Functional heterogeneity of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat in the Sam Houston National Forest: insights for management

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FIRST BIENNIAL NORTH AMERICAN

FOREST ECOLOGY WORKSHOP

JUNE 24-26, 1997

NORTH CAROLINA ST. UNIV.

RALEIGH, NC

r

FIRST BIENNIAL NORTH AMERICAN

FOREST ECOLOGY WORKSHOP

JUNE 24-26, 1997

NORTH CAROLINA

ST.·

UNIV.

RALEIGH, NC

WORKSHOP WAS ORGANIZED

UNDER the AUSPICES

OF

the:

FOREST ECOLOGY WORKlNG GROUP,

SOCIETY

of

AMERICAN FORESTERS

An event Iike the First Biennial North American Workshop requires a tremendous amount of planning and work by many people. It also raquires financial and in-kind support in order

to

run the event at a reasonable cost.

The following individuais (alphabetical/y by last name) served on the steering committee and are highly deserving of recognition and thanks for ali their hard work:

Tim Baker

Robert Brooks

James Cook

Jim Fralish

Craig Hedman

Barbara McGuiness

Rose Marie Muzika

Brian Oswald

David Sampson

Terry Sharik

John Zasada

The following organizations provided financial and/or in-kind support; without their assistance the Workshop would not have been possible. Please thank these organizations at the next opportunity.

Arthur Temple College of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin St. Univ.

College of Natural Resources, Univ.

of

Wisc.

@

Stevens Point

Dept. of Forest Resources, Utah st. Univ.

Dept. of Forestry, North Carolina St. Univ.

Dept. ofWildlife Technology, Penn. St. Univ., Dubois PA

Intemational Paper Co., Bainbridge GA

North Central Forest Experiment Station, USFS

Northeast Forest Experiment Station, USFS

Plant Ecology Projects, Inc., Carbondale Il

PREFACE

The First North American Forest Ecology Workshop, held June 24-26,1997 in . Raleigh, North Carolina, brought together scientists from across the United

States and Canada. The papers aOO posters presented covered a wide variety of topics

of

concem in forest ecology today. The idea for the Workshop was conceived by Terry Sharik and John Zasada, and was unique in

two

ways: i) it targeted forest ecologists, and ii) brought them together in a format that

facilitated extended discussion among the participants.

This proceeding is set up in four sections based on type

of

presentation (paper vs. poster), whether the associated manuscript appeared in a special issue of Forest Ecology aOO Management (FEM) and whether the authors wanted a full manuscript in these proceedings.

The first section is the full-text papers

of

some of the oral presentations given at the workshop. The second section contains the abstracts of the papers that ware published in FEM. The third section is abstracts of oral presentations that

the authors wished to appear in abstract form only.

The

last section contains the abstracts

of

the many posters presented in Raleigh.

As compilers, we did not edit the articles or the abstracts for content or writing style. ln a similar manner, we did not try to find and correct ali mechanical mistakes in the documents. Essentially, we are presenting the paper/abstract as it came to uso We did attempt (not with complete success) to standardize the major elements

of

style (font, heading leveis, etc.) in the manuscripts; however, wa were prevented from working with a few of the manuscripts and figures because

of

the variety of software used to create them. We hope these minor differences among articles do not detract from the "readability" or use of these proceedings.

Respectfully,

Dr. James E. Cook and Dr. Brian P. Oswald, Proceedings Compilers

We would like to extend special recognition to Christie Trifone for her help in preparing the proceedings for publication.

FULL PAPERS OF ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Response of foresl soi! microarthopods lo a foresl regeneralion bum ai Wine Springs lSouthem Appalachiansl DA Crossleyand KL Lamoncha.

Effects of limber harvesling on birds in lhe Blael< HiIIs of South Dakota and Wyoming. B.L Dykstra, MA Rumble, LO. Flake.

Integration of ecological and bioloaical concepts in forest reserve assessments. W.L Gaines and RJ. Harrod.

Measurement of historical inventory locations to assess changes in forests and woodlands in Arizona. G.J. Gottfried, P.F. Ffolliott, M.B. Baker.

Seedling reproduction of northem red oak: biotic and abiotic mechanisms. LS. Gribko.

New concepts for classifving potential natural forested plant communities. F.C. Hall.

Relative densitv measurement and species composition in the mixed bottomland hardwood forests of East Texas. G. Holley, B.P. Oswald, L Dale, G.D. Kronrad. Using past and present forest seral stage distribution to develop an ecologicallv based management strategy for the Six Rivers National Fores! in Califomia. T.M. Jimerson, LM. Chapman, KA. Knighl.

