• Nenhum resultado encontrado

Nesting problems

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Share "Nesting problems"

Copied!
171
0
0

Texto

(1)

Nesting problems

(2)
(3)

Luiz Henrique Cherri

Nesting problems

Thesis submitted to the Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação - ICMC-USP and to the Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto - FEUP, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of the Doctorate Program in Computer Science and Computational Mathematics (ICMC-USP) and of PhD (FEUP), in accordance with the international academic agreement for PhD double degree signed between ICMC-USP and FEUP.

FINAL VERSION

Concentration Area: Computer Science and Computational Mathematics / Industial engenering

Advisor: Profa. Dra. Franklina Maria Bragion deToledo (ICMC-USP, Brasil)Advisor: Profa. Dra. Maria Antónia da Silva Lopes deCarravilla (FEUP, Portugal)

(4)
(5)

SERVIÇO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DO ICMC-USP

Data de Depósito:

Assinatura:______________________

Luiz Henrique Cherri

O problema de corte de peças irregulares

Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação - ICMC-USP e àFaculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto- FEUP, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção dos títulos de Doutor em Ciências

-Ciências deComputação e Matemática

Computacional (ICMC-USP) e PhD (FEUP), de acordo com o convênioacadêmico internacional para dupla titulação dedoutorado assinado entre o

ICMC-USP e a FEUP.VERSÃO REVISADA

Área de Concentração: Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional

Área de Concentração: Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional / Engenharia indústrial

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Franklina Maria Bragion de Toledo (ICMC-USP, Brasil)

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Maria Antónia da Silva Lopes de Carravilla (FEUP, Portugal)

(6)
(7)

✏❋✐♥❞ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❡♥❥♦② ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦ ♠✉❝❤ t❤❛t ②♦✉ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ t♦ ❞♦ ✐t ❢♦r ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡✈❡r ✇♦r❦ ❛ ❞❛② ✐♥ ②♦✉r ❧✐❢❡✳✑

(8)
(9)

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts

❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ♠❛r❦s t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛t❤ t❤❛t st❛rt❡❞ t❤r❡❡ ②❡❛rs ❛❣♦✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ♣❛t❤ ■ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✇❛❧❦ ❛❧♦♥❡✳ ■ ❛♠ ❣❧❛❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛♥② ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s t❤❛t s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞✱ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ♠❡ ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t✐♠❡s✳

❋♦r ♠② ❢❛♠✐❧②✱ t❤❛t ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ♠② ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣❛✈❡ ♠❡ t❤❡ ✉♥❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt ❛♥❞ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r ♠② ♣❛r❡♥ts✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❛♥❞ ▲✉✐③✱ ❢♦r ♠② ❜r♦t❤❡rs✱ ❆❞r✐❛♥❛ ❛♥❞ ❈❡s❛r✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ♠② ❜r♦t❤❡rs✲✐♥✲❧❛✇✱ ▲❡❞❛ ❛♥❞ ❈❡❧s♦✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ■ ❛♠ ❣r❛t❡❢✉❧ ❢♦r ♠② ♥✐❡❝❡✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❆❧✐❝❡✱ ✇❤♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♥✐♥❡ ♠♦♥t❤s✳

■t ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s✉♣♣♦rt ♦❢ ♠② ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❛❞✈✐s♦r ❋r❛♥❦❧✐♥❛ ❛♥❞ ♠② P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡ ❛❞✈✐s♦r ▼❛r✐❛ ❆♥tó♥✐❛✳ ❚❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉✱ ❋r❛♥ ❛♥❞ ▼❛r✐❛ ❆♥tó♥✐❛✱ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✇♦♥❞❡r❢✉❧ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❛❞✈✐s♦rs ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞s t♦ ♠❡✳ ■ ❛❧s♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ t❤❡ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❏♦sé ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛♥❞ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐❞❡❛s ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣✳ ❚❤❡✐r ✐❞❡❛s ❞❡❡♣❧② ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✳

