INFLUENCE OF PERCEIVED STRESS IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES DNA DAMAGE: THE ROLE OF HABITUAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ATTENUATING STRESS AND/OR REDUCING DNA DAMAGE

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17

th

annual Congress of the

EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT SCIENCE

4-7

th

July ECSS Bruges 2012 – Belgium

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Edited by:

Meeusen, R., Duchateau, J., Roelands, B., Klass, M., De Geus, B., Baudry, S., Tsolakidis, E.

Hosted by:

Vrije Universiteit Brussel & Université Libre de Bruxelles

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European College of Sport Science:

Book of Abstracts of the 17

th

_{Annual Congress of the}

European College of Sport Science – 4-7

th

July ECSS Bruges 2012 – Belgium.

Edited by Meeusen, R., Duchateau, J., Roelands, B., Klass, M., De Geus, B., Baudry, S., Tsolakidis, E.

ISBN 978-90902686-8-2

Copyright by European College of Sport Science

Conception & DTP: SporTools GmbH – Data management in sports

Cover: Stéphane Baudry

Corrections: Patera, N., Chassapis D., Tsolakidis, K.

Printed by: BlosoVlaamseoverheid

Paul-Niessen-Str. 12, 50969 Cologne, Germany

www.SporTools.de

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Organization

Congress President

Romain Meeusen (BEL)

Jacques Duchateau (BEL)

ECSS Executive Board

President: Sigmund Loland (NOR)

Past President: Hans Hoppeler (SUI)

President Elect: Marco Narici (GBR)

Exchanges and Affiliations: Romain Meeusen (BEL)

Journal and Media Relations: Gisela Sjøgaard (DNK)

Finances and Partners: Tim Cable (GBR)

ECSS Scientific Board

Anton Wagenmarkers,Chair (GBR)

Flemming Dela, Co-Chair (DEN)

Jan Cabri, Secretary (NOR)

Peter Bärtsch (GER)

Joan Duda (GBR)

Paul Greenhaff (GBR)

Martin Halle (GER)

Jose Antonio Lopez Calbet (ESP)

Erich Müller (AUT)

Gertrud Pfister (DEN)

ECSS Scientific Committee

Natalia Balague (ESP)

Wilhelm Bloch(GER)

Annalisa Cogo(ITA)

Nenad Dikic (SRB)

Taija Finni(FIN)

Daniel Green(GBR)

Michael Grey (GBR)

Markus Gruber (GER)

Jørn Wulff Helge (DEN)

Ylva Hellsten(DEN)

Luc van Loon (NED)

Mike McNamee (GBR)

Maria Francesca Piacentini (ITA)

Janice L. Thompson (GBR)

Nicole Wenderoth (BEL)

Local Scientific Committee

Jean-Pierre Baeyens (BEL)

Stéphane Baudry (BEL)

Luk Buyse (BEL)

Alain Carpentier (BEL)

Erik Cattrysse (BEL)

Peter Clarys (BEL)

Veerle De Bosscher (BEL)

Bas de Geus (BEL)

Kristine De Martelaer (BEL)

Benedicte Deforche (BEL)

Jacques Duchateau (BEL)

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Véronique Feipel (BEL)

Malgorzata Klass (BEL)

Romain Meeusen (BEL)

Nathalie Pattyn (BEL)

Jacques Poortmans (BEL)

Steven Provyn (BEL)

Bart Roelands (BEL)

Mark Theeboom (BEL)

Peter Vaes (BEL)

Luc Van Loon (NLD)

Evert Verhagen (NLD)

Paul Wylleman (BEL)

Evert Zinzen (BEL)

Additional reviewers

Dirk Aerenhouts

Constantino Balestra

Peter Bartsch

Nathalie Boisseau

Jan Cabri

Ariane Caplin

Laura Capranica

Marc Cloes

Wouter Cools

Cristina Cortis

Gael Deboeck

Benedicte Deforche

Roger Enoka

Vitalie Faoro

Veronique Feipel

Jean-Francois Grosset

Leen Haerens

Dominique Hansen

Floor Hettinga

Jo Van Hoecke

Kristel Knaepen

Jos De Koning

Michel Lamotte

Vesa Linnamo

Sigmund Loland

Mira Meeus

Erich Muller

Caroline Nicole

Jo Nijs

Jessica Van Oosterwijck

Frank Pauwels

Gertrud Pfister

Maria Francesca Piacentini

Steven Provyn

Jan Seghers

Filip Struyf

Heiko Strueder

Antonio Tessitore

Jo Verschueren

Philip Watson

Paul Wylleman

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Organizing Committee

Stéphane Baudry (BEL)

Bas de Geus (BEL)

Kevin De Pauw (BEL)

Jacques Duchateau (BEL)

Malgorzata Klass (BEL)

Romain Meeusen (BEL)

Nathalie Pattyn (BEL)

Bart Roelands (BEL)

Werner Van Cleemputte (BEL)

Laurens Wets (BEL)

ECSS Office

Thomas Delaveaux (DE)

Sarah Köster (DE)

Juliane Melber (DE)

Steffen Neubert (DE)

Elias Tsolakidis (DE)

Tobias Vogt (DE)

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Welcome

On behalf of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the Free Universities of Brussels, we welcome you to Bruges for the 17th annual congress of the ECSS.

The two universities hosting ECSS 2012, Université Libre de Bruxelles and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, have for many years contributed to the development of sport science in Europe. This sustained commitment to sport-related research from Brussels, the site of the European Institutions, led us to choose “Sport Science in the Heart of Europe” as the theme of the 17th congress of the ECSS.

The Bruges congress comprises an outstanding scientific programme that emphasizes contemporary knowledge in sport science. The congress will feature 4 plenary sessions and 36 invited symposia on topical issues in the field, the vitaly of which is underscored by the submission of close to 2000 abstracts from approximately 60 countries. After a thorough review and the withdrawal of some abstracts, ~85% of the submitted abstracts have been selected for the final programme. These free communications are distributed among 74 thematic oral and 115 e-poster sessions. A new feature this year is that all posters (1132 abstracts) will be presented in electronic format, which we anticipate will increase interactions among meeting participants.

Bruges was chosen as the host city for the congress due to its beauty and its historical role in the development of Europe. In these an-cient times, Bruges was one of the European cities in which intellectual, artistic, and trading activities converged and then expanded into Europe and well beyond. This history captures the objective of the College to establish a strong foundation for sport science in Europe and into the world.

By combining the cultural heritage and beauty of Bruges with a high-quality scientific programme, we anticipate that the 17th annual congress of the ECSS will be an exceptional professional experience. On behalf of the ECSS and the local organisers, we wish you a productive and enjoyable stay in Bruges.

