈❊❉❖ ❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆
❈❆P❚❯❘❆ ▼❯▲❚■▼❮❉■❆ ❊▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊❙ ❊❉❯❈❆❈■❖◆❆■❙
■◆❙❚❘❯▼❊◆❚❆❉❖❙✿ ❆❙P❊❈❚❖❙ ❆❘◗❯■❚❊❚❯❘❆■❙✱
▼❖❉❊▲❖ ❉❊ ❈❖▼❯◆■❈❆➬➹❖ ❊ ■◆❚❊❘❋❆❈❊ ❉❊ ❆❈❊❙❙❖
❈❖◆❚❊❳❚❯❆▲
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡♥❛♥ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈❛tt❡❧❛♥
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❈❛♣t✉r❛ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ■♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✿ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✑ ♣♦r ❍✐r❛♥ ◆♦♥❛t♦ ▼❛❝❡❞♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✺ ❞❡ ❏✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡♥❛♥ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈❛tt❡❧❛♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡✐t❛s ❇✉❧❝ã♦ ◆❡t♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❡❞r♦ ❋r♦s✐ ❘♦s❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ✷✺ ❞❡ ❏✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷
❆✉t♦r✿ ❍✐r❛♥ ◆♦♥❛t♦ ▼❛❝❡❞♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ■♥str✉♠❡♥t❛✲ ❞♦s✿ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛r ❡ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❘❡♥❛♥ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈❛tt❡❧❛♥✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♠♦r q✉❡ ♠❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❛❞♦ ❡ ♣♦r ❡st❛r❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s P❡❞r♦ ❋r♦s✐ ❘♦s❛ ❡ ❙❛♥❞r❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❡ ❝♦❧❛✲ ❜♦r❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✳
❆♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛ ■♥✐❝✐❛çã♦ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ▼ô♥✐❝❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❘❡♥♦✲ ✈❛❞❛s✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠✳
❆♦ ❈◆Pq✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ✭✶✹✻✾✻✹✴✷✵✶✵✲✶✮✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞ã♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❡ ♥❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛s✳ ❊ss❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡①♣❧♦r❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❙❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡①t❡♥s❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛çã♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡stõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ r❡❝✉✲ ♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ ❡ ♥❛ s✉❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❆ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣r❡❡♥❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉s✉á✲ r✐♦✳ ❆ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲ ♣❡❡r q✉❡ s✉♣♦rt❛ ♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❈❛♣t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s s✉♣♣♦rt ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❡✈❡r②❞❛② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❡①♣❧♦r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ✉❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❝❛♣t✉r✐♥❣ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ st♦r❡❞✱ r❡tr✐❡✈❡❞✱ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ♦✈❡r t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡✐r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s t❤❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❧❛r❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s✱ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦t♦t②♣✐♥❣✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✐ss✉❡s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ st♦r❛❣❡✱ r❡tr✐❡✈❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ✐♥ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❡❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ❛rt✐❢❛❝ts ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧❡❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ✐ts s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ st✉❞❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ❢♦r ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ ❛❝❝❡ss ♦❢ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❝❝❡ss ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✉s❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ st✐❧❧ ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡s ❛ ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ t❤❡ st♦r❛❣❡✱ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❛♥❞ r❡♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❇② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡s✱ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ❛♥❞ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✸
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ✷✼ ✷✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✹ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦s Pr♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡ ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹✳✸ Pr✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✹✳✹ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❊♠❜❛r❝❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✺ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ❙❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✺✳✷ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ❙❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❘❡✉♥✐õ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✺✳✸ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ Pr♦♣ós✐t♦s ●❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✻ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❈♦♠✉♥s às ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✸✼
✸✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷✳✶ Pré✲♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✸✳✷✳✷ ●r❛✈❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✷✳✸ Pós✲♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✸ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✸✳✶ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸✳✷ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✸✳✸ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✹ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❊♥tr❡ ❛s ❊t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✺✸ ✹✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✸ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❱♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✸✳✹ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✹ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✻✾
✺✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣♦r ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✻ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✼✾
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✻✳✷ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❊①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✻✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✻✳✹ P❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✻✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✽✾
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✐①
✼✳✷ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✼✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✾✸
❆ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ▼❊❘ ❞♦ ❈❳ ✶✵✶