■ ❛♠ ❣r❛t❡❢✉❧ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ♠② ❢r✐❡♥❞s ♦❢ ▲❖t ✲ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛✐❞❡❞ ♠❡ ♦♥ t❤✐s ❥♦✉r♥❡②✳ ■♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢♦r ❆❧✐♥❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❆rt✉r✱ ▼❛r❝♦s ❛♥❞ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦✱ ✇❤♦s❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ❣♦❡s ❜❡②♦♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r②✳ ■ ❛❧s♦ t❤❛♥❦ ♠② ❢r✐❡♥❞s ♦❢ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r② ❛t ❋❊❯P ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥t r❡❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ t❤❛t ♠❛❞❡ ♠② ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✐♥ P♦rt✉❣❛❧ s♦ ♣❧❡❛s✉r❛❜❧❡✳

■ t❤❛♥❦ ❋❆P❊❙P ✲ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♠♣❛r♦ ❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭❣r❛♥ts ❇❊P❊✴✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✼✹✵✲✹ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✶✷✴✶✽✻✺✸✲✽✮ ✲ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt✳ ■ ❛❧s♦ ♠✉st ❡①♣r❡ss ♠② ❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦rs ❛♥❞ st❛✛ ♦❢ ■❈▼❈ ❛♥❞ ❋❊❯P✳

(10)
(11)

❆❜str❛❝t

❚❤❡ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✭❛❦❛ ♥❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✮ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ st✉❞✐❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♣❛st s✐① ❞❡❝❛❞❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐st ✐♥ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ✭♣❛❝❦✐♥❣✮ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲❝♦♥✈❡① s♠❛❧❧ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❢r♦♠ ✭✐♥✮ ❧❛r❣❡ ❜♦❛r❞s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞ s❤❛♣❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t✲ ❡r❛t✉r❡ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ❜✉t ♦♥❧② ❢❡✇ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇❡r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ t❤❛t ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✐♥t♦ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❜♦❛r❞ ✇✐t❤ ✜①❡❞ ✇✐❞t❤ ❛♥❞ ❧❡♥❣t❤ t♦ ❜❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡❞✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ✐♥ s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐s ❤♦✇ t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♦r ❞✐s❝r❡t❡✳ ■♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t t✇♦ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧② ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① str✉❝t✉r❡s t♦ ❜❡ ❜✉✐❧t✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ♥❡✇ ❞♦t ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ t♦ st♦r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ ♣♦✲ s✐t✐♦♥s ❜r✐♥❣✐♥❣ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② t♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡✱ ❛ ♠❛t❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ♦❢ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r❡ ❡①♣❧♦✐t❡❞✳ ❋♦r s♦♠❡ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts✱ t❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t❡ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡s✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛✲ t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳

(12)
(13)

❘❡s✉♠♦

❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ç❛s ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❤á ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ❡♠ ❝♦rt❛r ✭❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛r✮ ♣❡ç❛s ♠❡♥♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡①❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①❛s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✭❡♠✮ ♣❧❛❝❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ s♦❜r❡♣♦r❡♠✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ◆❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ç❛s ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ♣♦✉✲ ❝♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ♠✐st❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❢❛✐①❛✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛r ❛s ♣❡ç❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ✜①❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ s❡r ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ç❛s ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❡stá ♥❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ❊st❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ç❛s ♥❛ ♣❧❛❝❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐s❝r❡t♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦✳ ◆❡st❛ t❡s❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❞♦✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ♠✐st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ç❛s ❡♠ ❢❛✐①❛✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡ç❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ♥❛ ♣❧❛❝❛✳ ❊st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♥ã♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡①❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ç❛s ❡ ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✲ ♣♦s✐çã♦✱ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞✐s❝r❡t❛s✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❛t❤❡✉r✐st✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t❛ ❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ç❛s ♥❛ ♣❧❛❝❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✲ çã♦ ♣♦r r❡str✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ç❛s ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s✱ ❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s sã♦ ❛ ♣r✐✲ ♠❡✐r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✈✐❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✳ ❯♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❛ s♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❡ç❛s✳ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳

(14)
(15)

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✶

✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷

✶✳✷ ❚❤❡s✐s ♦✉t❧✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹

✷ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ st♦❝❦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✺