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ORGANIZATION ... 3

WELCOME ...7

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 9

WEDNESDAY, JULY 4TH, 2012 ... 18

15:00-16:30 ... 18

IS-PM05 Exercise in Extreme Environments: From Space to Antarctica ... 18

OP-SH01 Sport Management ... 19

OP-BN01 Sports Biomechanics 1 ... 21

OP-PM01 Muscle signaling and adaptation ... 23

OP-PM02 Health and Lifestyle Interventions ... 25

IS-SH10 A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Exercise for Health (*) ... 27

IS-BN01 Importance of Feedback in Motor Control and Learning ... 29

IS-PM01 JSPFSM Exchange Symposium: Physiological and environmental factors influencing sports performance ... 30

OP-PM03 Neuromuscular Physiology 1 ... 31

OP-PM04 Brain and Exercise Performance ... 34

17:00-18:30 ... 36

PS-PL01 Cycling Economy: From Performance to Business ... 36

THURSDAY, JULY 5TH, 2012 ... 38

08:00-09:30 ... 38

IS-PM11 Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells ... 38

OP-SH02 Sport and Exercise Psychology ... 39

OP-BN02 Gait and running patterns ... 41

OP-PM05 Training and Testing 1 ... 43

OP-PM06 Skeletal Muscle Physiology ... 45

IS-SH03 Winning the Gold Medal War: The Production of Elite Sporting Success ... 48

IS-BN02 The Motor Control of Human Locomotion: the Role of Stretch Reflex in Natural Human Movement ... 49

IS-PM04 Exercise and Testing in Patient Populations (*) sponsored by Xlab.dk ... 50

OP-PM07 Exercise and Cardiac Physiology ... 51

OP-PM08 High Intensity Training ... 53

09:50-11:20 ... 55

IS-PM06 Nutritional Supplementation and Sports: Hopes and Disappointments ... 55

OP-BN03 Motor Learning ... 56

OP-PM09 Measurement and analysis techniques ... 58

OP-PM10 Sports Medicine/Exercise Therapy ... 61

OP-PM11 Nutrition 1 ... 63

IS-SH04 Martial Arts from a Multidisciplinary Perspective: Historical, Sociological and Psychological ... 65

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OP-BN04 Muscle/Tendon/Bone ... 68

OP-PM12 Training & Tapering ... 70

OP-PM13 Pacing and Perception ... 73

11:30-12:45 ... 75

PS-PL02 Performance in the Heat: What Happens in your Head? ... 75

13:45-14:45 ... 76

PP-BN01 Sport Biomechanics 1 ... 76

PP-BN02 Motor Learning and Coaching 1 ... 80

PP-PM01 Sports Medicine 1 ... 84

PP-PM02 Nutrition 1 ... 88

PP-PM03 Physical Activity ... 92

PP-PM04 Physiology and Biochemistry ... 97

PP-PM05 Neuromuscular Physiology 1 ... 100

PP-PM06 Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Health and Fitness ... 105

PP-PM07 Training & Testing 1 ... 109

PP-SH01 Psychology 1 ... 114

PP-BN05 Coaching 1 ... 122

PP-SH03 Sport Management ... 125

PP-SH04 Sport Statistics and Analysis 1 ... 129

PP-PM16 Rehabilitation 1 ... 132

PP-PM17 Physiotherapy ... 134

PP-PM19 Adapted Physical Activity 1 ... 140

PP-PM20 Health & Fitness 1 ... 144

14:45-15:45 ... 151

PP-PM09 Physiology 1 ... 160

PP-SH02 Social Sciences and Humanities 1 ... 189

PP-BN06 Sport Biomechanics 4 : Neuromuscular Aspects ... 193

PP-BN07 Coaching 2 ... 196

PP-SH05 Management & Ethics... 200

PP-SH06 Physical Education and Pedagogics 1 ... 203

PP-SH07 Sport Psychology ... 207

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PP-PM25 Health & Fitness: Elderly ... 222

16:05-17:35 ... 230

IS-PM02 ACSM Exchange Symposium/Pacing : Who Got the Turtle's Running Shoes? ... 230

OP-SH03 Management and economics in sports ... 230

OP-PM14 Sports Medicine 2 ... 232

OP-PM15 Health and Fitness 2 ... 234

OP-PM16 Nutrition 2 ... 236

IS-SH02 It's Natural to Play: Promoting Psychomotor Development in Challenging Environments ... 239

IS-BN05 Musculoskeletal Modelling for Problem Solving in Rehabilitation (*) ... 240

OP-PM18 The Elite Athlete ... 245

17:45-19:15 ... 246

IS-PM08 Towards an Integrative Approach of Exercise-Induced Fatigue ... 246

OP-SH04 Sport Psychology 2 ... 247

OP-PM20 Health and Fitness: Elderly population ... 251

OP-PM21 Molecular Biology 2 ... 254

IS-SH01 Intervention Development Using Social, Environmental and Psychological Approaches ... 256

OP-PM22 Training and Testing: Youth population ... 257

IS-PM07 Exercise to Reduce Musculoskeletal Pain (*) ... 259

OP-PM23 Cardiovascular Physiology ... 260

OP-PM24 Exercise Physiology 2 ... 263

FRIDAY, JULY 6TH, 2012 ... 266

08:00-09:30 ... 266

IS-PM13 Evidence Based Physiotherapy (Cardiac Rehabilitation) (*) ... 266

OP-SH05 Experimental Psychology ... 267

OP-PM25 Sport Science ... 269

OP-PM26 Sport Medicine: Experimental Interventions ... 271

OP-PM27 Physiotherapy and Sports Medicine ... 273

IS-SH06 Psychological and Sociological Perspectives on Prevention and Rehabilitation of Sport Injuries ... 275

IS-BN10 Tendon Plasticity: Neuromechanics and Motor Output ... 276

OP-BN06 Biomechanics ... 277

OP-PM28 Training and Testing: Elite Athletes ... 279

OP-PM29 Molecular Physiology ... 281

09:50-11:20 ... 283

IS-PM03 Sports Nutrition Symposium: Sports Nutrition offered by Mother Earth sponsored by GSSI ... 283

OP-SH06 Sociology ... 284

OP-PM30 Health and Fitness: Female population ... 286

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OP-PM32 Neuromuscular Physiology: Fatigue ... 290

IS-SH05 Social-Psychological Issues in Team Sports ... 292

IS-BN04 Balance Control in Elderly: Fall Risk and Prevention ... 293

OP-BN07 Coaching ... 295

OP-PM33 Training and Testing: Pacing Strategies ... 297

OP-PM34 Metabolic Physiology ... 299

11:30-12:45 ... 301

PS-PL03 Olympism & Sport (*) ... 301

13:45-14:45 ... 301

PP-PM27 Training & Testing 6: Swimming ... 301

PP-PM30 Health & Fitness: Children ... 314

PP-PM31 Health & Fitness: Disease ... 317

PP-PM32 Molecular Biology 1 ... 320

PP-PM36 Biochemistry ... 334

PP-BN09 Motor Learning and Coaching 2... 342

PP-SH09 Sociology ... 349

PP-PM39 Adapted Physical Activity 2 ... 362

PP-PM41 Health & Fitness: Sport and supplements ... 370

14:45-15:45 ... 374

PP-PM44 Biochemistry, Training & Testing ... 381

PP-PM45 Health & Fitness: Physical Activity 1 ... 385

PP-PM46 Health & Fitness: Excercise ... 389

PP-PM47 Molecular Biology 2 ... 392

PP-BN11 Motor Learning 1 ... 415

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PP-PM52 Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine ... 428

PP-PM55 Health & Fitness: Physical Activity 2 ... 438

16:05-17:35 ... 449

IS-PM12 Benefits of High Intensity Intermittent Training (HIIT) in Untrained and Diseased People (*)... 449

OP-SH07 Sport Psychology 3 ... 450

OP-PM35 Rehabilitation 1 ... 452

OP-PM36 Reliability and Validity of testing procedures ... 455

OP-PM37 Muscle Physiology... 457

IS-SH07 Role and Competences of PE Teacher and Coaches ... 459

IS-BN08 Biomechanics and Optimizing Performance in Elite Sports ... 460

OP-PM38 Health and Fitness: Obese population ... 464

17:45-19:15 ... 468

IS-PM09 Mechanism in Sarcopenia ... 468

OP-SH08 Sport Statistics & Analysis ... 469

OP-PM40 Rehabilitation 2 ... 471

OP-PM41 Biochemistry ... 473

IS-SH08 Life-Style Sports and Youth Development ... 478

IS-BN06 Biomechanics and Injury Prevention in Elite Sports (*) ... 479

OP-SH09 Psychology ... 480

OP-PM43 Health and Fitness: Youth population ... 481

OP-PM44 Exercise Physiology 3 ... 483

SATURDAY, JULY 7TH, 2012 ... 486

08:00-09:30 ... 486

IS-PM10 Protein Turnover and Inactivity ... 486

OP-SH10 Physical Education and pedagogics 1 ... 487

OP-PM45 Sports Medicine: Game Injuries ... 489

OP-PM47 Neuroscience ... 493

IS-SH09 The Integrative Role of Sport in Multicultural Societies: From Research to Practice ... 496