Begins On Page 1 16

27

51

65

83

93

107

The effect of riparian zones in structuring small mammal communities in the southem 132 Appalachians. L Laerm, MA Menzel, D.J. Wolf, N.G. Hiel<s, J.R Walsh.

Effects of clearcut patch size on bird communities in montane and Piedmont 146 forestsof South Carolina. J.D. Lanham.

Ecological insights gained from model analysis of mountain pine beetle outbreaks. 163 JA Logan, P. White, B.J. Bentz, JA Pov.ell.

Thinning and underplanting to enhance diversity of young Douglas-fir 177 stands in the Dregon coastal range: Four years at Cataract. KG. Maas-Hebner,

S. Chan.

Changes in ponderosa pine structure in the Blael< Hills of South Dakota 1874-1995. 185 A McAdams and W.W. Covington.

Effects of clearcutting and selective harvesling on hardwood forest 196 understories _1st year results.

T.

H. Shear and M. McKinney.

Begins On Page Species selection and seedling establishment for restoration of bottomland 222 forests. KW. Mcleod and T.G. Ciravolo.

Impacts of group selection harvest openings on the reproductive syccess 237

of the solitarv vireo (Vireo soIitarius alticola) in an Appalachian hardwood

forest. A.L. Meehan, CA Haas, D.N. Harpeie.

Effects of silvicultural treatments and forest structure on temperature at 253 various scales in northem harc!v.Çod forests. E.A. Nauertz, 0.5. Buckley,

R.M. Teclaw, T.F. Strong, J.C. Zasada.

Management and disturbance as agents of change in Lake State timberlands. 267 T.L. Schmidt, P.D. Miles, M.H. Hansen.

Hydrologic impacts of of forest management practices on a cvoress-oine 287 flatwoods landscape. G. Sun, H. Riekerk, L.V. Komhak.

Use of GI5 as a tool for forest hydrology research. G. Sun, 5. McNulty, L.G. 302 Arvanitis, V.D. Valavanis.

5tream temperature climate in a set of southem Appalachian Mountain 316 streams.

L.w.

Swift, Jr; P.P. Clinton.

The pre-European settlement shortleaf-oak-hickorv forests of Louisiana - 336 abiotic factors that maintained it and caused its disappearance. R.A. Williams.

A Prospectus on Restoring Late 5uccessional Forest Structure to Eastside Pine 343 Ecosystems Through Large-Scale. Interdisciplinary Research. S. Zack, W. F.

Laudenslayer, T. L. George, C. Skinner, W. Oliver

THESE ABSTRACTS ARE FRDM PAPERS INCLUDED lN A SPECIAL ISSUE DF FDREST ECDLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, VDL. 114, 1999.

Page No . . Ecosystem maríagement decision SUDPort for federal forests in the 356

United States: A review. H. M. Rauscher.

Vegetation dynamics following stand replacement prescribed fire in

357

the southem Appalachians.

K

Elliott,

R.

Hendrick, A. Major, J. Vose, W. Swank.

Using stand replacement fires to restore southem Appalachian pine- 358

hardwood ecosystems: effects on mass. carbon and nutdent pools. J. Vose, W. Swank, B. Clinton, J. Knoepp, L. Swift.

Forest to food plot: habitat gradient analysis among small animais in

358

the southem Appalachians. M. Menzel, J. Laerm, M. Ford, D. Krishon.

Effects of a community restoratjon fire on small mammals and herpeto-

359

fauna in the southem Appalachians. M. Ford, M. Menzel, D. McGiII, J. Laerm, T. McCay.

Factors affecting salamander density and distribution within four forest 360

types

in the southem Appalachian Mountains. C. Harper, D. Guynn.

Effects of uneven-aged management intensity on structural diversity in 360

Í'NO major forest

types

in New England. D. Solomon, J. Gove.

Putting community data to work: some understory plants indicate red 361

spruce reaeneration habitat. A.C. Dibble, J.C. Bdssette, M.L. Hunter, Jr.

Modeling the distdbution of shrub species in Pacific North-west forests. 362

D. McKenzie, C. Halpem.

Understory structure by season following uneven-aged reproduction 363

cutting: a comparison of selected measures Í'NO and six years after

treatment.

V.

Rudis,

R.

Thill, J. Graman, J. Pione, N. Kalidindi, P. Tappe. Heteroaeneity of

wood

decay classes within hardwood logs. C. Pyle,

364

M. Brown.

Fertilization response in a bottomland hardwood stand in north-central 365

Louisiana. MA Dunn,

KW.

Farrish, J.C. Adams.

