Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Ciência da Computação
♥❝❘◆❆✲❆❣❡♥ts✿ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s
❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡
❲♦s❧❡② ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❆rr✉❞❛
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❊♠✐❧✐❛ ▼✳ ❚✳ ❲❛❧t❡r
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✖ ❯♥❇ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼✳ ❆✳ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦
❇❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❊♠✐❧✐❛ ▼✳ ❚✳ ❲❛❧t❡r ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ◆❛❧✈♦ ❋ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❏r ✖ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✴❯❋▼❙ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❈♦✐t✐ ❚♦❣❛✇❛ ✖ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆✴❉❋
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❝❡❞♦ ❇rí❣✐❞♦ ✖ ■❇✴❯♥❇ Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❈é❧✐❛ ●❤❡❞✐♥✐ ❘❛❧❤❛ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
❈■P ✖ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❆rr✉❞❛✱ ❲♦s❧❡②✳
♥❝❘◆❆✲❆❣❡♥ts✿ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❙✐s✲ t❡♠❛ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡ ✴ ❲♦s❧❡② ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❆rr✉❞❛✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✿ ❯♥❇✱ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✶✸✾ ♣✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾✱✺ ❝♠✳
❚❡s❡ ✭❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
✶✳ ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ✷✳ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ✸✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡✱ ✹✳ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ✺✳ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧
❈❉❯ ✵✵✹✳✽
❊♥❞❡r❡ç♦✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❉❛r❝② ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ✖ ❆s❛ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❊P ✼✵✾✶✵✲✾✵✵
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐✱ q✉❡ ♣❧❛♥t♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❉❡✈♦ t✉❞♦ ❛ ✈♦❝ês✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
➱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡st❛ í♥❞♦❧❡✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✲ ✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛ ❡ss❡s t❛♠❜é♠✮✱ ✈♦✉ t❡♥t❛r ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r àq✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❡✉s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞♦t♦✉ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❛ú❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛ss❡ ❛té ❛q✉✐✱ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❡ss❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✳
❆r✐stóst❡❧❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✉✿ ✏❊st❡ é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✿ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡✈❡ ✐♥st✐❣❛r ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛s ♦ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳ ◆♦ ♥♦ss♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡❧❛ ❞❡✈❡ t♦r♥❛r✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛ss✐✈❛✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛t✐✈❛✱ ❡ s✉❛ ♣❛ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥s✐♦s❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ❡ ✉♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r✳ ❆ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡ s❡♥t✐r s✉❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r❛❀ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ♥♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦✳✑
❯♠❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ é t❛♥t♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥t♦r❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s❀ ❡❧❛ ❡♥❝♦r❛❥❛ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s❀ ❡❧❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ t❡s❡ ❡ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❜♦❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t✉❞♦✱ s❛❜❡ ♦✉✈✐r✱ ❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡✉s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥❞♦✲♥♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡q✉❡r t❡♥❤❛♠♦s ✈❡r❜❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛✳ ❊❧❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ♠✐st❡r✐♦s♦ ❞♦♠ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❡ s❡♥t✐r ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❛ss❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛s ♠❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ós ♠❡s♠♦s ♥ã♦ s♦♠♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❢❛③ê✲❧♦✳ ❊❧❛ é ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❢❛r♦❧✱ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡st❛❞❡s✱ q✉❡ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❡st❛r ❧á ♣❛r❛ ♥♦s ♦r✐❡♥t❛r❀ ✉♠ ♣♦rt♦ s❡❣✉r♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛♥❝♦r❛r ♥♦ss❛s ❞ú✈✐❞❛s✳
◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ t✐✈❡ ❛ s♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✉♠❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ♥♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡✉ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❜♦❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❡❜❡r✳ ❊✉ ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❊♠✐❧✐❛ ▼✳ ❚✳ ❲❛❧t❡r✱ ♣♦r ❡♥s✐♥❛r✲♠❡ ❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❡ ❚ó♣✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✴❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ✈❡r ♠✉✐t❛s ❝♦✐s❛s s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❙✉❛ ✐♥t✉✐çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❛✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠❡♥t❡ ❢❡r✈✐❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠✉✐t❛s ❤♦r❛s ❛♣ós ♥♦ss♦s ❞❡❜❛t❡s✳ ◆♦ss♦s ❞❡❜❛t❡s✱ s❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ❡ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝❡❞♦r❡s✱ ❞♦s q✉❛✐s t❡r❡✐ ♠✉✐t❛ s❛✉❞❛❞❡✳
❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ♣♦r s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡r✲♠❡ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ s❛❣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❡ r❡❧❡✲ ✈❛♥❞♦ é♣♦❝❛s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ♣❡❧❛s q✉❛✐s ♣❛ss❡✐✳ ❊♠ ✈ár✐❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ❡❧❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❡❝✐❛ ❧❡r ♠❡✉s ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦s ✳✳✳ ❙❡✉ s❡♥s♦ ❞❡ ❥✉st✐ç❛ ❡ ✐♠♣❛r❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❢❛s❝✐♥❛r❛♠✱ ♣♦✐s sã♦ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❜♦♠ s❡♥s♦✳
●♦st❛r✐❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♠❡✉s ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❈■❈✱ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼✳ ❆✳ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦✱ ▼❛✉r✐❝✐♦ ❆②❛❧❛ ❘✐♥❝ó♥✱ ❱❛♥❞❡r ❘❛♠♦s ❆❧✈❡s✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▲❛❞❡✐r❛ ❡ ▲✐ ❲❡✐❣❛♥❣✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ t❛❧ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ é ❞✐❣♥❛ ❞❡ ❧♦✉✈♦r ❡
♥ã♦ s❡rá ❡sq✉❡❝✐❞❛✳ ❈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❆r✐stót❡❧❡s✱ ✏■♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡♥❛ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❧✐❢❡ t❤❡ ❤♦♥♦rs ❛♥❞ r❡✇❛r❞s ❢❛❧❧ t♦ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ s❤♦✇ t❤❡✐r ❣♦♦❞ q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ❛❝t✐♦♥✑✳
➚ ❚❛✐♥á ❘❛✐♦❧✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r s✉❛s ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❛t❡ q✉❡ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❈é❧✐❛ ❘❛❧❤❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❛♦ r❡✈✐s❛r ♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s q✉❡ ❡s❝r❡✈✐✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛ t❡s❡✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❡ ❞✐r❡çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡ss❡s ❛♥♦s✳ ❊ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ t✉❞♦✱ s❡r✈❛ ❞♦ ❉❡✉s ✈✐✈♦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r P❡t❡r ❋✳ ❙t❛❞❧❡r✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ r❡❝❡❜❡✉ tã♦ ❜❡♠ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▲❡✐♣③✐❣✱ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛✳ ❈♦♥✈❡rs❛r ❝♦♠ P❡t❡r ❋✳ ❙t❛❞❧❡r ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ ❧✐✈r♦s✱ ❡ ♥♦ss❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛ ♠♦t✐✈♦✉✲♠❡ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ♦✉tr❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❝♦♣❧❛r ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♣♦✉❝❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ t✐✈❡✱ ✜❝❛ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦ ♣❛ís tr♦❝❛r ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r♦s✳
❊✉ q✉❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❡♥♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s q✉❡r✐❞♦s ♣❛✐s✱ ❏♦sé ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❆rr✉❞❛ ❡ ▲✉③✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❆rr✉❞❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ tê♠ ♣♦r ♠✐♠✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ❛♠♦r ❡ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ s❛❝r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ s❡✉s s♦♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡✉s ❢♦ss❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ P♦r ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❡♠ ❡st❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❡♠ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡s✐st✐r ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt❡ ❜♦❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♠ é ❢r✉t♦ ❞❡❧❡s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ✐r♠ã ❘♦sâ♥❣❡❧❛ ❆rr✉❞❛✱ ❡ ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❲❡s❧❡② ❆rr✉❞❛ ❡ ❲❛r❧❡② ❆rr✉❞❛✳ ❈♦♥❢❡ss♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡ ❢❛③ ❢❛❧t❛✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s✱ ♠✐♥❤❛s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s ❞❡s❝✉❧♣❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✐①❡✐ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ✈♦❝ês✳ P❡ç♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s q✉❡ r❡❧❡✈❡♠ ✐ss♦ ♣♦r ❡✉ ❡st❛r ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣♦st♦✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❙❛❛❞✱ ❇r❡♥♦ ▼♦✉r❛✱ ❋á❜✐♦ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❏♦ã♦ ❱✐❝t♦r ❡ ▲✉❝❛s ➶♥❣❡❧♦ ♣❡❧♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❡ ❞❡s❛❜❛❢♦s✱ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❛❝❡✐t❛❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥✈✐t❡ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦✳
➚ ❈❆P❊❙ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞♦✳
P♦ré♠✱ ♦s ❡rr♦s q✉❡ ♣♦r✈❡♥t✉r❛ ❡✉ t❡♥❤❛ ❝♦♠❡t✐❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❡s❝r❡✈✐ ♥❡st❛ t❡s❡ sã♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠✐♥❤❛❀ ♦s ❛❝❡rt♦s sã♦ ♠ér✐t♦s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❡ss❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳
❊♠ s✉❛ t❡s❡✱ ❯s❛♠❛ ❋❛②②❛❞ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ s❛❜✐❛ ♣♦r q✉❡ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡①❛❣❡r❛♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✏q✉❛s❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛✑✳ ❙❡♠ ❡①❛❣❡r♦s✱ t❡♥❤♦ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛ q✉❡♠ ❞❡✈♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡ ♣❡ç♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣❡r❞ã♦ àq✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ❡✉ ♦♠✐t✐ ✐♥❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳
❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s✦
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖s ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✭♥❝❘◆❆s✮ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s tr❛♥s❝r✐t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛✲ r❡s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡✜❝❛③❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s é ❤♦❥❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✐♥t❡♥s❛✱ ♣♦✐s s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ s✐♥❛✐s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♥❡st❛ t❡s❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆✲❆❣❡♥ts✱ ✉s❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ✭s✐♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❡ ❜✐ó❧♦❣♦s✮ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❘◆❆✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❝✉r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s três ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❢✉♥❣♦s ❙❛❝❝❤❛r♦♠②❝❡s ❝❡r❡✈✐s✐❛❡✱ P❛r❛❝♦❝❝✐❞✐♦✐❞❡s ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s❡s ❡ ❙❝❤✐③♦s❛❝❝❤❛r♦♠②❝❡s ♣♦♠❜❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛r ♥❝❘✲ ◆❆s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ♥♦✈♦s ♥❝❘◆❆s✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❛ ❡st❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❡stá ❡♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜✐♦♠♦❧✳✉♥❜✳❜r✴♥❝r♥❛✲❛❣❡♥ts✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡✱ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧
❆❜str❛❝t
◆♦♥✲❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❘◆❆s ✭♥❝❘◆❆s✮ ❛r❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❝r✐♣ts ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧s ♦❢ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠s✱ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡② ❛✛❡❝t ♠❛♥② ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❢❛st ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ♣r♦t❡✐♥s✱ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥❝❘◆❆s ✐s ♥♦✇ ❢♦❝✉s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥❝❡ t❤❡✐r ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ s✐❣♥❛❧s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ②❡t ❡♥t✐r❡❧② ❦♥♦✇♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r ♥❝❘◆❆s ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t s②st❡♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s②st❡♠✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♥❝❘◆❆✲❆❣❡♥ts✱ ✉s❡s ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❛❣❡♥ts✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❡❛❝❤ ❛❣❡♥t ❤❛s ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐❣ ✭s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐sts✮ ❛❜♦✉t ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ ❘◆❆✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡s t♦ ❛ ❝✉r❛t❡❞ ♥❝❘◆❆ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦♦❧s ✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s②st❡♠ t♦ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ t❤r❡❡ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤r❡❡ ❢✉♥❣✐✱ ❙❛❝❝❤❛r♦♠②❝❡s ❝❡r❡✈✐s✐❛❡✱ ❙❝❤✐③♦s❛❝❝❤❛r♦♠②❝❡s ♣♦♠❜❡ ❛♥❞ P❛r❛❝♦❝❝✐❞✐♦✐❞❡s ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s✱ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❛♥♥♦t❛t❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♥❝❘◆❆s ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ♥❡✇ ♥❝❘◆❆s✳ ❚❤✐s t♦♦❧ ✐s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜✐♦♠♦❧✳✉♥❜✳❜r✴♥❝r♥❛✲❛❣❡♥ts✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ♥♦♥✲❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❘◆❆✱ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ◆♦♥✲❈♦❞✐♥❣ ❘◆❆s✱ ▼✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t ❙②st❡♠✱ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✱ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✹ ❉❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❞♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷ ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✹