IS-BN07 Core Stability and Injury in Sports (*) ... 497

OP-PM48 Health and Fitness 3 ... 500

OP-PM49 VO2max and O2 Kinetics ... 502

09:50-11:20 ... 504

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OP-SH11 Physical Education and pedagogics 2 ... 505

OP-PM50 Sports Medicine 3 ... 507

OP-PM51 Training, testing and health ... 509

OP-PM52 Cardiovascular physiology 2 ... 512

IS-SH11 European Sports Tradition: Towards Unified Concepts and Policies ... 514

IS-BN09 Neuromechanics of Stretch Shortening Cycle: Application to Sports ... 515

IS-PM15 Exercise in cancer patients (*) ... 516

OP-PM53 Training and Testing: Fatigue ... 517

OP-PM54 Physiology: Performance / Hypoxia ... 520

11:30-12:45 ... 522

PS-PL04 Sport Science in the Heart of Europe (*) ... 522

13:45-14:45 ... 522

PP-PM61 Health & Fitness: BMI 1 ... 534

PP-PM62 Health & Fitness: BMI 2 ... 538

PP-PM63 Neuromuscular physiology 4 ... 540

PP-BN12 Sport Biomechanics 7 : Gait & Balance ... 558

PP-BN13 Motor Learning 2 ... 562

PP-SH15 Social Sciences and Humanities 2 ... 572

14:45-15:45 ... 593

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PP-SH16 Sport Psychology: Team sports ... 638

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IS-PM05 Exercise in Extreme Environments: From Space to Antarctica

Wednesday, July 4th, 2012

15:00 - 16:30

Invited symposia

IS-PM05 Exercise in Extreme Environments: From Space to Antarctica

1. NEUROCOGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT THROUGH EXERCISE. CURRENT APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS

Schneider, S.

German Sport University Cologne

The definition for health raised by the World Health Organization (WHO) includes physical and mental health. Today exercise science holds extensive knowledge about the adaptation of peripheral physiological systems to exercise (e.g. the hormonal, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system). Although the impact of exercise on mental fitness, cognitive performance and overall well-being has been extensively described in the recent decade, comparatively little is know about the underlying neurophysiological processes. This is mainly due to missing imaging possibilities as standardized imaging procedures, as positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are hardly applicable to health-orientated exercise settings. Nevertheless a deeper insight in the underlying neurophysiological parameters of exercise and their implications for neurocognition and emotional well-being are of utterly importance to a holistic understanding on how exercise promotes health. The aim of this lecture is three folded: (1) to give an overview of current theories concerning the relationship between exercise and neuro-cognitive function, (2) to display methodological approaches in the area of exercise neuroscience and (3) to verify this theoretical background with two current studies from extreme environments: Space and school.

MOVE TO SLEEP: HOW PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ENHANCES SLEEP EFFICIENCY DURING ANTARCTIC EXPEDITIONS

Pattyn, N.

Royal Military Academy/Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Introduction Sleep complaints are consistently cited as the most prominent problem in Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. Continuous bright light exposure in the summer, and continuous darkness in the winter suggest a fundamental disturbance of circadian sleep-wake regu-lation in this environment. The present investigation was conducted during two Antarctic summer expeditions, the BELARE (Belgian Ant-arctic Research Expedition) campaigns 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. We hypothesized that participants with a more intense physical activity would increase their homeostatic sleep pressure, and therefore suffer less from the possible circadian disruption due to the constant daylight conditions. Method 8 subjects were investigated in the first expedition. Actigraphy data were collected for 72 hrs every ten days. Sleep efficiency (sleep time/lying down time) as well as a sleep fragmentation were computed, and related to the magnitude of active energy expenditure. 21 subjects participated during the second campaign. Data were collected every 2 weeks for each subject. These included 48 hrs actigraphy, one night polysomnography, morning and evening Profile of Mood States and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, morning Psychomotor Vigilance Test. Circadian rhythms profiles were determined with a 24 hrs cortisol and melatonine sampling. Results First year data showed poor sleep efficiency and high sleep fragmentation, in concordance with participants’ subjective evalua-tions. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between sleep efficiency and active energy expenditure (Pearson’s r = 0,63; p = 0,015), as well as a strong relationship between active energy expenditure and sleep fractionation. Second year data results didn’t confirm this relationship (Pearson’s r = 0,21; p = ns). Discussion Results from the first campaign confirmed our hypotheses, namely the lower sleep quality (lower efficiency and higher fragmentation) during the expedition and the relationship between sleep quality and active energy expenditure. Data from the second campaign, despite what was expected to be a stronger methodological set-up, due to the larger sample size, failed to evidence the relationship between sleep efficiency and the intensity of physical activity. Considering the difference in set-up, and the frequent repeated measures on a small number of participants during the first campaign, this shows that the relationship between sleep efficiency and energy expenditure is valid at an intra-individual level, but fails to show at an interindividual level, especially in a population where a wide range of physical activity intensity is present. These findings are discussed in the framework of the existing literature on sleep and exercise, and the argument is being made for the use of exercise as a potential countermeasure in isolated and confined environments..

BRAIN FUNCTION, COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: RECENT INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS AND

COUNTERMEASURES FROM RESEARCH IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS.

Stahn, A.

Center for Space Medicine Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin

’Because running makes you free.’ (Edison Pena, December 2010) In October 2010 the world held its breath like rarely before when Chile-an miners were successfully rescued after being trapped 700 m underground for 69 days, setting a new world record for the longest time survived underground after a mining accident. When the freed miner Edison Pena was asked how he dealt with the stress of being trapped and the constant fear of death he said that he started exercising in the mine. During the last decade there has been an increas-ing interest in understandincreas-ing the relationships between exercise, cognition and its neural correlates. In line with the Chilean example data from various extreme environmental conditions indicate that physical activity might play a dominant role in minimizing cognitive impairments. While meta-analytic findings indicate that exercise seems to be beneficial for brain function and cognition, its underlying mechanisms and potential moderators and mediators remain to be determined though. Some of these aspects could be pinpointed by studies under extreme environmental conditions, where human adaptations are accelerated to an extent that can typically only be seen in long-term observation studies or employing very unique experimental conditions. Accordingly, monitoring human performance in

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Wednesday, July 4th, 2012

15:00 - 16:30

extreme environments can pave innovative and unique ways in promoting research typically confined to conventional laboratory settings. Recent studies indicate that executive control and decision-making can be affected by long-term bedrest and overwintering in Antarctica, the former providing an excellent control for the impact of physical activity on cognition. Data from real and simulated spaceflight imply that the changes in cognitive function might be related to changes in the autonomic nervous system, and specifically heart rate variability, which might serve as a global indicator of prefrontal cortex excitability. Moreover, it is suggested that stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the feet might be important to reveal the true potential of physical activity on brain function and cognitive performance. Finally, in addition to a lack of physical activity both perceived loneliness as well as sensual deprivation have been shown to be independently related to cognitive function. It is therefore suggested that studying humans exposed to isolation, confinement and environmental conditions can lead to a better insight into some of the potential mechanisms underlying the interaction between physical activity and cognition and promote an integrative model. Such knowledge will help the full range of activity-related cognitive plasticity to be mapped and might be useful in designing future intervention studies for investigating the interaction between physical activity and cognition.