✷✳✶ ●❡♦♠❡tr② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼

✷✳✷ ❊①❛❝t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆♥ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❆ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t✐♦♥ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❋✐s❝❤❡tt✐ ❛♥❞ ▲✉③③✐ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❆❧✈❛r❡③✲❱❛❧❞❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷✳✺ ❚❤❡ ❞♦tt❡❞ ❜♦❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✷✳✻ ❚❤❡ s❡♠✐✲❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✸ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✹ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦r ♦t❤❡r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✺ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❣❛♣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✸ ◆❡✇ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✲

✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✸✶

✸✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜✲ ❧❡♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✶✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❇❛s✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✸✳✷✳✶ ❉✐r❡❝t ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr② ▼♦❞❡❧ ✲ DTM ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻

✸✳✷✳✷ ◆♦❋✐t P♦❧②❣♦♥ ❈♦✈❡r✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✲ NFP−CM ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

✸✳✷✳✸ ■♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡ r♦t❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❇♦✉♥❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✸ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

(16)

✸✳✸✳✶ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✸✳✸ ▲❛r❣❡r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ❢r♦♠ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✸✳✹ ◆❡✇ r❡❛❧ ✇♦r❧❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✸✳✺ ■♥st❛♥❝❡s ✇✐t❤ r♦t❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✹ ❋✐♥❛❧ r❡♠❛r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

✹ ❆ ❞♦ts ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ♦❢ ♥❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✻✶

✹✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✷ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❉♦t ❉❛t❛ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❞♦tt❡❞✲❜♦❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✹ ▼❡s❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✹✳✶ P✐❡❝❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼

✹✳✹✳✷ NFP✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✹✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ s♣❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✻✳✶ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✻✳✷ P✐❡❝❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺

✹✳✻✳✸ NFP✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵

✹✳✻✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡s❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✻✳✺ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✺ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧✲❜❛s❡❞ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✽✼

✺✳✶ ✸✕P❤❛s❡ ▼❛t❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ✭✸P▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✶✳✶ ✸P▼ ✕ ❈♦♥str✉❝t✐✈❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✶✳✷ ✸P▼ ✕ ■♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♣❤❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✶✳✸ ✸P▼ ✕ ❈♦♠♣❛❝t✐♦♥ P❤❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛♥❞ s❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✷✳✷ ▼❛t❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ♣❤❛s❡s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✷✳✸ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♠✐①❡❞✲

✐♥t❡❣❡r ♠♦❞❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✷✳✹ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r

❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

(17)

✻ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ♥❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜✲

❧❡♠s ✶✵✸

✻✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✳✷ ❈P ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❉♦tt❡❞ ❇♦❛r❞ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✷✳✶ ❇✐♥❛r② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✷✳✷ ◆♦♥✲♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛r② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✻✳✸ ❈P ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❞♦♠❛✐♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✻✳✸✳✶ ■♥t❡❣❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✻✳✹ ◆♦❖✈❡r❧❛♣✿ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✻✳✺ ❈P ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ♦❢ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✶✶✶

✻✳✺✳✶ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r P❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭■PP✮ ❛♥❞ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r ■❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ ■t❡♠ P❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭■■■PP✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✻✳✺✳✷ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r P❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭■PP❝✮ ❛♥❞ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r

❑♥❛♣s❛❝❦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭■❑P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✻✳✺✳✸ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❖♥❡ ❖♣❡♥ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭■✶❖❉P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✻✳✺✳✹ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❈✉tt✐♥❣ ❙t♦❝❦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭■❈❙P✮ ❛♥❞ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❇✐♥ P❛❝❦✲

✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭■❇PP✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✻✳✺✳✺ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❚✇♦ ❖♣❡♥ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭■✷❖❉P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✻✳✻ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❈P ♠♦❞❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✻✳✻✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✻✳✻✳✷ ❖✉t♣✉t ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✻✳✻✳✸ ■♥♣✉t ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✻✳✻✳✹ ▼❡♠♦r② ✉s❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✻✳✼ ❙♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❧❛r❣❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ✻✳✼✳✶ ❙♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❧❛r❣❡r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✻✳✼✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✻✳✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸

✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥s ✶✸✺

✼✳✶ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼

(18)
(19)

▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s

✶✳✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✲

✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶

✷✳✶ ❇❛s✐❝ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ t②♣❡s ✭❛❞❛♣t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❲äs❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳

✭✷✵✵✼✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻

✷✳✷ ❆ ♣✐❡❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♠❛tr✐① r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼

✷✳✸ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♥♥❡r✜t ♣♦❧②❣♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽

✷✳✹ ❆ ❉✲❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤r❡❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽

✷✳✺ ❚❤❡ ♥♦✜t ♣♦❧②❣♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾

✷✳✻ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜♦❛r❞ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❢♦r

❛ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ sq✉❛r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾

✷✳✼ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ♣❤✐✲❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ✭❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❈❤❡r♥♦✈ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✽ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡ ❜② ❝✐r❝❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✷✳✾ ▲✐♥❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ NFP ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✷✳✶✵ ■♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✷✳✶✶ P❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ NFPij r❡❣✐♦♥ ✐♥ s❡✈❡♥ ❝♦♥✈❡① r❡❣✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹

✷✳✶✷ P✐❡❝❡si ❛♥❞ j ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♣♦✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✷✳✶✸ ❈r❡❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❧✐❝❡s t♦ ❋✐s❝❤❡tt✐ ❛♥❞ ▲✉③③✐ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✶✹ ❙❧✐❝❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①t❡r✐♦r r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥♦✜t ♣♦❧②❣♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

✷✳✶✺ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❣r✐❞ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❚♦❧❡❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✬s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❤❡r❡gx=gy✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✷✳✶✻ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❜♦❛r❞ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡❞ ❜② ❧✐♥❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ▲❡❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✬s ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✶✼ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛ ♥♦✜t ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ❜② ❧✐♥❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✶✽ P❧❛❝✐♥❣ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦tt♦♠✲❧❡❢t ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✸✳✶ ❉❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡ ✐♥ t✇♦ ❝♦♥✈❡① ♣♦❧②❣♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡x

❛♥❞ y✲❛①✐s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦r❞❡rs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✸✳✷ ❱❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ Dabr ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✸✳✸ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥♦✜t ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ❈✉♥✐♥❣❤❛♠❡✲●r❡❡♥ ✭✶✾✽✾✮ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✸✳✹ ❖❜t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥ts gjrqj

x ✱gjrqjy ✱ gxirqj ❛♥❞ gyirqj✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✸✳✺ P❛rtsp❛♥❞q♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣✐❡❝❡s t❤❛t ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐♥❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

(20)

✸✳✻ P✐❡❝❡i❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤r❡❡ ♣❛rts✳ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧✐♥❡❛r ❧✐♥❡s ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥

❜② t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡s α ❛♥❞ β ❢r♦♠ ♣❛rtsp1 ❛♥❞ p3✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✸✳✼ ■❧❧✉str❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝✉ts ♦✈❡r t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ s♣❛❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✽ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♣✐❡❝❡ r♦t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✾ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♣r♦✜❧❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ t✐♠❡ ❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡

❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✶✵ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♣r♦✜❧❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ t✐♠❡ ❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡

❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

✸✳✶✶ ❖♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♣r♦✈❡❞ ❜② NFP−CM ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ♣r♦✈❡❞ ❢♦rHS2✇✐t❤✐♥

t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ❧✐♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✶✷ P✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛❧ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✶✸ ❖♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♠❡t❛❧✵ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻

✹✳✶ ❉❛t❛ t②♣❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❞♦t ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✸ ❆♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦t ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✕ ♣✐❡❝❡ t②♣❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❛❞♠✐s✲

s✐❜❧❡ r♦t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✹ ❆♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦t ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✕ ❜♦❛r❞ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ❞♦ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✺ ❆♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦t ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✕ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ❧✐st ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡

♦❢ t②♣❡ ✷ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ t②♣❡ ✶ ✐s ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❛t ❞♦t ✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✻ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤ ❢♦r ♦♥❡ ♣✐❡❝❡ t②♣❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✼ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤ ❢♦r t✇♦ ♣✐❡❝❡ t②♣❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

✹✳✽ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ NFP✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤ ❢♦r t✇♦ ♣✐❡❝❡ t②♣❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

✹✳✾ ❚❤❡ ▼❋ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ s❡t ♦❢ ♣✐❡❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✶✵ ❚❤❡ ❈❙ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ s❡t ♦❢ ♣✐❡❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✶✶ ❖♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ▼❋✶ ❛♥❞ ▼❋✷ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✱ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