Wildlife linkages: volumes and values of residual timber in riparian 366

zones in eastem Texas. G. Bums, M. Whiting, G. LeGrande, J. Dickson. Ascribing value to environmental process: An economic view of 366 ecological change.

R.

Schaberg, T. Holmes, K. Lee,

R.

Abt.

Combining tree growth. fish and wildlife habitat. mass wasting. 367 sedimentation and hydrologic models in decision analysis and

long-term forest land planning. C. Olson, B. Orr.

Effects of seven silvicultural treatments on terrestrial salamanders. D. 367 Harpole, C. Haas.

Single versus multiple species management: native fishes in Arizona. 368 J. Rinne, J. Stefferud.

Trout use of woody debris and habitat in Wjne Spring Creek. North 369 Carolina. P. Flebbe.

Relationships between overstory species and communitv classification 370 on the Sipsey Wildemess. Alabama. L. Zhang, B.P. Oswald, T.H. Green. Preliminary ecological classification for the Chauga ridges region. C. 370 Hutto, V. Shelbume, S. Jones.

Ecologicalland classification in the southem loam hills of south Alabama. 371

R.

Carter, M. MacKenzie, D. Gjerstad.

Classification of vegetation and environmental gradients into ecological 372 units in the Wine Spring Creek ecosystem management area of the

Nantahala national Forest. W. McNabb, S. Browning, SA Simon, P. Fouts. Comparison of hardwood stand structure after partial harvesting using 373 intensive canoDV maps and geostatistical technigues. S. Grushecky,

MA Fajan.

Historical stand reconstruction in ponderosa pine forests to guide 374 silvicultural prescriptions.

R.

Harrod, B. McRae, W. Hartl.

Limitations and possibilities for mesic forest restoration on abandoned 375 rangeland, Island of Hawaii. P. Scowcroft, J. Jeffrey.

The inftuence of progressive deforestation on selected aspects of pattem. 376 M. Trani,

R.

Giles.

Heterogeneitv of forest landscapes and IDe distribution and abundance 377 ofthe southem pine beetle. R Coulson, B. McFadden, P. Pulley, C.

Lovelady, J. Fitzgerald, S. Jack.

ORAL PRESENTATIONS THAT WERE NOT PUBlISHEO lN THE SPECIAL ISSUE OF FEM, ANO THAT ARE NOT PUBlISHEO lN THE PROCEEOINGS AS ARTICLES.

Functional heterogeneitv of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat in the 378 Sam Houston National Forest: Insights for manaaement. J.C.M.

Azevedo, S.B. Jack, RN. Coulson, O.F. Wunneburger.

Fire and canopv removal effects on woody vegetation dynamics in 379 oak forests. T.R Baker and P.B. Reich.

Ufe and death in a southwestem ponderosa pine forest. F. Biondi. 380 The role of bads beetle herbivorv in structuring forest landscapes of 381 the southem U.S. RN. Coulson, C.N. Lovelady, F.L. Oliveria.

Evaluating Texas red-coc!saded woodpecker cluster susceptibility to 387 southem pine beetle infestation. RJ. OuBey, W.G. Ross, O.L. Kulhavy

Gradients of forest structure vs. seral stages: a paradigm revisited with 382 examples from the Sierra Nevada of Califomia. JA Fites-Kaufman, J.F. Franklin, J. Vemer and B. Bingham.

Models of structural development on natural forest ecosystems and 383 contrasts with the plantation model. J. F. Franklin, O. R Berg, R

VanPelt, TA Spies, O. Thornburg, J. Fites-Kaufmann.

Variation in soecies richness and abundaoce of small mammals 392 and amphibians in relation to microhabitat parameters in the upper

elevation Appalachian hardwood forest. J. Gassett, J. Laerm, MA Menzel, T.S. McCay, KJ. Elliott, J. Knoepp, W.M. Ford.

Comparing measured and modeled net ecosystem carbon fluxes for 384 an upland pine plantation and a wetland cypress swamp in northem

Florida. H. Gholz, K Clark, W. Coopero

Oisturbance from Gypsy moth defoliation and mortality: Mediation by 381 silvicultural treatments. K W. Gottschalk, RM. Muzika, M.J. Twery

Effects of prescribed fire on the vegetative composition of an upland 385 longleat pine ecosystem L.C. Jones and M.S. Fountain.

Effects of flooding and herbivorv on baldcypress saplings at Caddo 386 Lake. Texas. B.O. Keeland and S.L. King.

Tree stem temperature and regional-scale carbon flux dvnamics in 384 southem Appalachian forests. B.O. Kloeppel, D.C. Feldkirchner, P.V.

