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The Sensitivity and Resistance of Yeasts Isolated from Women with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis to Common Antifungal drugs Using Disc Diffusion

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6" + 0 H B I% # $ ! 2 M% 6" 0* 5 / ; +% K% # + ,D +,; 2 ! 6 ,! ,2 ) 6 r % % (c5 C # (! (4 8 #( ! ) ) ! Q j , ] RF + ,D •2 %)* " T , ! + , 6! •P [ M% o E% • (! Y+ ( ! 6 2 6! € 2 •P ~[ a ,D ! 6" C 0 % l s `Z \ 6! ) " " a ,D 9 s d] \ 6! 9 ) " V 9 ) " ( a ,D ! Q j RF $ 2 } •(O M\ D 6 K% C >jZ s % , 6" ! G 9 :;( " 0 , (= + =! ; K K.; + F (! * / ( " ) 6 $ $\ , 0 (O N 6! 6! N C,D # * P [ # 2 (O N # %* % % ( ; $ F References

1. Maraca G, Manzara S, Dettori G. In vitro sceptibility of 119 yeast isolates to fluconazole, 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Hemotherapy. 1991; 37(1): 23–31.

2. Berg AO, Heidrich FE, Fihn SD, Bergman JJ, Wood RW, Stam WE, et al. Establishing the cause of genitourinary symptoms in women in a family practice: comparison of clinical examination. JAMA. 1984; 251: 620-5.

3. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Gulminetti R, Marone P, Colonna L, Piazzi G. Prevalence of and risk factors for fungal vaginitis caused by non-albicans species. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 176: 138-41.

4. Singh S, Sobel JD, Bhargava P, Boikov D, Vazquez JA. Vaginitis due to Candida krusei: epidemiology, clinical aspects, and therapy Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 35: 1066–70.

5. Soong D, Einarson A. Vaginal yeast infections during pregnancy Canadian Family Physician. 2009; 55: 255-6.

6. Barry AL, Brown SD. Determining Susceptibility of Candida Species. J.Clin.Microbiol. 1996; 34:2154-7. 7. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory (NCCL) Standards. Reference method for broth dilution

antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Tentative standard M27-T. Villanova, Pa. 1995. 8. Sobel JD. Vaginitis. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337(26):1896–1903.

9. Sandven P. Detection of fluconazole-resistant Candida Strains by a disc diffusion s creeningTest.J.Clin.Microbio.1999; 37(12): 3856–9

10. Richter SS GR, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ,Pfaller MA. Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis and epidemiology of recurrent cases. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43: 2155–62 11. Shang Rong Fan XPLaJWL. Clinical characteristics of vulvovaginal candidiasis and antifungal

susceptibilities of Candida species isolates among patients in southern China from 2003 to 2006. J Obstet Gyn Res. 2008; 34(4): 561–6

12. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guideline. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006; 55: RR–11

13. Fan SR LX. In vitro miconazole susceptibility and clinical outcome in vulvovaginal candidiasis. Int J Gynl Obstet. 2007; 97: 207–8

14. Consolaro MEL AT, Svidzinski AE, Peralta RM, Svidzinski TIE. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is associated with the production of germ tubes by Candida albicans. Mycopathologia. 2005; 159: 501–7

15. Sojakova M LD, Borovsky M, Subik J. Fluconazole and itraconazole susceptibility of vaginal yeast isolates from Slovakia. Mycopathologia. 2004; 157: 163–9

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16. Sanglard D IF, Calabrese D, Micheli M, Bille J. Multiple. Multiple resistance mechanisms to azole antifungals in yeast clinical isolates. Drug Resist Updates. 1998; 1: 255–65

17. Kontoyiannis DP LR. Antifungal drug resistance of pathogenic fungi. Lancet. 2002; 359: 1135–44 18. Messer SA DD, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Pfaller MA. Activities of micafungin against 315

invasive clinical isolates of fluconazoleresistant Candida spp .44. J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44: 324-6 19. Warnock DW. Azole drug resistance in Candida species. J MedMicrobiol. 1992; 37: 225–6

20. Quindos G CMA, Arevalo MP, Salgado J, Alonso Va R, Rodrigo JM, et al. In-vitro susceptibility of Candida dubliniensis to current and antifungal agents. Chemotherapy. 2000; 46: 395-401

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