15:00 - 16:30

Oral presentations

OP-SH01 Sport Management

EUROPEAN GOVERNANCE, ANTI-DOPING AND THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY

MacGregor, O.

Swansea University

The European Convention on Human Rights is an international human rights document, ratification of which is a prerequisite for nation state membership in the Council of Europe. The Convention includes provisions for, among other things, the creation of an international court - the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg - to monitor compliance with the Convention in Council of Europe member states. The Court hears cases brought by individuals claiming a breach of their rights, as enunciated in the Convention, by a member state. (ECHR, sec II) Among the rights of the Convention, article 8.1 establishes a right of individuals to a ’private and family life’. This is understood as a qualified right, which can be defeated by any of a number of legitimately overriding social goods, including, as per article 8.2 of the same convention, the ’protection of public health or morals’. (ECHR, art 8) In elite sports, the whereabouts requirements of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) stipulate that all elite athletes, regardless of their sport, must submit their whereabouts for every day of the year to their relevant anti-doping organization (WADA 2009a, ch 14.3; WADA 2009b, ch 11). Critics have argued, among other things, that the requirements infringe athlete rights to privacy (Møller 2011). WADA, however, views the requirements as a crucial element in the fight against doping in sport, and considers them justified in light of its goal - doping-free sport - and regardless of any further and potentially deleterious effects (Hanstad and Loland, 2009). In this paper, I argue that the contextual differences between various sports indicate that there are stronger justifying reasons to monitor out-of-competition doping rule compliance in certain sports (with higher risk of out-of-competition doping) than in others, and that in some it fails to be sufficiently strong to override athlete privacy rights. In the latter cases, therefore, the whereabouts requirements constitute a breach of an athlete right to privacy, as per the European Convention on Human Rights. This state of affairs recommends a redrafting of WADA’s whereabouts requirements, to better reflect the broad heteroge-neity of sports. REFERENCES: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended) (ECHR). Hanstad D V, Loland S (2009). Eur J Sport Sci, 9(1), 3-10. Møller V (2011). Int J Sport Pol, 3(2), 177-190. World Doping Agency (WADA) (2009a). World Doping Code. WADA, Montreal. World Doping Agency (WADA) (2009b). World Anti-Doping Code: International Standard for Testing. WADA, Montreal.

A RESOURCE BASED EVALUATION OF COMPETITIVENESS IN ELITE ATHLETICS

TRUYENS, J.1, DE BOSSCHER, V.1, HEYNDELS, B.2

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

INTRODUCTION The increase in medal-winning capability of countries in international competition is explained by an increasing number of nations taking a more strategic approach to the development of medal-winning elites (De Bosscher, 2007; Green & Oakley, 2001; Houlihan & Green, 2008). Despite the extensive scientific focus on elite development systems, there is a lack of studies on elite sport development at sport specific level (Sotariadou & Shillbury, 2009) that describe and measure specific practices at organisational level. Within economic research, the resource-based theory conceptualises competitiveness starting from the relationship between internal resources and dynamic capabilities of an industry and its performances (Barney, 2001). These internal resources and more especially, the policy dimensions in elite athletics are the focal point of attention. METHODS Based on a resource-based perspective, this paper measures and evaluates policy resources and capabilities leading to a competitive advantage in elite athletics of four different countries (BEL [Flanders and Wallonia], CAN, FIN and NED), based on an athletics policy inventory. This instrument is based on a model referring to 11 different policy areas/pillars in elite athletics development. The model is developed through an inductive-deductive analysis (Patton, 2002) of international literature, surveys (N=13) and in-depth interviews (N=21) with national high performance directors in athletics. Later on, 57 international coaches and high performance directors participated in a written survey to validate the model. RESULTS AND DISCUS-SION A major contribution of this sport specific inventory of policy factors is its organisational scope: specific practices for national govern-ing bodies in the elite development process are measured and evaluated in a functionalistic model for elite development. Although the NGBs lived through the same tendencies like the professionalization and formalisation of development programs, specific dimensions in the policy process strongly differ. While the development process of potential athletes (pillar 4A&B) is stronger developed in Flanders, coach education, career support and training facilities are more profound for elite development in the Finland, Canada and the Nether-lands. REFERENCES Barney JB (2001). Acad Manag Rev, 6(1), 41-56. De Bosscher V (2007). Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success. Published doctoral thesis. Brussel: VUBPRESS. Green M, Oakley B (2001). Leisure Stud, 20, 247-267. Houlihan, B, Green M (2008). Comparative elite sport development. Systems structures and public policy. London: Elsevier. Patton MQ (2002). Qualitative research and Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Sotiriadou K, Shilburry D (2009). Sport Manag Rev, 12(3), 137-148.

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OP-SH01 Sport Management

PERCEIVED DIFFICULTY TO COMBINE THE SPORT AND ACADEMIC CAREER IN ELITE ATHLETES

López de Subijana, C.1, Conde, E.1, Barriopedro, M.I.1, Gallardo, L.2

1 Sport Sciences Faculty- Technical University of Madrid- Madrid-Spain;2-Sport Sciences Faculty- Castilla-LaMancha University- Toledo-Spain

Introduction As the athletes improve in sport they expend the less time for other fields of life (Heinemann, 1998). The sport career devel-opment model showed how many areas of life are influenced when the athlete is playing the role of competing in high performance sport (Wylleman, Alferman & Lavalle, 2004). Spain, in a UE Policies comparison, follows the State Centric Regulation in the education services for elite athletes (Aquilina & Henry, 2010). The aim of this study was to measure the perceived difficulty to combine the sport and academic career in elite athletes. Methods A survey questionnaire was sent to the entire population of 2697 elite athletes in Spain. A Pearson´s chi-square test was done to analyze the relation between variables. The significant level was set at p=0.05. The response rate was 27,8% in Olympic men, 37,3% in Olympic women, 9,3% in non-Olympic men and 11,9% in non-Olympic women. Results and Discus-sion 840 athletes (23.1 ± 7.4 years-old), 513 men y 327 women answered the questionnaire. Most of the athletes were studying Higher Education (26,9 %), followed by Secondary School (19,3 %) and 18 % did not study any course. Most of the courses taken (74,6%) the ath-lete had to attend to class. Only some of them (46,5%) ask for help in combining the academic and the sport career. The athath-letes felt combining these two fields was difficult (41,7%) or moderate (44,8%). Out of all the athletes, 21,1% of them worked, being 48,3% full time and 41,1% part time. The perceived difficulty of studying and training was related with the number of days per week training (Χ2 (18) = 39,8, P=0.001) and also with the type of studies (on-line, mandatory to attend..) (Χ2 (28) =55,1, P=0.002). The most frequent reasons for not studying were: “I don´t have time, the academic timetables are not flexible, the price of the studies is high, I lose the rhythm of the courses, and my actual job situation does not allow me to do so”. Conclusions In conclusion, more efforts should be done by National Government, Regional Governments, Sports Federations and Educational Institutions to guide the elite athletes the in their academic, social and economic affairs. Acknowledge This study was funded by the Spanish Sport Council (022/UPB10/11). References Aquilinia, D., & Henry, I. (2010). Elite athletes and university education in Europe: a review of policy and practice in higher education in the European Union Member States. International Journal of Sport Policy, Vol. 2(1), 25-47. Heinemann, K. (1998).Einführung in die Soziologie des Sports. Hofmann, 4ª Ed. Wylleman, P., Alfermann, D., & Lavallee, D. (2004). Career transitions in sport: European perspectives. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(1), 7.

ELITE SPORT CLIMATE, MEASURMENT TWO

De Croock, S., De Bosscher, V.