Bolstad, J.M. Vose.

Oisturbance regimes in red=cockaded woodpecker clusters: 387 Implications for management. O.L. Kulhavy, W.G. Ross, N. Erbilgin,

G.M. Christmer, RJ. OuBey

Characterizing variation in forest susceptibilitv to the gypsy moth at multi pie spatial scales. AM. Liebold, RM. Muzika, KW. Gottschalk.

Controls of productivitv of Lonoleaf pine-Wiregrass ecosystems across 388 wide environmental gradients. RJ. Mitchell, S. Pecot, C. Wilson, K

Kickman, J. Hendricks, R Hendricks, B. Palik, L. Boring, M. Orew.

Assessment of vegetative recovery on abandonOO well sites in Big 389 Thicket National Preserve. AM. Pennell and M.S. Fountain.

Are there light limitations to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda l.) foliage 388 production? DA Sampson, T.J. Abaugh, H.L. Allen.

Foliar nitroaen dynamics and decomposition of yellow-poplar and 390 white pine during 4 seasons of exposure to elevatOO ozone and

carbon dioxide. AJ. Scherzer, J. Rebbeck, RE.J. Boemer.

Canopy removal effects on regeneration of northem red oak forests in 391 northem Lower Michigan. T.L. Sharik, 0.5. Buckley, M. Zhou, C. Kim.

Old roo river bottom forests in the southeastem UnitOO States. T. 392 Shear, M. Young, R Kellison.

Interactions between autumn olive and growth of sapling and pole- 386 sizOO black walnut. J.W. Van Sambeek.

Canopy gaps in old-arowth and selection-loggOO hardwood forests in 382 northem Maine. A Whiteman.

Understory plant communities in old-arowth and selection logged 394 forest in northem Maine. AA Whiteman, J.M. Hagan, S.L. Grove.

Comparing growth of slash pine in China with growth in the southem 393

US- impacts of its exotie planting anel the historie land use. R.A. Williams and K W. Farrish.

A retrospective dendroecology of the American chestnut in a southem 380 Appalachian forest. P.J. Young.

ABSTRACTS of POSTE R PRESENTATIONS

Using natural fire regime as a guide for sustainable forest management 395 in the boreal forest. B. Harvey, Y. Bergeron, and A. Ledue.

Age structure and growth dvnamics in northem conifer selection stands. 396 L.S. Kenefie and RS. Seymour.

Ecologicallv based expanded=aap silvicultura I svstems in the Acadian. 397 R Seymour and M. Day

Ecological diversitv in unmanaged old-growth. unmanaged second- 398 growth and managed northem hardwood forests. D.S. Buckley, T.R

Crow, EA Nauertz, and J.C. Zasada.

Dendrochronological analvsis of gypsv moth.

Lvmantria dispar

L. 399 outbreaks in the Northeast. RM. Muzika and A.M. Liebold.

Long-term trends of woodv speeies diversitv in a central Appalachian 399 forest. T.M. Schuler

Composition and structure of

two

contrasting southeastem Ohio old- 400 growth forest ecosvstemS. P.G. Goebel, D.M. Hix and A. Olivero.

Microenvironments and species diversitv gradients in a chronose- 400 guence of Central Hardwood elearcuts. C.K Yu and A.R Gillespie

Comparative stand development and stand histories in even-and 401 uneven-aged longleaf pine stands in the Okefenokee National Wildlife

Refuge. W.K Moser and C.K Yu.

Growth and development of cherrvbark oak and willow oak in the 402 bottomlanels of East Texas. M. Hasagama, B.P. Oswald, M.S. Fountain, and G.D. Kronrad.

Acom predation. herbivorv. and herb laver competition effects on height 403 of cherrvbark oak seedlings in experimental canopv gaps. G.8. Landman and 8.S. Collins.

Vertical distributjon of understorv vegetation in the boreal forest and its 404 relationship to light avaiJabilitv. A Isabelle and C. Messier.

Functional role of gaps in longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystems. R 405 Mitchell, C. Hedman, K Kir1<man, S. Horsley, S. Pecot, J. McGuire, 8.

Palik, R Hendrix and D. Gjerstad.

Comparisons of different methods to estimate the growing season light 405 transmittance of a forest stand. J. Gendron, C. Messier, and P. Comeau. Sapwood biomass-Ieaf area ratio of Pinus taeda L. stands in relation to 406 canopv structure. S.D. Pecot and T. J. Dean.

Genetic diversitv of loblolly pine íPinus taeda) grown in managed 406 plantations: evidence of differential resoonse to climatic events.