✷✳✶ ➪❝✐❞♦s ◆✉❝❧é✐❝♦s ❡ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ Pr♦t❡í♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❉◆❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❘◆❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ Pr♦t❡í♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✶✳✹ ●❡♥❡s ❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✭♥❝❘◆❆s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ♣r✐♠ár✐❛✱ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ❡ t❡r❝✐ár✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✷✳✷✳✶ ♥❝❘◆❆s ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷✳✷✳✷ ♥❝❘◆❆s ❧♦♥❣♦s ✭❧♥❝❘◆❆s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♥❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✸ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡ ✷✹
✸✳✶ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡ ❘❡❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷✳✹ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✷✳✺ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷✳✺✳✶ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t ♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✷✳✻ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷✳✻✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❘❡❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷✳✻✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❘❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❉❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✷✳✻✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝r❡♥ç❛s✱ ❞❡s❡❥♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡♥çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✷✳✻✳✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❍í❜r✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✷✳✼ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✸✳✷✳✼✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✷✳✼✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✸ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❘❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❉❡❞✉tí✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✸✳✶ ▼♦t♦r❡s ❞❡ ■♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✹ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❡st❛ ❚❡s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✹ ♥❝❘◆❆✲❆❣❡♥ts ✺✶
✹✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❘❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❈❛♠❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❆❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✹ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✹✳✶ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✻✷
✺✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❙❛❝❝❤❛r♦♠②❝❡s ❝❡r❡✈✐s✐❛❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s ❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✶✳✸ ▼étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✷ ◆❝❘◆❆s ◆♦✈♦s ♥♦ P❛r❛❝♦❝❝✐❞✐♦✐❞❡s ❧✉t③✐✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✷✳✶ P❛r❛❝♦❝❝✐❞✐♦✐❞❡s ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s ❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✸ ◆❝❘◆❆s ◆♦✈♦s ♥♦ ❙❝❤✐③♦s❛❝❝❤❛r♦♠②❝❡s ♣♦♠❜❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❙✳ ♣♦♠❜❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s ❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✼✸
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✼✺
❆ ✹✶✼ ♥❝❘◆❆s ❞❛ ❙❛❝❝❤❛r♦♠②❝❡s ❝❡r❡✈✐s✐❛❡ ✽✻
❇ ❆rt✐❣♦ ❇❙❇ ✷✵✶✸ ✾✻
❈ ❆rt✐❣♦ ❏❇❈❇ ✷✵✶✺ ✶✵✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷✳✷ ➪❝✐❞♦ ❞❡s♦①✐rr✐❜♦♥✉❝❧é✐❝♦ ✭❉◆❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✸ ❉✉♣❧❛ ❤é❧✐❝❡ ❞♦ ❉◆❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✹ ❘❡♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✺ ➪❝✐❞♦ r✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝♦ ✭❘◆❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✻ ❘◆❆ ❡ s✉❛s ❜❛s❡s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✼ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ♣r♦té✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ♣r♦❝❛r✐ót✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✽ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ♣r♦té✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❡✉❝❛r✐ót✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✜t❛ ❞♦ ❉◆❆ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❣❡♥❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r três é①♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✶✵ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❘◆❆s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✶✶ ❋✉♥çõ❡s r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✶✷ ❚❛❧♦ ✲ ❆❧ç❛ ❙t❡♠ ✲ ▲♦♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❘◆❆ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦r ✭t❘◆❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✹ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ♣r✐♠ár✐❛✱ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ❡ t❡r❝✐ár✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ ❆❣❡♥t❡ r❡❛t✐✈♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✸ ❆❣❡♥t❡ r❡❛t✐✈♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✹ ❆❣❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✺ ❆❣❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✻ ❆❣❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✼ ❊str✉t✉r❛ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙▼❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✽ ❆❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✾ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❋■P❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✶✵ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❋■P❆ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t ◆❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✶✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❇❉■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❝♦♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✺ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡ ❞✉♣❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✶✻ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ▼♦t♦r ❞❡ ■♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✶✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ❉r♦♦❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✶✽ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❏❘✉❧❡❊♥❣✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♥❝❘◆❆s✲❆❣❡♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✷ ❘❡❣r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❈❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✢✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✸ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❲❡❜ ❞♦ ♥❝❘◆❆✲❆❣❡♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✹✳✹ Pá❣✐♥❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✺ Pá❣✐♥❛ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✿ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❍♦♠♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❇❧❛st✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡ ✭❙❱▼✲P♦rtr❛✐t✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❘◆❆③✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✶ ❙❛❝❝❤❛r♦♠②❝❡s✿ ❢✉♥❣♦s ✉♥✐❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❆❝✉rá❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✸ P✳ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✹ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s ♥❝❘◆❆s ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳✸✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❙❈ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ s✉♣❡r❝♦♥t✐❣✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✺ ❙❝❤✐③♦s❛❝❝❤❛r♦♠②❝❡s ♣♦♠❜❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞♦s ♥❝❘◆❆s ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳✹✱ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❡♠✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡✲
♥♦s✱ ❞♦✐s ❢✉♥❣♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✼ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞♦s ♥❝❘◆❆s ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳✺✱ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❢✉♥❣♦s
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❖ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷ ▲✐st❛ ❞♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✸ ❆❧❣✉♥s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s ❡ s✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❬✸✻✱ ✶✸✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✹ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✺ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ▼♦t♦r❡s ❞❡ ■♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭♥❝❘◆❆✲❆❣❡♥ts✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭■♥❢❡r♥❛❧✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✸ ◆♦✈❡❧ ♥❝❘◆❆s ❡♠ P✳ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✹ ◆❝❘◆❆s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❙✳ ♣♦♠❜❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✺ ◆❝❘◆❆s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❙✳ ♣♦♠❜❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✻ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s ❞♦ ❙✳ ♣♦♠❜❡✱ ❝♦♠✴s❡♠ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥❣♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ✼✷
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉❡s❞❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❲❛ts♦♥ ❡ ❈r✐❝❦ ❬✶✺✵❪✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❤é❧✐❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❉◆❆✱ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ✈❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ t❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❞♦s s❡r❡s ✈✐✈♦s✳ ◆❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥sór❝✐♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ q✉❡ t❡✈❡ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛r ❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛r ♦ ❣❡♥♦♠❛ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✶✱ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♦✉ ♦ ❣❡♥♦♠❛ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❝♦♠ ✸ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✳✵✵✵ ❛ ✸✵✳✵✵✵ ❣❡♥❡s ❬✼✷✱✶✸✷✱✶✹✹❪✳
❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥♦♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ●❡♥♦♠❛ ❍✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❣❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s s♦✲ ✜st✐❝❛❞♦s q✉❡ s✉♣♦rt❛♠ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼♦❧❡❝✉✲ ❧❛r✳ ◆❡ss❛ ár❡❛✱ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣♦✐❛r ♦s ❜✐ó❧♦❣♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥♦♠❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ❞❛❞♦s ❡①✲ ♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❬✶✶✼✱ ✶✷✼✱ ✶✷✽❪✳ ◆❡ss❡s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ❡ ❞❡ ❘◆❆✱ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s s♦✜st✐❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s✳
❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛té ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s r✐❜♦✲ ♥✉❝❧é✐❝♦s ✭❘◆❆s✮ ❡st❛✈❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❉◆❆ ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❘◆❆ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡✐r♦ ✭♠❘◆❆✮✱ ♦ ❘◆❆ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦r ✭t❘◆❆✮ ❡ ♦ ❘◆❆ r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛❧ ✭r❘◆❆✮ ❬✶✸✷❪✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r❛♠✲s❡ ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❘◆❆✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ tr❛❞✉③✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ♠❛s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❊ss❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ❛♥t❡s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❧✐①♦✱ sã♦ ❤♦❥❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✭♥❝❘◆❆s✮ ❬✼✼❪✳ ❖s ♥❝❘◆❆s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ♥♦tá✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡❛çõ❡s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ tr❛❞✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❛❜✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❘◆❆✱ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝r♦♠♦ss♦♠♦✱ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s✲tr♦♥❝♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝ér❡❜r♦✱ ♠ús❝✉❧♦s ❡ s❡❝r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s✉✲ ❧✐♥❛✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❬✾✺❪✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❜✉s❝❛r❡♠ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛r ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♥❝❘◆❆s✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝á✲❧♦s ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝á✲❧♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s✳
❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♦s ♥❝❘◆❆s sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛❞✉✲ çã♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✳ ❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s s❡r❡♠ ❝✉rt❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ t❡r❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛❞♦ ✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡❧❛s s✉❛s ❜❛s❡s ✭s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♣r✐♠ár✐❛s✮✱ ♦ q✉❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s s✉❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛s ✭❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✮ ❬✻✷❪✳ ❯♠❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ❛ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♥❝❘◆❆s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛♠ ❣❡♥❡s ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❇▲❆❙❚ ❬✶✷✵❪✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡s ✭❙▼❆s✮✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✱ sã♦ ❝❛✲ r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛s ✭❛❣❡♥✲ t❡s✮✱ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ♦✉ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦s✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ✉♠ ❙▼❆ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛r✱ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✭q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦✲ ❞❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ só ❛❣❡♥t❡✮ ❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛r ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❬✶✺✼❪✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙▼❆ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♥❝❘◆❆✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❛♥♦t❛r ♥❝❘◆❆s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠✲s❡ ❤♦❥❡ ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦r❛s t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥❝❘✲ ◆❆s ❡①❡r❝❡♠ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡❣✉✲ ❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛✱ ❛ ❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s✱ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣r✐♥t✐♥❣ ❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝r♦♠❛t✐♥❛ ❬✶✸✶❪✳ ❆ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é ✉s❛r ✈ár✐❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ♦s ❜✐ó❧♦❣♦s ✉s❛r❡♠ s❡✉ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r❡♠ ❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡r✐❛♠ ♥❝❘◆❆s✳
✶✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛
❚❛♥t♦ q✉❛♥t♦ s❛❜❡♠♦s✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í✲ ♥✐♦ ❞♦s ❜✐ó❧♦❣♦s ♣❛r❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✱ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ❙▼❆ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥❝❘◆❆✲❆❣❡♥ts✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ❜✐ó❧♦❣♦s✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r✿
• Pr♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❙▼❆ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s❀
• Pr♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ♣❡❧❛ ✇❡❜❀ • ❘❡❛❧✐③❛r t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥♦♠❛s❀
• ❈♦♠♣❛r❛r ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