♣✐❡❝❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✶✷ ❖♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ▼❋✶ ❛♥❞ ▼❋✷ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✱ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

r❡❣✉❧❛r ♠❡s❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✶✸ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ▼❋✽ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✶✹ ❖♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❙✶ ❛♥❞ ❈❙✷ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

NFP✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶

✹✳✶✺ ❖♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❙✶ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❈❙✷ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♠❡s❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶

✹✳✶✻ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❙✻ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ NFP✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

✺✳✶ ❙t❡♣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐✈❡ ♣❤❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✷ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞s ❢♦r ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♣♦✐♥t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶

(21)

✻✳✶ ❱❛r✐❛♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✻✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✐s ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛r② r❡♣r❡✲

s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐s ✐♥❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵

✻✳✸ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ s❡tΨtrd✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶

✻✳✹ ❇♦❛r❞ ✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ st♦❝❦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❜✐♥ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✻✳✺ ❇♦❛r❞ ✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ♦♣❡♥ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ t✇♦ ♦♣❡♥ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✻✳✻ ❊♥✉♠❡r❛t✐♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇❧❛③✷ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✻✳✼ ❊♥✉♠❡r❛t✐♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❤❛♣❡s✶ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵

(22)
(23)

▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s

✸✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾

✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ NFP ❈♦✈❡r✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

✸✳✸ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✇✐t❤ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✶✻ ♣✐❡❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✹ P✐❡❝❡s ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ♦❢ ♠❡t❛❧ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ s❡t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛❧ ❧❛②♦✉t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✻ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✇✐t❤ r♦t❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✵ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✵ ❞❡❣r❡❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

✹✳✶ ❚❡st ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡✳ ✼✻

✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts✱ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ NFP✲❜❛s❡❞

♠❡s❤ ❛♥❞ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♠❡s❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵

✹✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ r❡s✉❧ts ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛♥❞ NFP✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡s❤

❜✉✐❧t ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✉s✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♠❡s❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹

✺✳✶ ■♥st❛♥❝❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✷ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❤❛s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠❛t❤❡✉r✐st✐❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✸✲P❤❛s❡ ▼❛t❤❡✉r✐s✲

t✐❝ ✭✸P▼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

✻✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧ts r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❢♦r ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ■■■PP ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✻✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧ts r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❢♦r ■PP ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✻✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧ts r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❢♦r ■PP ✇✐t❤ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✻✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧ts r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❢♦r ■❑P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✻✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧ts r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❢♦r ■✶❖❉P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✻✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧ts r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❢♦r ■❈❙P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✻✳✼ ❘❡s✉❧ts r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❢♦r ■❇PP✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✻✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧ts r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❢♦r ■✷❖❉P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✻✳✾ ❋♦r t❤❡ ■PP✱ t❤❡ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❈♦♥✲

str❛✐♥t ✭■●❈✮ ✉s❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❧❡ss ♠❡♠♦r② t❤❛♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ✳ ✶✷✽

(24)

✻✳✶✵ ❋♦r t❤❡ ■✶❖❉P✱ t❤❡ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t ✭■●❈✮ ✉s❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❧❡ss ♠❡♠♦r② t❤❛♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♠♦❞❡❧s✳✶✷✾ ✻✳✶✶ ❆ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ❛♥❞ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s

✇✐t❤ ∆ = 0.5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶

✻✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ■●❈ ❛♥❞ ❉❇▼ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ■✶❖❉P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸

(25)

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

■rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r❡ ❤❛r❞ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✭❋♦✇❧❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✶✮ t❤❛t ❝♦♥s✐st ✐♥ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ s♠❛❧❧✱ ❝♦♥✈❡① ♦r ♥♦♥✲❝♦♥✈❡① ✐t❡♠s ✭♣✐❡❝❡s✮ ❢r♦♠ ❧❛r❣❡r ♦❜❥❡❝ts ✭❜♦❛r❞s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐t❡♠s ❛r❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t ✲ ✇✐t❤ ♥♦ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣✲ ♣✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠ ✲ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♠❛② ✈❛r② ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐t ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ✐♥✈♦❦❡s ✇❛st❡ ✭t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞s✬ ❛r❡❛ ♥♦t ♦❝❝✉♣✐❡❞ ❜② ♣✐❡❝❡s✮ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥s ♦r✴❛♥❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦✜ts✳