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Introduction Talent, ambition and commitment are the core to success but further investment in elite sports is a must in order to compete in the ’Global Sporting Arms Race’. Without a structured policy at different levels thee is a risk to vanish between the Elite sport countries. Therefore, it’s important to evaluate and compare the Elite sport policies. In 2003 the 0-measurement started with the aim to investigate how the elite sport policy in Flanders could be improved in an efficient and effective way. This year the two measurement started. Meth-ods Just as in 2003 and 2007 elite athletes, coaches and federations were surveyed to assess the elite sport climate. Hereby, the climate is charted objectively in nine performance determing factors (De Bosscher et al.,2008). By interviewing various stakeholders, it is possible to obtain more insight in the developments and expectations of the stakeholders. Results 43% of coaches consider the elite sport climate in Flanders to be insufficient. Yet the policy efforts of recent years had its effect because only 7,9% of coaches considers that the elite sport climate has deteriorated compared to 2007. The stakeholders, that were surveyed, have the opinion that the financial input, the coach facilities/developments and the elite sport infrastructure are factors which have the biggest influence on international elite sports success. Also, these are the three factors that, according to the stakeholders, have most need for improvement in Flanders. The Flemish govern-ment resources increased continuously and even virtually tripled in the last five years. However, financial resources are no longer a guarantee for success. The elite sport policy has to invest in the various performance determinants. In terms of infrastructure, Flanders has a need for more top sports infrastructure with absolute priority rule for elite athletes. Half of the trainers consider that there are insuffi-cient recognised trainers courses available for elite sport trainers. Also noteworthy is that only some federations have a system to transfer knowledge between coaches. The establishment of a centre of expertise can address this problem. The individual living circumstances of the coaches there is slightly improved compared to 2003 and 2007. Conclusion Despite the necessary adjustments of the elite policy, a lacuna still exist in the elite sport climate in Flanders. Certain deficiencies which were already identified in 2003 and 2007 are still a weakness. The efforts of the Flemish elite policy were mainly done to “catch-up” with things, but there’s still need for extra efforts. Refer-ences De Bosscher,V., De Knop P. & Van Bottenburg, M. (2008). Vlaanderen sport ook aan de top.

THAT’S THE SPIRIT: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELITE AND NON-ELITE SPORT

Huybers, T., Mazanov, J., Connor, J.

University of New South Wales - Canberra

Introduction The moral basis for protecting the integrity of sport is defined by the 11 attributes in the World Anti-Doping Code’s Spirit of Sport statement (Mazanov & Connor, 2010). There is no guidance on how the attributes are to be interpreted or whether the list reflects an intentional order. It is also unclear whether the attributes contained in the Spirit of Sport statement reflect the values of elite sport or non-elite sport. The aim of the study reported in this paper was to determine whether what is considered important to the Spirit of Sport varies by elite and non-elite contexts. Methods We used a Best-Worst Scaling (BWS) experiment (Marley and Louviere, 2005) to obtain ratio scores that provide estimates of the relative importance of the 11 attributes listed in the Spirit of Sport statement. Half of the responses of a sample of 154 Australians had been framed in the ‘elite’ context while the other half had received the ‘non-elite’ condition. Results The BWS scores for the aggregate data showed that “Ethics, fair play and honesty” and “Respect for self and other participants” were the most important attributes across contexts. The disaggregated data, divided into non-elite and elite contexts, revealed a low correlation be-tween non-elite and elite scores (R2=0.372). In the non-elite context, the main differences in comparison with the aggregate model were the higher scores and relative ranking of “Fun and joy” and “Respect for self and other participants”, while the main departure in the elite framing was the higher prioritisation of “Dedication and commitment” and “Excellence in performance” and the decline in relative im-portance of “Fun and joy”. Discussion While “Ethics, fair play and honesty” was perceived to be a key characteristic of elite and non-elite sports, members of the Australian general population perceived other attributes differently in the two contexts. The non-elite sport im-portance of the role of “Fun and joy” may be due to non-elite sport participation being seen as an end in itself; i.e. being more a “game”

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than “sport” (Suits, 1988). In the elite sport context, the process underlying elite sports production, characterised by attributes such as “Dedication and commitment” and “Respect for rules and laws”, was deemed to be particularly important. The implication is that social research designed to inform sport policy or practice at one level of sport does not necessarily translate to other levels. This has implica-tions for “pyramid” approaches to sports policy, where policy is focused at the top of the pyramid (elite sport) in the expectation of benefi-cial trickle effects (non-elite sport) (Hogan & Norton, 2000). References Hogan, K, Norton, K (2000). J Sc Med Sp, 3, 203-218. Marley A, Louviere J (2005). J Math Psych, 49, 464–480. Mazanov, J, Connor, J (2010). Int J Sp Pol, 2, 49-63. Suits, B (1988). J Phil Sp, 15, 1-9.

15:00 - 16:30

Oral presentations

OP-BN01 Sports Biomechanics 1

EFFECT OF KAYAK ERGOMETER LOADING ON UPPER LIMB RECRUITMENT AND KINEMATICS.

Fleming, N., Donne, B., Fletcher, D.

Trinity College Dublin

Introduction Altered upper limb muscle recruitment patterns were recently reported comparing on-ergometer and on-water kayaking (Fleming et al., 2010, 2012); however, precise mechanisms underlying EMG changes remain to be elucidated. This study assessed the effect of altered ergometer recoil force on upper limb recruitment patterns and kinematics during the kayak stroke via EMG and 3D kine-matic analysis. Methods Male flat-water kayakers (n=10, mean ± SD; age 21±3yr, height 1.80±0.06m, body mass 74.6±5.8kg) performed 4 by 1 min on-ergometer exercise bouts at a load equivalent to 85%VO2max at varying elastic recoil tensions ranging from 0% shortened (T1) up to 30% shortened (T4). Trials were randomised to eliminate possible effect of tension order on kinematics or EMG activity. During exercise, surface EMG data (Mega ME6000) were recorded from Anterior Deltoid (AD), Triceps Brachii (TB) and Latissimus Dorsi (LD). In addition, stroke force (instrumented paddle) and 3D kinematic (CODA) data were recorded. EMG data from 10 consecutive stroke cycles in the latter stages of each trial were amplitude processed via root mean squaring and normalised relative to pre-trial isometric MVC. Stroke force and 3D kinematic data recorded from wrist, elbow, shoulder and scapular markers were assessed over the same time frame. Data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and detected differences quantified using post-hoc Tukey tests (P<0.05). Results While stationary recoil forces significantly increased across investigated tensions (20±4 to 45±8 N, P<0.001), no significant differ-ences were detected in assessed stroke force variables. Increasing tension induced significantly higher normalised AD rmsEMG activity in the 70 to 90% stages of the stroke cycle (T4 vs. T1; 18.1±12.0 vs. 10.6±5.3 %, P<0.05; 37.6±16.2 vs. 22.7±11.0 %, P<0.001 and 26.3±10.1 vs. 15.6±8.9 %, P<0.001 at 70, 80 and 90 %, respectively). No significant differences were observed across tension in TB or LD. A detailed 3D kinematic analysis revealed that overhead arm movements accounted for 58±10% of the cycle. At stroke cycle onset mean elbow angle was 144±10˚ and maximal angle (151±7˚) occurred at 78±10 % of stroke cycle. Overall upper arm kinematic markers moved horizontally forward as recoil tension increased. No significant change in wrist marker elevation was observed. Elbow and shoulder marker eleva-tions significantly increased during the 70 and 80% intervals of the cycle (P<0.05). Discussion Data suggested that kayakers maintained normal hand position during the cycle via additional AD recruitment despite ergometer induced recoil forces being applied to the upper arm. References Fleming N, Donne B, Fletcher D (2010) 15th ECSS Congress, pp. 31 Fleming N, Donne B, Fletcher D, Mahony N (2012) J Sports Sci Med 11, in press

ARM COORDINATION IN SEMI-TETHERED SWIMMING

Dominguez, R., Morales, E., Arellano, R.

University of Granada

ARM COORDINATION IN SEMI-TETHERED SWIMMING Dominguez-Castells, R.1, Morales, E.1, Arellano, R.1 1UGR (Granada, Spain) Introduc-tion In swimming, stroke is composed of different phases: entry-catch, pull, push and recovery. Arm coordinaIntroduc-tion is important and related with freestyle performance. Index of Coordination (IdC) allows precise quantification of lag time between start of propulsion by one arm and end of propulsion by the other. Recent studies have emphasized the close relationship between arm coordination and velocity, but only one has included resistance (Telles et al., 2011). Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between IdC and technical parameters, using resisted swimming with different loads. Methods The test consisted on eleven 12.5m trials on semi-tethered swimming. Eighteen swimmers pulled a different load each trial, from 1.59 to 7.84kg. Swimmer’s feet were tied together, keep-ing a pull-buoy between legs and isolatkeep-ing the upper limb action. No breathkeep-ing was allowed. The test was recorded from a frontal and two lateral underwater cameras (50 Hz). IdC was assessed for each trial. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated between IdC and mean speed (v), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) (level of significance: p<0.05). Results Coordination mode used in free and semi-tethered swimming was superposition (IdC>0%). IdC was 6.6% when swimming free and it increased significantly with loads (p<0.05). It was, on average, 7.1% with 1.59kg and 14.8% with 7.84kg. Significant correlations (p<0.01) were found between IdC and load (r=0.91), v (r=-0.94), SL (r=-0.93) and SI (r=-0.95), but not between IdC and SR. Discussion Concerning arm coordination in swimming, IdC was higher when swimming with parachute (0.1%) than when swimming free (-2.3%) (Telles et al., 2011). Catch-up model was used for long and middle distance (3000 to 200m), while for sprints (100 and 50m) opposition or superposition were used (Chollet et al., 2000; Seifert et al., 2004). In the latter case, the relative duration of non-propulsive phases decreased, while the duration of propulsive phases increased. The same happened in semi-tethered swimming, where swimmers used superposition. IdC increased, v, SL and SI decreased and SR remained constant as loads increased. Some of these results are not in keeping with previous studies which, however, did not include loads (Alberty et al., 2005; Chollet et al., 2000). These differences may be due to the application of loads, which led to fatigue and, therefore, higher IdC (Alberty et al., 2005). Considering that resisted swimming is a widely applied training method, results suggest that load should be carefully controlled, as it modifies swimming coordination. References Alberty M, Sidney M, Huot-Marchand F, Hespel J, Pelayo P (2005). Int J Sports Med, 26, 471-475. Chollet D, Chalies S, Chatard J (2000). Int J Sports Med, 21, 54–59. Seifert L, Chollet D, Bardy B (2004). J Sports Sci, 22, 651–660. Telles T, Barbosa A, Campos M, Junior O (2011). J Sports Sci, 29, 431-438.

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OP-BN01 Sports Biomechanics 1

3D AUTOMATIC MOTION TRACKING IN WATER FOR MEASURING INTRA CYCLIC VELOCITY VARIATIONS IN

BREAST-STROKE SWIMMING

Olstad, B.H.1, Zinner, C.2, Haakonsen, D.1, Cabri, J.1, Kjendlie, P.L.1,3

1: NSSS (Oslo, Norway), 2: GSU (Cologne, Germany), 3: VUC (Toensberg, Norway)

Introduction Until recently, 3D tracking of human swimming motion capture (mo-cap) from an image has been conducted using interac-tive tracking (IT). New technology within automatic tracking (AT) in water uses computer algorithms to identify and track small reflecinterac-tive markers attached to the swimmer. The purpose of this study was to show that 3D AT can be used for measuring kinematic variables in human swimming such as the intra-cyclic velocity variations (dv) within a stroke cycle in breaststroke. Methods Four swimmers (one male, world championship medalist and three females, one olympic medalist, one national medalist and one national finalist) performed one trial of 20m normal breaststroke at the speeds of 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% of maximal effort. During each trial, the dv of the swimmers body were recorded at the left and right pelvic and left and right trochanter major (glued to the swimmers suit) with ten underwater mo-cap cameras (Oqus Underwater, Qualisys, Gothenburg, Sweden). The cameras recorded spherical markers (diameter of 19 mm) attached to the swimmers using cyan LED light. A 2.5(z)x1.5(y)x10(x) volume was calibrated using a moving wand method. For statistical analysis trochanter major was selected due to a tracking recording of 100%. The second and third stroke cycle was selected to avoid excess speed from the push-off. The stroke cycle started when the heels were fully pulled up, flexed and ready to kick backward. dv was calcu-lated as the difference between the highest and lowest velocity peaks within the stroke cycle, relative to the average velocity. Results The highest and lowest velocity was on average recorded at 72.05% and 93,83% into the stroke cycle for the world class swimmers (WC) and at 63.03% and 96.36% for the national elite swimmers (NE). A t-test showed a significant difference among the groups for the highest dv p<0.001 and no differences for the lowest dv (p=0.07). R values of .959 for the WC and .859 for the NE showed strong correlations be-tween average cycle velocity and the dv fluctuations. Discussion We found that the highest velocity during the breaststroke cycle corre-sponded to approximately the middle of the insweep phase. Subjects had no movement constraints, but had significant added drag from wearing 36 reflective markers (Kjendlie et al., 2012) and also wearing sEMG equipment described by (Olstad et al., 2011). The study successfully showed that 3D analysis can be performed in water using AT. Data analysis with AT is time effective, and open up new possibilities for conducting wide-scale studies investigating different kinematic variables in swimming. References Kjendlie, P. L., & Olstad, B. H. (2012). Automatic 3D motion capture of swimming: Marker resistance. Accepted for the American College of Sport Medicine 59th annual meeting. Olstad, B. H., Cabri, J., Zinner, C., Nunes, N., & Kjendlie, P. L. (2011). SEMG measurements on land and in water prior to and after 60-90 minutes of submersion (swimming) are highly reliable. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences, 11 (Suppl. 2), 763-765.

QUANTIFYING BILATERAL ASYMMETRY IN COMPETITIVE FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING

Barden, J.