✶✳✹ ❉❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❞♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛ ♥❝❘◆❆s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s✳ ❙❡rã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ✭❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✮ ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛r ♥❝❘◆❆s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s✲ ❝✉t✐❞♦s ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s✱ q✉❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛r❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✸✱ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❙▼❆s✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❛♠ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ❞❡ss❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❥✉st✐✜❝❛♠ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙▼❆✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♥❝❘◆❆✲❆❣❡♥ts✱ ✉♠ ❙▼❆ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛r ♥❝❘◆❆❙✳ ❙❡rã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉s❛❞♦s✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✺✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐♠♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ três ❢✉♥❣♦s✱ ❛♥♦t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥❝❘◆❆✲❆❣❡♥ts✳
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✻✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ s✉❣❡r✐❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉✲ r♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❘◆❆s ♥ã♦✲❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✭♥❝❘◆❆s✮ ❡ s❡✉s ♣❛♣é✐s ♥♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧é✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tê♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐♥t❡t✐③❛r ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❉◆❆✱ ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❘◆❆s✱ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✱ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s ❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ s❡❣✉❡♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♥❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❝❘◆❆s✱ q✉❡ s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡st❛ t❡s❡✳
✷✳✶ ➪❝✐❞♦s ◆✉❝❧é✐❝♦s ❡ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ Pr♦t❡í♥❛s
❖s á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧é✐❝♦s sã♦ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❝❤❛♠❛✲ ❞❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s✳ ❯♠ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦ t❡♠ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❛çú❝❛r ❝♦♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ át♦♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ✭♣❡♥t♦s❡✮✱ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❢♦s❢❛t♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛ ❬✻✾❪✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ s❡✉s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦✲ ♥❡♥t❡s✿ ❛çú❝❛r✱ ❢♦s❢❛t♦ ❡ ❜❛s❡ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛ ❬✽✵❪✳
❖s á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧❡✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s✿ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❞❡s♦①✐rr✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝♦ ✭❞♦ ✐♥✲ ❣❧ês✱ ❞❡♦①②r✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❛❝✐❞✮✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❉◆❆✱ ❡ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ r✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝♦ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ r✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❛❝✐❞✮✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❘◆❆✳ ❖ ❉◆❆ ❡ ♦ ❘◆❆ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧é✐❝♦s ❡stá ❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✸✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❉◆❆
❖ á❝✐❞♦ ❞❡s♦①✐rr✐❜♦♥✉❝❧é✐❝♦ ✭❉◆❆✮ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ✈✐✈♦ ❬✶✸✸❪✳ ◆♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣r♦❝❛r✐♦t♦s ✭❝✉❥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tê♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✮✱ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦ ❡stá ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛✳ ◆♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡✉❝❛r✐♦t♦s ✭❝✉❥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❝♦♥tê♠ ♥ú✲ ❝❧❡♦s✮✱ ♦ ❉◆❆ ❡stá ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❬✽✵❪✳
❆s ❜❛s❡s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ♦s ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❣r✉♣♦s✿ ♣✉r✐♥❛s ♦✉ ♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❛s✳ ❆s ❜❛s❡s ♣✉r✐♥❛s sã♦ ❛ ❝✐t♦s✐♥❛ ✭❈✮ ❡ ❛ t✐♠✐♥❛ ✭❚✮✱ ❡ ❛s ♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❛s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❛ ❆❞❡♥✐♥❛ ✭❆✮ ❡ ❛ ●✉❛♥✐♥❛ ✭●✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❜❛s❡ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ✭❛✮ ❖ ❛çú❝❛r ❞❡s♦①✐rr✐❜♦s❡ ❞♦ ❉◆❆✳ ✭❜✮ ❖s q✉❛tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❉◆❆✱ ♦♥❞❡ P r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❢♦s❢❛t♦✱ ❉ ♦ ❛çú❝❛r ❞♦ ❉◆❆ ✭❞❡s♦①✐rr✐❜♦s❡✮✱ ❡ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❆✱ ●✱ ❈ ♦✉ ❚ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✽✵❪✮✳
❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❉◆❆ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ♦✉ ✜t❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ✉♥✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✜t❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❆ ❡st❛rá ♣❛r❡❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❚ ✭❆✲❚✮ ❡ ❈ ❝♦♠ ● ✭❈✲●✮ ❬✶✸✽❪✳ ❆s ❜❛s❡s ❆✲❚ ❡ ❈✲● sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳ ❊ss❛s ❞✉❛s ✜t❛s ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦st❛s ❡♠ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡✐①♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✜t❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✺✬ ❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✸✬✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ✜t❛s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦ ❡ ❛♥t✐s❡♥s♦✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆s ❞✉❛s ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ✜❝❛♠✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛♥t✐♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✭♦♣♦st❛s✮✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❤é❧✐❝❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✮✳
❖ ❉◆❆ ♣♦❞❡ s♦❢r❡r r❡♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠✐❝♦♥s❡r✈❛t✐✈❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❉◆❆ r❡❝é♠ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ♣♦rçã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♠ã❡ ❬✽✶❪✳ P❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ✜t❛ ❞♦ ❉◆❆ ❛❜r❡✲ s❡✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ r♦♠♣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ ❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ❧✐✈r❡s ❡♥❝❛✐①❛♠✲s❡ ♥❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦✳ ❖s ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ✈ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❉✉♣❧❛ ❤é❧✐❝❡ ❞♦ ❉◆❆✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❬✷❪✳
❡♥tr❡ s✐ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❉◆❆ ♣♦❧✐♠❡r❛s❡✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s à ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ✉♠ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❉◆❆ q✉❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❤é❧✐❝❡ ❡ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❛s ❞✉❛s ✜t❛s ♠ã❡s s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✜t❛ s❡r✈❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❧❞❡✱ ♥❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✜t❛s ✜❧❤❛s✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ❞✉❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s à ❞✉♣❧❛ ❤é❧✐❝❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❬✽✵❪✳
✷✳✶✳✷ ❘◆❆
❖ ❘◆❆ é ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ à ❞♦ ❉◆❆✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ r✐❜♦s❡ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❛ ❞❡s♦①✐rr✐❜♦s❡ ❡ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ✉r❛❝✐❧❛ ♥♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❛ t✐♠✐♥❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❘◆❆ s❡r ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✮✳
❖ ❘◆❆ é t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❢♦s❢❛t♦✱ ❛çú❝❛r ✭r✐❜♦s❡✮ ❡ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ♥✐tr♦✲ ❣❡♥❛❞❛✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛s✱ ❛ ❯r❛❝✐❧❛ ✭❯✮ s✉❜st✐t✉✐ ❛ ❚✐♠✐♥❛ ✭❚✮ ❞♦ ❉◆❆ ❬✽✵❪✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❯ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ♣✉r✐♥❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✮✳
❊①✐st❡♠ três t✐♣♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡ ❘◆❆✿ ♦ ❘◆❆ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡✐r♦ ✭♠❘◆❆✮✱ ♦ ❘◆❆ r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛❧ ✭r❘◆❆✮ ❡ ♦ ❘◆❆ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦r ✭t❘◆❆✮✱ q✉❡ ❛t✉❛♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✿ ✭❛✮ ❖ ❛çú❝❛r r✐❜♦s❡ ❞♦ ❘◆❆✳ ✭❜✮ ❖s q✉❛tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣õ❡♠ ❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❘◆❆✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❯r❛❝✐❧❛ ✭❯✮ s✉❜st✐t✉✐ ❛ ❚✐♠✐♥❛ ✭❚✮ ❞♦ ❉◆❆✱ P r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❢♦s❢❛t♦✱ ❘ ❛ r✐❜♦s❡ ❡ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛s ❆✱ ●✱ ❈ ❡ ❯✳
✳
✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✮✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡s✉♠✐❞❛✱ ♦ ♠❘◆❆ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❝❛rr❡❣❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♣✐❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❉◆❆✱ q✉❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡rá ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛❀ ♦ r❘◆❆ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞♦s r✐❜♦ss♦♠♦s✱ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s❀ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ t❘◆❆ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛ ♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s r✐❜♦ss♦♠♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❘◆❆s✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✿ ❘◆❆ ❡ s✉❛s ❜❛s❡s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛s à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❡ ❉◆❆ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ✭❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✷✸❪✮✳
✷✳✶✳✸ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ Pr♦t❡í♥❛s
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦✱ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❉◆❆ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❉♦❣♠❛ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❛ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛
