❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
▼❖❉❊▲❆●❊▼ ❉❊ ❘❊◗❯■❙■❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ❉❊
❚❊▼P❖✲❘❊❆▲ ❯❙❆◆❉❖ ❙❨❙▼▲ ❊ ▼❆❘❚❊
❋❆❇❮❖▲❆ ●❖◆➬❆▲❱❊❙ ❈❖❊▲❍❖ ❘■❇❊■❘❖
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❋❆❇❮❖▲❆ ●❖◆➬❆▲❱❊❙ ❈❖❊▲❍❖ ❘■❇❊■❘❖
▼❖❉❊▲❆●❊▼ ❉❊ ❘❊◗❯■❙■❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ❉❊
❚❊▼P❖✲❘❊❆▲ ❯❙❆◆❉❖ ❙❨❙▼▲ ❊ ▼❆❘❚❊
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼✐❝❤❡❧ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❙♦❛r❡s
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛❝✉❧✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ▼❆❘❚❊✑ ♣♦r ❋❛❜í♦❧❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈♦❡❧❤♦ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✽ ❞❡ ▼❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼✐❝❤❡❧ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❙♦❛r❡s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❙té♣❤❛♥❡ ❏✉❧✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ▼❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❆✉t♦r✿ ❋❛❜í♦❧❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈♦❡❧❤♦ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ▼❆❘❚❊
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛ ✈♦❝ê ▼❛r✐❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❛ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❧✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❉❡✉s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ♠❡ ❞❛r✳ ❱♦❝ê✱ ♠❡✉ ❛♠♦r✱ tr♦✉①❡ ❧✉③ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡✉s ♦❧❤♦s✱
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡❝❡r é ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❡ ❣r❛t✐❞ã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦s ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ❡ ✜❝❛r❛♠ ❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❧❛❞♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ q✉❡r♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♠❡✉s ♠❛✐s s✐♥❝❡r♦s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✿
➚q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❛♠✐❣♦✱ ✉♠ ✐r♠ã♦✱ ✉♠ sá❜✐♦ t✉t♦r✱ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ tr❛③ tr❛♥q✉✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳ ❆ ✈♦❝ê✱ q✉❡r✐❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ q✉❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ❢❡③✲♠❡ ❝❛♣❛③✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❞❡❞✐❝♦✉✳
❆♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❈❛t❛❧ã♦✱ ♥❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r P❛✉❧♦ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♠❛✱ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡st❛ q✉❡ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡ q✉❡ t❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✲ ✐♣❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❞❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ r❡s♣❛❧❞♦✳
➚ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás ❡ ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛r ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✱ ♥♦ tr❛♥s❝♦rr❡r ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❛ ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❞♦❝ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡✱ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✱ ❛❝♦❧❤❡❞♦r❛ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❤♦rár✐♦s ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❝r❡s❝❡r✳
❆♦ ❉r✳ ▲❛❝♦r❞❛✐r❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦r t❡♠♣♦s ❛trás ❞❛r✲♠❡ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉✲ ♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❞♦❝ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ ❛ tr✐❧❤❛r ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣♦r ♦♥❞❡ t❡♥❤♦ ❛♥❞❛❞♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡✱ ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s❛✱ ▲✉③✐❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❡✈❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ s✐❧❡♥❝✐♦s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ❝❛❧♠❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ ♦❧❤❛r✱ ❞❡✉✲♠❡ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ♠❡ ❢❛❧t♦✉✳ ❖ s❡✉ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞✐ár✐♦✱ ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❡ ❤♦♥❡st✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦✈ê ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ t❡r✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❛r ♦♥❞❡ ♥ã♦ ♣✉❞❡ ❡st❛r ❡ ♣♦r s✉♣r✐r ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛s s❡♥❞♦ ♠ã❡ ❡ ❛✈ó ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛✳ ❆♠♦✲t❡✳
▼❡✉ q✉❡r✐❞♦ ♣❛✐ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡✲❞r❛st❛✱ ❊❧❡✉③❛✱ q✉❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡ r❡❝❡❜✐❛♠ ❡ ❛❝♦❧❤✐❛♠ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r✳ ❊❧❡✉③❛✱ q✉❡r✐❞❛✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♣♦r s❡r ✈ár✐❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ ❡st❡✐♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✉st❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡✉ q✉❡r✐❞♦ ♣❛✐✳ ▼❡✉ q✉❡r✐❞♦ ♣❛✐✱ ❏❛✐r♦ ❇❡r♥❛r❞❡s✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ q✉❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ s✉❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❜r❛ç♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ tr♦❝❛♠♦s✳
❆ ✈♦❝ê✱ ●❡♦✈❛♥♥❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s✱ q✉❡✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♠❡✉ ❡s❝✉❞♦ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡❢❡♥s♦r❛✳ ❆♠♦✲t❡ ♠✉✐t♦✳
▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❘❡③❡♥❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝ê✲❧♦❄ ❊♥tr❡ t❛♥t♦s tr♦♣❡ç♦s ❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✱ t❛♥t❛s ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣✉❞❡ s❡r ♦✉ ❡st❛r ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✐❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❡r❛s ♠❡r❡❝❡❞♦r✱ ♠❛s ✈♦❝ê ❡st❡✈❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ s❡✉ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛✦
❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❢❛③❡r t❡r ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡ ❞❡s♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❝✉♠♣r✐♥❞♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ❧♦♥❣♦s ❞✐❛s✳
❉♦♥❛ ❆♥❣ê❧❛ ❘❡③❡♥❞❡ ❡ ❏♦ã♦ ❘❡③❡♥❞❡✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s tã♦ ❧✐♥❞❛s✳ ◆❛ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛t♦s ❡ ♥❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❝♦r❛çõ❡s ♠❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✜❧❤❛✳ ❊ ✐ss♦ t♦r♥♦✉✲♠❡ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ t❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳
▼❡✉s q✉❡r✐❞♦s✱ ❛♠❛❞♦s ❡ ❞♦❝❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r✲❧❤❡s❄
❘❡♥❛t❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✈♦❝ê ♠❡✉ ♦♠❜r♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❡ s❡♥s❛t♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t❛s ♠❡♠ór✐❛s ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛s✱ ❥á ♥❡♠ ❧❤❡ t❡♥❤♦✱ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♠✐❣❛ ♦✉ ❝♦♠❛❞r❡ ❡ s✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥s❡♣❛rá✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡ ♣♦r ❛❝♦❧❤❡r✲♠❡ ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ ❡ s♦❧✐❞ã♦✳
❈❧é♥✐❛ ❘✐♦s✱ és ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡ ❛✉s❡♥t♦✉✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❥✉st❛ ❞❡❢❡♥s♦r❛ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ❞❡ ❧✉t❛s✳ ➱ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝❛rát❡r✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❡ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✳
❉❛②s❡ ❙✐❧✈❡✐r❛✱ q✉❛♥t❛s ♥♦✐t❡s✱ q✉❛♥t♦s ❞✐á❧♦❣♦s✳✳✳ ❱♦❝ê tr❛③✲♠❡ s❡r❡♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ♥♦ss❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ t❡♥❤♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✈♦❝ê✱ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❡ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ✈❡❧❤♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳
❑ê♥✐❛ ❙❛♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤♦✉ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛s✱ ❡s♣❛ç♦s✱ s❛✉❞❛❞❡s✱ s♦♥❤♦s ❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ♦ ár❞✉♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❡ ❛✉①í❧✐♦✳
❆♥❛ P❛✉❧❛✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ q✉❡r✐❞❛✱ ✈♦❝ê ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ♠❡✐❣✉✐❝❡ ❡ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣♦✉ ❞❡ ♠❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r ❡ ❞❡✐①♦✉ ❛ s✉❛ ♠❛r❝❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ s♦✉ ❛❣r❛❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡♠♦s r✐r ❡ ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r✳
❲❛♥é❧② ❆✐r❡s ❝♦♠♦ s♦✉ ❢❡❧✐③ ♣❡rt♦ ❞❡ t✐✱ q✉❛♥t❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s✱ s♦rr✐s♦s✱ ❝❤♦r♦s ❡ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛s✳ ❱♦❝ê✱ ♣❡ss♦✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✜❜r❛ ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ s♦✉❜❡ s❡r tã♦ ❞ó❝✐❧ ❡ ❛♠✐❣❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐✳
▲❡✐❧✐❛♥❡ ❘❡③❡♥❞❡✱ ❏♦②❝❡ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❈í❝❡r♦ ▲✐♠❛✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r❛♠ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ ♥❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❥✉♥t♦s✳ ❱♦❝ês sã♦ ❧✐♥❞♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♠❡ tr♦✉①❡✳
❈és❛r ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❊❧✐❛s✱ ❏♦ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s✱ ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♣❛r✲ t✐❝✐♣❛♠ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♠❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ❡stí♠✉❧♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐♠ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r❛♠✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧ sã♦ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠✱ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳ ❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛s ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧✱ tê♠ ❣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ❢♦rç❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❆ ❯▼▲ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❯▼▲ ♣♦r s✐ só ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❡r✲ t✐♥❡♥t❡s ❛ ❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❯▼▲ é ❛ s✉❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✜❧❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✐rá ❡①♣❧♦✲ r❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦✜❧❡s ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦s ♣r♦✜❧❡s ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ❞❛ ❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❞♦❝✉✲ ♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ r❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♠♦str♦✉✲s❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧✳ ❖ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ♠♦str❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧✳ ❖ ♣r♦✜❧❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦✉ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦✲❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❜❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✳ ❖s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ▼❆❘❚❊✱ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ sã♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❝♦❜r✐♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ s②st❡♠s ✭❘❚❙✮ ❛r❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦♥ ❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧✲ ❜❛s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❘❚❙ s②st❡♠s t❡♥❞ t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❚❤❡ ❯▼▲ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ str♦♥❣❧② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ r❡❝❡♥t ②❡❛rs ❢♦r ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❯▼▲ ❛❧♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡♥❡ss ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s②st❡♠s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t✐♠✐♥❣ r❡q✉✐r❡✲ ♠❡♥ts✳ ❯▼▲ ✐s ❛ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ t❤❛t ❤❛s s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♣r♦✜❧❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇✐❧❧ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❯▼▲ ♣r♦✜❧❡s ❙②s▼▲ ❛♥❞ ▼❆❘❚❊ t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❘❚❙ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ r♦❛❞ tr❛✣❝✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s t♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙②s▼▲ ✇✐t❤ ▼❆❘❚❊ st❡r❡♦t②♣❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞✱ ❛❧s♦✱ ❢♦r ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❝r✐t❡r✐❛ ♦❢ tr❛❝❡❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇❛s s❤♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ r❡✲ q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ s②st❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ❙②s▼▲ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❞✐❛❣r❛♠ s❤♦✇s ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② t❤❡ ✈❛r✐♦✉s t②♣❡s ♦❢ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ♦❢ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ♣r♦✜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ✇✐t❤ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦♥ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡❧❧ ❢♦r♠❡❞✱ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ t✐♠✐♥❣ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❙②s▼▲ ❛♥❞ ▼❆❘❚❊✱ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙②s▼▲ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❞✐❛❣r❛♠ ❛r❡ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ ♠❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡s ♦❢ s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ s②st❡♠s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✈✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✾
✶✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✶✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ✸✶ ✶✳✹ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t❛ s♦❜r❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲
❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✶✳✺ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✶✳✻ ▼❡t❛s ❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✶✳✼ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✶✳✽ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✶✳✽✳✶ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✶✳✽✳✷ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✶✳✽✳✸ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✶✳✾ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✷ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❚❡ór✐❝♦ ✹✾
✷✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✷✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✷✳✹ Pr♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✷✳✺ ❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✷✳✻ Pr♦✜❧❡s ❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✷✳✼ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✷✳✼✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✷✳✼✳✷ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✷✳✽ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦✜❧❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
①① ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✷✳✾ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ Pr♦✜❧❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✷✳✾✳✶ ❙✉❜P❛❝♦t❡ ❈♦r❡❊❧❡♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✷✳✾✳✷ ❙✉❜P❛❝♦t❡ ◆♦♥✲❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr♦♣❡rt✐❡s ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✭◆❋Ps✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✷✳✾✳✸ ❙✉❜P❛❝♦t❡ ❚✐♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ✼✶ ✸✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✸✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❯r❜❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✸✳✸ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❚râ♥s✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✸✳✹ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✸✳✻ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❘❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❘❡✲
q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❊st❡♥❞✐❞♦ ✽✺
✹✳✶ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✷ ◆♦✈♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❙②s▼▲ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✹✳✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❊st❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈❧❛sss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❘❛str❡✲
❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✺ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ✾✾
✺✳✶ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✷ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s ▼❆❘❚❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✸ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❆♣♦✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✺✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✺✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✺✳✹✳✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❙②s▼▲ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❘❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✺✳✹✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦✿ ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ♣❛r❛ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✺✳✺ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✶✶✾