University of Regina

Introduction Studies show that the different phases of the arm stroke cycle in front crawl swimming are bilaterally asymmetric [1,3], and that asymmetry is affected by speed, arm dominance and bilateral differences in body roll [4]. However, little is known about the effect of asymmetry on performance, and given its importance to propulsion mechanics, a simple method to quantify arm asymmetry in competi-tive front crawl swimming is needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify bilateral asymmetry in a group of elite front crawl swimmers at two different speeds using two different stroke-related spatiotemporal parameters. Methods Eight swimmers (6 female, 2 male; 17.9 ± 0.86 yrs) performed front crawl for 2 x 200 m repetitions in a 25 m pool at two different speeds: 1) 91% and 2) 110% of critical speed. Stroke frequency (SF) and stroke length (SL) were recorded independently for both arms for each length of each 200 m repetition. An asymmetry index (ASI), previously used to assess gait asymmetry [2], quantified individual asymmetries for SF and SL ac-cording to the following equation: ASI (%) = [Xr-Xl)/0.5(Xr+Xl)] x100 where Xr and Xl are the values of the specific stroke variable (SF or SL) measured for the right and left arm, respectively. Group asymmetries were calculated using the absolute value of Xr – Xl. For the purpose of this study, a stroke (right or left) was defined as consisting of one half of a complete stroke cycle (synonymous with a step in walking). A paired Student’s t-test compared mean absolute ASI values for SF and SL between the two 200’s. Results A range of asymmetries were found (SF: -7.3 to 9.8%; SL: -10.0 to 10.8%), with some participants being more asymmetric than others. The group was divided equally in terms of right (4) vs. left (4) asymmetry. No significant differences in absolute ASI were found for either SF or SL between the two speeds. Discussion The findings show that arm asymmetries in front crawl swimming can be easily quantified by adopting existing gait asym-metry indices to the cyclic motion of swimming. Of particular interest was the finding that no ASI differences existed between the two speeds, and that positive SL asymmetries (right arm > left arm) were associated with negative SF asymmetries (right arm < left arm), and vice versa. This indicates that longer stroke times on one side are associated with longer stroke lengths on the same side (and vice versa), demonstrating the important bilateral relationship between stroke phase duration and distance per stroke. It is hoped that future studies will employ the method used here to investigate the effects of breathing, body roll and lateral dominance on bilateral asymmetry in competitive front crawl swimming. References 1. Barden JM, Kell RT, Kobsar D (2011). J Sports Sci, 29, 517-526. 2. Carpes FP, Mota CB, Faria IE (2010). Phys Ther Sport, 11, 136-142. 3. Nikodelis T, Kollias I, Hatzitaki V (2005). J Sports Sci, 23, 737-745. 4. Seifert L, Chollet D, Allard P (2005). Hum Mov Sci, 24, 234-256.

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Oral presentations

OP-PM01 Muscle signaling and adaptation

LOW PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INFLUENCES THE EXPRESSION OF MIRNAS IN HUMAN MUSCLE TISSUE

Kristensen, M.M.1, Bork-Jensen, J.2, Vaag, A.2, Dela, F.1

1: Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 2: Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important cellular regulators of gene expression in both health and disease. Studies have found changes in miRNA levels in muscle (1) and blood (2) in response to training. Elucidating the roles of miRNAs in physically inactive humans is important to understand how sedentarism influences gene expression and potentially insulin resistance. We examined the influence of nine days of bed rest on miRNA expression profiles in human skeletal muscle tissue. Methods 20 healthy young males were studied before and after bed rest for nine days and after four weeks of retraining. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were used for RNA extraction and miRNA expression profiling was performed using LNA arrays (Exiqon, Denmark). Linear models for microarray analysis (limma) was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs using Benjamini and Hochberg’s false discovery rate (fdr) adjustment for multiple testing. In silico target predictions (Targetscan) were carried out to understand the biological implications further. Results Comparing microarray miRNA expression profiles before and after bed rest, we identified seven differentially expressed miRNAs (P(fdr) less than or equal 0.1) of which three were down-regulated (miR-486-3p, miR-24-2*, and miR-126) and four were up-regulated (ebv-miR-BART2-5p, miR-1246, miR-21, and miR-1908) after bed rest. Interestingly, none of the miRNAs returned to pre-bed rest levels after the retraining period. Targetscan revealed multiple possible targets for each of the seven differentially expressed miRNAs. Among these were IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate 1) being a target of 126 as well as PIK3R1 (phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 1) being a target of miR-21. Discussion We identified seven miRNAs with altered expression levels in response to short term bed rest, and none of them returned to the pbed rest values even after four weeks of retraining. Predicted targets of the miRNAs relevant to understanding insulin re-sistance included IRS-1 and PIK3R1. Ongoing analyses should reinforce these findings and elucidate the relation between these miRNAs and their respective targets. In conclusion, nine days of inactivity induced changes in the expression of miRNAs with relevance to insulin resistance, which in turn were not reversed by four weeks of retraining. References 1. S. Nielsen et al., J. Physiol 588, 4029 (2010). 2. A. L. Baggish et al., J. Physiol 589, 3983 (2011).

ACUTE HYPOXIA REDUCES MUSCLE PROTEIN TURNOVER IN HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE.

D’Hulst, G., Jamart, C., Van Thienen, R., Hespel, P., Francaux, M., Deldicque, L.

KU Leuven, Université catholique de Louvain

Introduction: Hypoxia is a state of reduced O2 tension in tissue, including skeletal muscle. It elicits various responses in the cell leading to preserving O2. One of these responses is decreasing protein turnover, as stated by in vitro studies (Pettersen et al., 1986). On the other hand, in vivo studies are not that conclusive due to higher variability (Mizuno et al. 2008). Therefore, this study aims to get more detail on pathways involved in anabolic and catabolic signaling in human skeletal muscle as a response to acute hypoxia. Methods: According to a randomized cross-over study, 15 healthy men participated in 2 experimental sessions separated by a 4-week wash-out period. After a standardized breakfast, subjects were randomly assigned to a 4-h lasting seated experimental trial in normoxia (NOR) or hypoxia (11% O2, HYP). Three biopsies were taken at the start (T0), after 1-h (T60) and at the end of the trails (T240). Furthermore, arterial blood satura-tion (SpO2) and muscle tissue oxygenasatura-tion (TOI) were measured by pulsoximetry and Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Western blot and qPCR were used to determine phosphorylation status or mRNA quantity of several components involved in the regulation of protein synthesis (i.e. protein kinase B and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase, Redd1), breakdown (i.e. 26s Proteasome β5) and hypoxic signaling (i.e. Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α, VEGF-A). Results: Despite a large decrease in SpO2 (HYP, 75.5 ± 2.02% vs NOR, 99.0 ± 0.18%, p<0.05), TOI was only slightly reduced (HYP, 65.8 ±1.39% vs NOR, 68.5 ±1.19%, p<0.05). Hypoxia delayed the return to basal state after feeding for both PKB and P70S6K phosphorylation (p<0.05), furthermore significant differences were found between NOR and HYP at T240 (p-PKB: NOR, 0.44±0.06 vs. HYP, 0.75±0.06 and p-P70S6K: NOR, 0.32±0.09 vs. HYP, 0.48±0.10, p<0.05). Redd1, increased ~2-fold at T240 in HYP compared to NOR at the same time (p<0.05). Activity of 26s proteasome β5 increased by 19 % in NOR at T240 compared to T0 (p<0.05). Conversely, no effect in time was present in HYP (p>0.05). HIF-1α mRNA was not changed throughout the experiment, whereas VEGF-A significantly increased in HYP compared to NOR at T240 ( ̴ 1.5 fold, p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results provide evidence that acute hypoxia slows down the return to basal state of several components of protein synthesis and protein breakdown after feeding. This impairment in the regulation of protein turnover could participate to the decrease in muscle mass observed after long-term exposure to hypoxia.

A ROLE FOR FOCAL ADHESION KINASE IN CONTRACTION AND IGF-1 INDUCED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL GROWTH

Crossland, H., Kazi, A., Smith, K., Szewczyk, N.J., Atherton, P.J.