J.E. Grissom.

The imoortance of tio=up mounds on diversity in the understory of 407 bottomland hardwood forests., 8.0. Keeland, C. Wells, L.E. Gorham

and GA Weisbrich.

Soil carbon dynamics in bottomland hardYJood plantations. C.C. 407 MacDonald, KW. Farrish, C.E. Roswell, J.C. Adams, and RA Newbold. Digital change detection technigues using

two

data landsat thematic 408 mapper imagery. D. Wendt.

Role of legumes in freguently bumed longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosys- 408 tems. RJ. Mitchell, L.R 80ring, 8.J. Palik, D.J. Gjerstad, and R Wyatt.

Compatibilitv of rhizobial bacteria trom G/iricidia sepiumíJagc.) Walp. 409 on othar legumes of Central and North America. N. Navarette-Tindell

and J. W. Van Sambeek.

Response consistencv of several rhizobial strainson G/iricidia sepium 410

and Crofa/aria lonqirostrata seedlings. N. Navarette-Tindell and J. W. Van Sambeek

Annual pattems of nitrogen and phosphorus availabilitv as related to site 411 productivity. CA Wilson, RJ. Mitchell, L. R 80ring, J.J. Hendricks, and D.C. Carter.

Landscape variation of nutrients in litterfall and throughfall in longleaf 411 pine ecosystems. L. R Soring, C.A. Wilson, RJ. Mitchell, and D.C. Carter

Effects of whole-tree harvesting and windrowing on nutrient pools and 412 availabilitv

of

clayey sites in northwestem Quebec. S. Brais, C. Camire, and O. Pare.

Using land-based. small format stereo photogrammetrv to obtain three 413 dimensional data in forests. E.L. Taylor and S.B. Jack.

Landscape evaluation

of

effectS

of

manaaement activities on timber and 414 habitat (LEEMA TH): A model for management of sustainable forest

reSQurces. H. Li, O. Gartner, C. Bunton, and C. Trettin.

Riparian ecosystem develooment in a karst landscape

of

the IQWef Gulf 415 Coast Plain. P.C. Gpebel, B.J. Palik, L.K. Kirkman. S.W. Golladay, L. West. Species diversitv among ecosystem classification types

of

a lower Gulf 416 Coastal Plain landscape: aoolication of a multifactor ecological classifica-tion system. L.K. Kirkman, P.C. Goebel, M.B. Orew, B.J. Palik, and L. West. Using concepts

of

ecosystem classification as a framework for ecologi- 417 cal restoration

of

a disturbed lower Gulf Coastal Plain landscape. B.J.

Palik, P.C. Goebel, L.K. Kirkman, and L. West.

Reestablishment of Jeffrey pine (Pínus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) on a high 418 elevation mine site in the Sierra Nevada. R.F. Walker.

Underolanting COnfers in Pregon coast range riparian areas. K.G. 419 Maas-Hebner.

Negative impacts of elk on aspen stands in northem New Mexico. O.H. 419 Long, W.O. Hacker, and S.M. Fettig.

Habitat diversitv in uneven-aaed northem hardwoods. L.S. Kenefic and 398 R.O. Nyland.

ORAL PRESENTATIONS THAT WERE NOT PUBLlSHED lN THE SPECIAL ISSUE OF FEM, AND THAT ARE NOT PUBLlSHED lN THE PROCEEDINGS AS ARTICLES.

Functional heterogeneity of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat in the Sam Houston national Fores!: Insights for management. J.C.M. Azevedo, S.B. Jack, RN. Coulson, D.F. Wunneburger. Braganca Polytechnic Institute and the Department of Forest Science, Texas A&M University.

Red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW, Picoides borealis) populations are greatly

affected by the fragmentation of forest habitat through the effect on dispersai between active clusters and other suitable habitat. ln order to assess the suitability of a given landscape structure for the maintenance and expansion of RCW populations, land managers need an index that correlates with the bird's perception of that structure. Rather than assuming that the application of the most common landscape metrics will provide the necessary information,

we

applied three indices offunctional heterogeneity (as opposed to measured heterogeneity) to aGIS coverage for the Raven District of the Sam Houston National Forest using two observable scales. The GIS coverage included information on habitat suitability and RCW cluster distrioution and size. The analysis indicated that the presence of cavity trees is the most important factor for RCW population maintenance and thaHragmentation of the foraging habitat has much less impact. The analysis also,indicated that many areas current/y of high functional importance for the RCW

Elr.e

effectively isolated from one

another. This second result has significãrit implications for dispersai of

individuais between areas of high functionality and thus also the maintenanceof RCW in this forest.