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✶ Pr♦✜❧❡ ❙②s▼▲ ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✷✳✸ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❙②s▼▲ ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✷✳✹ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❡❘❡qt ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✷✳✺ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤② ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✷✳✻ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✷✳✼ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡✜♥❡ ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✷✳✽ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ tr❛❝❡ ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✷✳✾ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♣② ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✷✳✶✵ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ s❛t✐s❢② ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✷✳✶✶ Pr♦✜❧❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✶❛❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✷✳✶✷ ❉❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ P❛❝♦t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛❝♦t❡ ❈♦r❡❊❧❡♠❡♥ts ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✶❛❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✷✳✶✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❉❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ P❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ◆❋Ps ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✶❛❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✳✶✹ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞♦s ■♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❞♦ ❙✉❜P❛❝♦t❡ ❚✐♠❡ ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✶❛❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✷✳✶✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❚✐♠❡ ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✶❛❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✶ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❋❛s❡ ❞❡ ▼♦❞♦ ❆t✉❛❞♦✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬❙✐❧✈❡str❡ ❡ ❙♦❛r❡s
✷✵✶✷❛❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ 170E ❬❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✶✾✾✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✶ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❙②s▼▲ ❊st❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✹✳✷ ❖ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊st❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✸ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ << aggregate >>✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✹✳✹ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ << linkage >>✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✹✳✺ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ << synchronized >>✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✹✳✻ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡♠ ❆❧t♦ ◆í✈❡❧ ❡ s❡✉s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✼ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡♠ ❆❧t♦ ◆í✈❡❧ ❡ s❡✉s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ P❛❝♦t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✽ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✾ ❘❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ◆í✈❡✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
①①✐✈ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✺✳✶ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❙②s▼▲ ❝♦♠ ▼❆❘❚❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✷ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❛ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✺✳✸ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❛ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲ ❊st❡♥❞✐❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✺✳✹ ■♥t❡rs❡❝çõ❡s ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❘♦❞♦✈✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✺✳✺ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✺✳✻ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❘❡✜♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✺✳✼ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❙✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡♠á❢♦r♦s ❡ s✉❛ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣♦r
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✸✳✷ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✸✳✸ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✸✳✹ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✸✳✺ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✸✳✻ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✸✳✼ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✸✳✽ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✸✳✾ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✸✳✶✵ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✸✳✶✶ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✶✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✸✳✶✷ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✶✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✸✳✶✸ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✶✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✸✳✶✹ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✶✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✸✳✶✺ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✸✳✶✻ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✸✳✶✼ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✸✳✶✽ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸✳✶✾ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸✳✷✵ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸✳✷✶ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✷✷ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✷✸ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✷✹ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✷✺ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✶✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✸✳✷✻ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❚▼✶✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❘❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✷ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡♠ ❆❧t♦ ◆í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✸ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✹ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