University of Nottingham

Increasing evidence links the costamere-associated protein focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to the hypertrophic response to mechanical stress and growth factor stimulation in skeletal muscle, and it expression is reciprocal to loading patterns (i.e. downregulated in atro-phy/upregulated in hypertrophy (1)). On this basis, we reasoned that reducing FAK expression by short hairpin (sh)RNA interference would restrict cell growth associated with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and contraction (mechanotransduction). Lentiviral transfection tech-niques were used to produce stably transfected C2C12 cells harbouring FAK targeted (pLKO.1-mFAK) or scrambled shRNA. Myotubes were contracted for 24 h (0.2 Hz, 5 V, 2 ms) using a C-pace system, before assay of total protein. In separate experiments, myotubes were incubated for 72 h with IGF-1 (10 ng.ml-1) for measurement of total protein. Immunoblotting was used to determine phosphorylation of ‘hypertrophy’ signalling targets (i.e. Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)) following 2 h contraction or IGF-1 incubation. Results were analysed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc testing with the level of significance set at P<0.05. Data are presented as mean percentage differences ± standard error. FAK depletion was confirmed at the protein level (-90%: FAK vs. scrambled shRNA; P<0.00001). Increases in total protein in scrambled shRNA cells following 24 h contraction (+57±9%; P<0.01) were absent in FAK shRNA cells (+7±11%

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OP-PM01 Muscle signaling and adaptation

P=0.65). After 2 h contraction, levels of FAK phosphorylation were increased in scramble shRNA cells (Tyr397: +44±6.6%; P<0.01), and contraction-induced increases in phosphorylated Akt (Ser473; +87±11%; P<0.01) and p70 S6 kinase (Thr389; +170±16%; P<0.001) in scramble cells were significantly attenuated in FAK shRNA cells (both P<0.05). IGF-1 treatment for 72 h elicited marked increases in total protein in scramble shRNA cells (+77±10%; P<0.001), and this was significantly blunted in FAK shRNA cells (+34±14%; P=0.14). Increases in p-Akt (+390%±49%; P<0.001) and p-mTOR (Ser2448; +190±31%; P<0.001) following 2 h IGF-1 treatment in scramble shRNA cells were significantly attenuated in FAK shRNA cells (all P<0.05 vs. IGF-1-treated scramble shRNA cells). The present findings indicate that FAK is required for growth factor (IGF-1) and contraction-induced muscle cell growth, and may act through an Akt/mTOR-dependent pathway. 1. Fluck M, Carson JA, Gordon SE, Ziemiecki A and Booth FW. Focal adhesion proteins FAK and paxillin increase in hypertrophied skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 277:C152-C162, 1999.

IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF A NOVEL, MULTI-POTENT SKELETAL MUSCLE-DERIVED STEM CELL WITH

BROAD DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY

Henning, B.J.1, Lewis, F.C.1, Sassoon, D.2, Marazzi, G.2, Nadal-Ginard, B.1, Ellison, G.M.1

1:Liverpool JMU, UK, 2:INSERM, Paris, France

Introduction: PW1+/Pax7– skeletal muscle-derived interstitial progenitor cells (PICs) are myogenic in vitro and efficiently contribute to skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo (Mitchell et al. 2010). Some stem cells are multipotent and exhibit broad developmental plasticity giving rise to cells and tissues from the 3 germ layers; endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. Here we have isolated and characterised a multi-potent PIC population from both mouse and porcine skeletal muscle, which could be used for a variety of regenerative medicine therapies. Methods: Satellite cells (PW1+/Pax7+) and PICs (PW1+/Pax7-) were identified and characterised on mouse and porcine skeletal muscle cross sections. Hindlimb skeletal muscle of mouse and porcine was minced and digested in a solution containing collagenase A (100mg/ml), Dispase II (3mg/ml) and DNase I (10mg/ml) for 2 hours at 37°C. The PICs were then purified from the population of small cells using MACS technology (Miltenyi) according to expression of the cell surface markers, Sca-1 and CD34. PICs were characterised for stem cell surface marker expression, clonogenicity, multipotency genes, and myogenic differentiation potential using flow cytometry, cell cul-ture, immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR. The developmental plasticity of the multi-potent PICs was determined through differentiation into endothelial, epithelial, skeletal muscle, cardiac, adipogenic, hepatic and neurogenic lineages. Results: We identified interstitial PW1+/Pax7- PICs as well as PW1+/Pax7+ satellite cells, located underneath the basal lamina of the muscle fibre, in mouse (53±5% of PW1+ cells were PICs) and porcine (45±4%) skeletal muscle cross sections. Isolated Sca-1+/CD34+/PW1+/Pax7- PICs showed stem cell properties of clonogenicity (mouse 48±5%, porcine 50±10%), expressed multipotency markers and myogenic differentiation potential in vitro. We purified a subset of PICs that expressed multi-potency markers Oct-4 (99%), Nanog (93%), and Sox-2 (92%). These multi-potent PICs showed a broad developmental plasticity, giving rise to all 3 germ layers. Conclusion: We have identified a novel, multi-potent skeletal muscle-derived stem cell which has broad developmental plasticity, and can be propagated and maintained in a primitive state in culture. These findings open new avenues for a variety of solid tissue engineering and regeneration utilising a single multi-potent stem cell type isolated from an easily accessible source such as skeletal muscle. References Mitchell KJ et al. Identification and characterisation of a non-satellite cell muscle resident progenitor during postnatal development. Nature Cell Biology,2010;12:257-66.

DEFECTIVE ADAPTATIONS TO ACUTE EXERCISE IN AGED HUMAN MUSCLE ARE PREVENTED BY LIFE-LONG EXERCISE

TRAINING

Cobley, J.N., Waldron, S., Gregson, W., Cable, T., Burniston, J.G., Morton, J.P., Glose, G.L.

Liverpool John Moores University

Defective adaptations to acute exercise in aged human muscle are prevented by life-long exercise training. Cobley, J.N., Waldron, S., Gregson, W., Cable, N.T., Burniston, J.G., Morton, J.P., & Close, G.L. Liverpool John Moores University (Liverpool, UK) Introduction Animal models suggest that attenuated heat shock protein (HSP) expression and diminished signalling towards mitochondrial biogenesis follow-ing exercise in aged muscle may underlie age-related muscle frailty (Jackson & McArdle, 2011; Ljubicic et al., 2010) however this hypothe-sis has not been tested in humans. Methods Twenty-four subjects were recruited, 12 aged (+55 yrs) and 12 young (18-25 yrs). These groups were further segregated into trained (n = 6) and untrained (n = 6) groups. Subjects completed a 20 minute high-intensity interval training session on a bicycle ergometer. Muscle biopsies were obtained pre, post and 3 days following exercise. Samples were analysed for HSP72, HSP27, Lon protease and cytochrome c oxidase IV (COXIV) protein content at baseline and 3 days post-exercise. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma co-activator one alpha (PGC-1α) protein content was determined at baseline. Results There was significantly greater PGC-1α protein content at baseline in old trained subjects compared with old untrained (P=0.001) and young un-trained (P=0.002) subjects. COXIV content was not different at baseline between groups (P=0.138). COXIV protein content increased at 3 days (P=0.002) but this increased was significantly attenuated in old untrained compared to young trained (P=0.008) subjects. Irrespec-tive of age, only trained subjects were able to significantly increase HSP72 protein content at 3 days post-exercise (P=0.028). No group or time effects were observed for HSP27 and lon at baseline or 3 days (P>0.05). Discussion These data represent the first attempt to charac-terise both the adaptive cytoprotective and mitochondrial responses to exercise in aged trained and untrained human muscle. Life-long training up-regulates PGC-1α protein content in aged muscle compared with untrained subjects and training is associated with a pre-served ability to induct COXIV and HSP72 expression post-exercise. Conversely, untrained aged muscle exhibits decreased basal PGC-1α expression and defective up-regulation of COXIV post-exercise. PGC-1α over-expression attenuates age-related muscle wastage in animal models (Wenz et al., 2009) hence elevated expression in humans may help maintain muscle mass in old trained individuals. In conclusion, certain exercise adaptations fail in untrained aged individuals which may underlie muscle frailty. References Jackson, M.J. & McArdle, A. (2011). J Physiol. 589:2139-45 Ljubicic V, Joseph AM, Saleem A, Uguccioni G, Collu-Marchese M, Lai RY, Nguyen LM, Hood DA. (2010) Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 1800(3):223-34 Wenz T, Rossi SG, Rotundo RL, Spiegelman BM, Moraes CT. (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1;106:20405-10