❇ ●rá✜❝♦s ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❙❯▼■ ✶✵✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ✭❧♦✉s❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ❚❛❜❧❡t P❈s✱ ❝❛♥❡t❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✶ ❆s q✉❛tr♦ ❢❛s❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✷ ❆✉❧❛ s❡♥❞♦ ♠✐♥✐str❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✸ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✹ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ◆❈▲ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✺ ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ tr❛t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✻ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✼ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✽ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✾ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✶✵ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛str♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ ✭Pré✲♣r♦❞✉çã♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✶✶ ➪r❡❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ às ❛✉❧❛s ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶ ❆❞✈❡rt✐s❡♠❡♥t ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣✐♣❡ ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡❡rs ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✸ Pr✐♠✐t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✹ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐❝♦ st❛rt❴s❡ss✐♦♥ ❬❆r❛ú❥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✺ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐❝♦ ❡♥❞❴s❡ss✐♦♥ ❬❆r❛ú❥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✻ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐❝♦ ❧✐st❴st❛t✉s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬❆r❛ú❥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✷❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❧✐st❴st❛t✉s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬❆r❛ú❥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳
✷✵✶✷❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✽ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❢t❴❣❡t ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬❆r❛ú❥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✷❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✾ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❢t❴♣✉t ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬❆r❛ú❥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✷❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✵ ❉✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✻✳✶ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❚❡r❛❦♦②❛ ❬◆✐s❤✐✉✲
❝❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✻✳✷ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❚❡❧❡✲❇♦❛r❞ ❬●✉♠✐❡♥♥② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✻✳✸ ❉✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❬●✐❧✐❜❡rt✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆P■✿ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❆❱❆✿ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❆❱❈✿ ❆❝✐❞❡♥t❡ ❱❛s❝✉❧❛r ❈❡r❡❜r❛❧
❈✫❆✿ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❈✴❙✿ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡✴❙❡r✈✐❞♦r
❈❆▲✿ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ❆❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ▲❛②❡r
❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲✿ ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❙◗▲ ❈❳✿ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡
❍❚▼▲✿ ❍②♣❡rt❡①t ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ■❍❈✿ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❍✉♠❛♥♦✲❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ■P✿ ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❏❆❳❇✿ ❏❛✈❛ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r ❳▼▲ ❇✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❏❲❙✿ ❏❛✈❛ ❲❡❜ ❙t❛rt
▲❖▼✿ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❖❜❥❡❝t ▼❡t❛❞❛t❛ ▼❉✺✿ ▼❡ss❛❣❡✲❉✐❣❡st ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✺ ◆❆❚✿ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❆❞❞r❡ss ❚r❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ◆❈▲✿ ◆❡st❡❞ ❈♦♥t❡①t ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ P✷P✿ P❡❡r✲t♦✲P❡❡r
P❈✿ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
❘❋■❉✿ ❘❛❞✐♦ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ■❉❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥
❙❇❚❱❉✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❧❡✈✐sã♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❙❈❖❘▼✿ ❙❤❛r❛❜❧❡ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ❖❜❥❡❝t ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❙◗▲✿ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡❞ ◗✉❡r② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❙❯▼■✿ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ■♥✈❡♥t♦r② ❚❱✿ ❚❡❧❡✈✐sã♦
❱◆❈✿ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❳▼▲✿ ❊①t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❳▼PP✿ ❊①t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ▼❡ss❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ Pr❡s❡♥❝❡ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❳❙▲❚✿ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❙t②❧❡s❤❡❡t ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦r ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞✐ár✐❛s ❬❲❡✐s❡r ✶✾✾✶❪✳ ❊ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥tr✉s✐✈♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ✈✐s❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡ss❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳
❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✭❈✫❆✮ é ✉♠ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ♣r♦✈❡r r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛❝❡ss❛r❡♠ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ✈✐✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♣♦s✲ t❡r✐♦r❡s❀ ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r✱ ♥ã♦ r❛r♦✱ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❆ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦✱ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s❡ssã♦✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❛❝❡ss❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❚♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦✱ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ s✉r❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♣❡ss♦❛s ♥❡ss❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳
❙ã♦ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♦s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❈✫❆✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❢♦❝❛♠ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ tê♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ r❡✉♥✐õ❡s ❬❈❤✐✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✶✱ ❍❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ♦✉tr❛s✱ ❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❬❑✉♥③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵✱ ●✉♠✐❡♥♥② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❪✱ ♦✉tr❛s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❡♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❬❲✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s✳
❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈✫❆✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣♦✐❛r❡♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❬❉✐❝❦s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻✱ ❍❡ ❡ ❩❤❛♥❣ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❩❤❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽✱
✷✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆✐s❤✐✉❝❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵✱ ❩❡♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛s ✖ á✉❞✐♦✱ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s s♦❜r❡ ❧♦✉s❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s ✖ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐á✲❧♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s r❡❛❧✐③❡♠ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡①♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♦✉ ❡st✉❞♦s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❡ss❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡s✈✐❛♠ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ s✉r❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳
❯♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❈✫❆ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①t❡♥s❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ s♦✜st✐❝❛❞♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❬▼♦❞❛❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ❊ss❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡①t❡♥s❛s ♣♦✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ♣♦r ❡①✐❣✐r ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✳
❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦ s❡rá tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦✳ ❊ss❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ tr❛❢❡❣❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ s❡❣✉r❛ ❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡r ❢♦r♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❊ss❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♥❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳
❖✉tr♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ é ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s s❡rã♦ ❛❝❡ss❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡ss❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡stá r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❡❧❡✳
✶✳✸✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✷✼
✭❜r♦❦❡r✮ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ✐♠♣♦st❛ ♥❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❝❛s♦ ❡ss❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❡ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✱ t♦❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡st❛rá ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐❞❛✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ✐❈❧❛ss ❡stá ♥❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡s✲ tr✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❡st❡♥❞❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✐❈❧❛ss q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣♦st♦s✳ ▼❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥st❛❧❛çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠✿
• ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛
❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭á✉❞✐♦✱ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s s❧✐❞❡s✮❀
• ❆ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ s❡❥❛
✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✈✐❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❲❡❜ ❡ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❧❡✈✐sã♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ✭❙❇❚❱❉✮❀
• ❆ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣♦✐❛r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡
❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❀
• ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛✐s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦
✈✐❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❲❡❜❀
• ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❝♦♠
s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡❥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
P❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ❞✉❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ s❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡stá ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ r❡❣r❛s ❣❡r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❡ss❛ é ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❜❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛r ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❬Pr❡❡❝❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❡①♣❡✲ r✐ê♥❝✐❛ t❡♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ é ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ❡ ❡♥tã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡ t❛✐s ❛❜str❛✲ çõ❡s ❬▼♦❞❛❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✱❉❡② ✷✵✵✶✱❚r✉♦♥❣ ✷✵✵✺✱❈❛tt❡❧❛♥ ✷✵✵✾❪✳
✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡
❆❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛
✷✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s
❆ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✱ ♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❝r✐❛♠ ♥♦✈❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s à ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❊ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦✲❛s ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♠♦❞✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❯♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✶ ♣♦r ▼❛r❦ ❲❡✐s❡r✱ ❞❡✜♥❡ q✉❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✐♥t❡r❛❥❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡s s❡♠ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛♠ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✜❝♦✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ❬❲❡✐s❡r ✶✾✾✶❪✳
❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❡♠ ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝r❡s❝✐❞♦ sã♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✭❈✫❆✮✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣r♦✈ê ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③á✲❧❛s✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆✱ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛r s✉❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ s❡♠ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r ❡♠ r❡❣✐str❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦s t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❈✫❆ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✺ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❈✫❆✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✹ sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ss❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✻ sã♦ ❡①♣♦st♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ❈✫❆✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✼ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s✳
✸✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛
✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛
◆♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡ss❡s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡r❛♠ tã♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❛❧❛s ❡♥♦r♠❡s✳ ❊ss❛ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❡r❛ ❞♦s ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ✈ár✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛✈❛♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ❡ ❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❡ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✱ ❛té ❝❤❡❣❛r❡♠ à ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦s P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✭P❈s✮❀ ❡ss❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡r❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❆♣ós ✐ss♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✱ s✉r❣❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡r❛✱ ❛ ❡r❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❬❲❡✐s❡r ❡ ❇r♦✇♥ ✶✾✾✻❪✳
▼❛r❦ ❲❡✐s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐✉ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r r❡✲ ❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✜♥s ❬❲❡✐s❡r ✶✾✾✶❪✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❛s s✐♠✱ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❊ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s sã♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ t❡♥❤❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❛♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥ã♦ é ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✱ ♠❛s s✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❬❲❡✐s❡r ✶✾✾✹❪✳
❲❡✐s❡r ♣r❡✈✐❛ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ✭♣❡q✉❡♥♦s✱ ♠é❞✐♦s ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s✮ ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✭♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦✮ s✉r❣✐r✐❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ✐ss♦ ❛❝❛❜♦✉ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♥❞♦✿ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s ❡r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ r❛r♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦t❡❜♦♦❦s✱ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✾✵ ❥á ❡st❛✈❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ Pô❞❡✲s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ✭❧❛♣✲ t♦♣s✱ ❚❛❜❧❡t P❈s✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❡t❝✮ ❛ ✉s♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦ ✭❧♦✉s❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ♠✐♠✐♦s✶ ❡t❝✮✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ sã♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ é ✉♠ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ▼ó✈❡❧✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❍✉♠❛♥♦✲❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❊ss❛s ár❡❛s ❡stã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ sã♦ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❛s✳ ❆ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❛s ár❡❛s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❣❛♥❤♦s✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛
❬❆❜♦✇❞ ❡ ▼②♥❛tt ✷✵✵✵❪ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ três ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦
✶▼✐♠✐♦ é ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❛str❡❛r s✐♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠✐t✐❞❛s ♣♦r
✷✳✷✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✸✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ✭❧♦✉s❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ❚❛❜❧❡t P❈s✱ ❝❛♥❡t❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✮✳
❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ár❡❛s s❡rá ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ◆❛t✉r❛✐s
❯♠ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ é ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ q✉❡❜r❛r ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦✉s❡✱ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣❧❛②✱ ❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ♥♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ◆❡st❛ ó♣t✐❝❛✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❢♦❝❛♠ ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♠❡♥♦s ✐♥tr✉s✐✈❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✈♦③✱ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡ ❣❡st♦s✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞✐s♣❧❛② s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛♦ t♦q✉❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✳
❆s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛ s✉r❣❡♠ ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♠❛✐s tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡✳ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡ ❡stã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛ ❞❛r ♠❛✐♦r r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❥♦❣♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦ ❲✐✐✷ ❡ ❞♦ ❳❇♦① ✸✻✵ ✰ ❑✐♥❡❝t✸✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦
❊ss❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛✳ ❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ é q✉❡ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ r❡❛❣✐r ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ✭♣❡ss♦❛✱ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦✮ q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❡♠ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❬❉❡② ✷✵✵✶❪✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❬❈❛tt❡❧❛♥ ✷✵✵✾❪✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ t❡r ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛
✸✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛
❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛çõ❡s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❬❍❡ss ❡ ❈❛♠♣❜❡❧❧ ✷✵✵✸❪ ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛r ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✲ ✈❡rs♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡♠♣r❡❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ é ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r q✉❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✈✐✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s s❡❥❛♠ r❡❣✐str❛❞❛s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss♦✳ P♦r ❡ss❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♣r♦❞✉③✐r❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s✱ t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s s♦✜st✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛✈❛r✱ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛r ❡ ❣❡r❛r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ s✉r❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝â♠❡r❛s✱ ♠✐❝r♦❢♦♥❡s✱ s❡♥s♦r❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❡♠ ♥❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s✐✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♥❞♦ s❡rá ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ P♦r s❡r ✉♠ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❈✫❆ s❡❥❛♠ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡st❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✳
✷✳✸ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦
❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ r❡❝❡♥t❡✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✹✺✱ ❬❇✉s❤ ❡ ❲❛♥❣ ✶✾✹✺❪ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❧ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈✫❆ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ◆❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ♦ ♠❡♠❡① s❡r✐❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s q✉❛✐s ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❡♥tr❛r✐❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛çõ❡s ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ❆♣ós ✐ss♦✱ ♣❡sq✉✐✲ s❛❞♦r❡s ♣r♦❝✉r❛r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♠❛✐s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❈✫❆✳