①①✈✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❚▼❙ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❆❚■❙ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡ ❆❱❈❙ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❱❡í❝✉❧♦s ❆❘❚❙ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❘✉r❛❧ ❆P❚❙ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ Pú❜❧✐❝♦
❇❘ ❇r❛s✐❧
■◆❈❖❙❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣
▼❆❘❚❊ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧ ❡ ❊♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s ▼● ▼✐♥❛s ❣❡r❛✐s
◆❋P Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ◆ã♦ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❖▼● ❖❜❥❡❝t ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ●r♦✉♣
❘❚▼❙ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❘✉❛s ❙②s▼▲ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s
❙❘❘❚ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❘❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❙②s▼▲ ❯▼▲ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❯♥✐✜❝❛❞❛
❯❚❈❙ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❯r❜❛♥♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ sã♦ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛❞♦s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛s ❙❡çõ❡s ✶✳✶✱ ✶✳✷ ❡ ✶✳✸✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✹ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧✳ ❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✺✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✻✱ ❛s ▼❡t❛s ❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ sã♦ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐❞♦s✳ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✉ ❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✼✳ ❆ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ s✉❛s ◗✉❡stõ❡s✱ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✽✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✾ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦
❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❡ às ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦rr✐q✉❡✐r❛s ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛ ❛s ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❬◆❛✐s❜✐tt ✶✾✽✽❪ q✉❛♥t♦ à tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✏s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❢❡rr❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦s ✭s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡s✮ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡ q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❧❡♥❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❬❙♦♠♠❡r✈✐❧❧❡ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ r✐❣♦r ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦s ❬◆✉✲ s❡✐❜❡❤ ❡ ❊❛st❡r❜r♦♦❦ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ➱ ❜❡♠ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ é ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬❇r♦♦❦s ✶✾✽✼❪ ❬❇❡rr② ✷✵✵✹❪ ❬P❛r✈✐❛✐♥❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪ ❬❇♦♦❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪✳
❈♦♠♦ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ s❡❥❛♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ✜♥❛♥✲ ❝❡✐r❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦✱ sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✱ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦r ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r✱ ♠❛♥t❡r ❡ ♣r♦✈❡r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❡st❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❬❙♦♠♠❡r✈✐❧❧❡ ✷✵✶✶❪✳
✸✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬❙♦♠♠❡r✈✐❧❧❡ ✷✵✶✶❪✱ ❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛ ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ à ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞♦✴❡♥tr❡❣✉❡✳
❖s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s sã♦ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡✱ s❡ ❜❡♠ r❡❛✲ ❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬❈❛❜r❛❧ ❡ ❙❛♠♣❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ P♦r s❡ tr❛t❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❡ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞❛✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦s ❡✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❬❈❛rr✐❧❧♦ ❡ ◆✐❝♦❧❛s ✷✵✶✶❪✳
❆ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✱ t♦r♥❛ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s t❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❬●❤❡③③✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ✭❞✐✈✐❞✐r ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛r✮ ❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦❝✉❧t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
✶✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧
❆ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧ ✭❙❚❘✮ é q✉❡ ❡❧❡s tê♠ ♣♦r ♦❜r✐✲ ❣❛çã♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❡ r❡str✐t♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣r♦✈❡r r❡s♣♦st❛s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞❛s ❬▲❛♣❧❛♥t❡ ✷✵✵✻❪✳
❖s ❙❚❘ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛s q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛s ❞♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r q✉ã♦ ❜❡♠ ❡❧❡s s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ Pr♦✈❡r s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❙❚❘ sã♦ ♠✐ssõ❡s ♣r✐♠ár✐❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♠ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡❥❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ s❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r r✐s❝♦s ✐♥❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s ❬❇✉r♥s ❡ ❲❡❧❧✐♥❣s ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ❖s ❙❚❘ sã♦ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s✱ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡s✱ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ár❡❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❝rít✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✱ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ❡ ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ❬❊✈❡r❡tt ❡ ❍♦♥✐❞❡♥ ✶✾✾✺❪✳
✶✳✸✳ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧ ✸✶
❧♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ✜♥✐t♦ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝á✈❡❧ ❬❊✈❡r❡tt ❡ ❍♦♥✐❞❡♥ ✶✾✾✺❪✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s♣❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r✱ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛❧♠❡❥❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♣r♦✈❡r ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✲ ✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ♣♦✐s s✉❛ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡ ❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛rã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❛tr❛s♦s ♥♦ ❝r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ❡ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ♠á q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙❚❘ ✐st♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢❛❧❤❛ ♥❡st❡s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛r sér✐♦s ❞❛♥♦s ✭❤✉♠❛♥♦s✴♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❬❩❤✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✷❪✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s t❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛❞♦ ♦s ✈ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♥✲ ❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❥á ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦✱ ♦s ❙❚❘ sã♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♥ã♦✲❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♥ã♦✲❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦s ❙❚❘ ❞❡✈❡♠ r❡❝❡❜❡r ♠❛✐♦r ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ t❡st❡s ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✳
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧
❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❣rá✜❝❛s ❡ t❡①t✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡✱ ♣r✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✉❞❡✱ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❬❇❡③❡rr❛ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ➱ r❡❧❛t❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❬❇♦♦❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s t♦r♥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ♦✉ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛r ❝❡rt❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♥ã♦ tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳
✸✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❞❡s❞❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s sã♦ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡✐s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❛s✱ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞❛✱ s❡r✈✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ s❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♦✉ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛rá ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❡ ❡rr♦s ❡✴♦✉ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✳
✶✳✹ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t❛ s♦❜r❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠
❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✲❘❡❛❧
❯♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧ é ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❙❚❘✱ r❡s✲ ♣❡✐t❛♥❞♦ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉st♦s ❡ ♣r❛③♦s ❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♠❛♥t❡r ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉✐r ❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❊st❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✿ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s ❡ ❜❡♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧✱ s❡❣✉r❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❝✉st♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦✱ ❡✜❝❛③ ❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❙❚❘ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❬P❡tt❡rss♦♥ ✶✾✾✾❪ ❬❙♦❛r❡s ✷✵✶✵❪✳
P❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✉❞❡ ❡ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❡ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❬▲❡❡ ✷✵✵✷❪ ❬▲❛♣❧❛♥t❡ ✷✵✵✻❪ ❬❇✉r♥s ❡ ❲❡❧❧✐♥❣s ✷✵✵✶❪✱ ❛ ❯▼▲ ❬❖▼● ✷✵✶✶❜❪ ✭❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✺✮ ❡ ♦s ♣r♦✜❧❡s ❯▼▲✱ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❙②s▼▲ ✭❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✼✮ ❡ ▼❆❘❚❊ ✭❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✽✮✳
❆s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r✲❧❤❡s ❛ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❬❆❞r✐❛❧ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ✜♥✐t♦s✱ ♦s ❙t❛t❡❝❤❛rts✱ ❛s ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✭❘❞P✮ ❡ ❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❩✳ ❉❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✲ s❝r❡✈❡♠ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❙❚❘✱ s❡rã♦ ❜r❡✈❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s✳