❚❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝❛❧❧② r❡❧❡✈❛♥t✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡✐r ♠❛♥② ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛✲ t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ r❛✇ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s t❤❡② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡✳ ❋r♦♠ ❛♥ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ♣♦✐♥t✲♦❢✲✈✐❡✇✱ ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ r❡❞✉❝❡s t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s✱ ❤❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦sts✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡s t♦ ✇❛st❡ r❡✲ ❞✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❡s t❡♥❞ t♦ ❞✐s❝❛r❞ ❧❡ss r❛✇✲♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❜❡♥❡✜ts✳

■♥❞✉str✐❡s ♦❢ ❣❛r♠❡♥t✱ ❢✉r♥✐t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ s❤♦❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r❡✱ s❤❡❡t ♠❡t❛❧ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs ❛r❡ ❢❛❝❡❞ ✇✐t❤ s✉❝❤ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✶ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡s ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✶✿ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳

(26)

❚❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥❞ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❲äs❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❋♦r ♠❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ♥♦ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦r ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡♠✳ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✈❛r✐❛♥t✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✭♦r ♦♥❡ ♦♣❡♥ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✮✱ ❛s ♦♥❧② ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✈❛r✐❛♥ts✳

❚❤❡ ♠♦st st✉❞✐❡❞ ✈❛r✐❛♥t ✐s t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❜♦❛r❞ ♦❢ ✜①❡❞ ❤❡✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤✱ s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ✐s ✉s❡❞✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❆ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢r❡❡❧② ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞ ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❋✐s❝❤❡tt✐ ❛♥❞ ▲✉③③✐ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❙♦♠❡ str✉❝t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❡r❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❜② ❆❧✈❛r❡③✲❱❛❧❞❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✇❤♦ ❛❧s♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❜♦✉♥❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠♣❛❝t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❜② ●♦♠❡s ❛♥❞ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❢♦r ❛ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❛t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ❛❧❧ s✉❝❤ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ t❤❡② ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡s ♥♦t ❡❛s② t♦ ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ s❡t ♦❢ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐❡❝❡✱ ❈❛rr❛✈✐❧❧❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛♥❞ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ❈❛rr❛✈✐❧❧❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❚♦❧❡❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ r❡♣✲ r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ✭❈❛rr❛✈✐❧❧❛ ❛♥❞ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❇❡♥♥❡❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❉♦✇s❧❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❉♦✇s❧❛♥❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r❡❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ s❡t ♦❢ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s✱ s♦♠❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ♣r✐♦r t♦ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t② ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✱ s♦♠❡ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♠❛② ❜❡ ❧♦st ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥✳

❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛✉t❤♦rs ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ✇✐t❤ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t ❧❛②♦✉ts✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛♥♥❡❛❧✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✭●♦♠❡s ❛♥❞ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ t❤❡ ❤②❜r✐❞ t❛❜✉ s❡❛r❝❤ ✭❇❡♥♥❡❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❉♦✇s❧❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐t❡r❛t❡❞ ❧♦❝❛❧ s❡❛r❝❤ ✭■♠❛♠✐❝❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛②♦✉ts ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② ❧✐♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❞❡❝❛❞❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠✲ ♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♥❡✈❡r ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳

✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s

❚❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s r❡❣❛r❞ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐✈❡ ❡①❛❝t ❛♥❞ ❤❡✉r✐s✲ t✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t✇♦ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❀ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❞♦t str✉❝t✉r❡

(27)

t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ♦❢ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s❀ ♣✐❡❝❡s r♦t❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❞♦tt❡❞ ❜♦❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭❚♦❧❡❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♠❛t❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ✇❛s ❜✉✐❧❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ✐t❀ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❛❧❧ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ♦❢ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❲äs❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❆❧s♦✱ ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t❡ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣✐❡❝❡s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ s✉❜❥❡❝t st✉❞✐❡❞ ❛r❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞✳

❚✇♦ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳ ■♥ ❜♦t❤ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ t❤❡ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞✳ ❚❤❡② ❞✐✛❡r ♦♥ ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✐s ❡♥s✉r❡❞✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❞♦ ♥♦t ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① str✉❝t✉r❡s✱ ❛s ♥♦✜t ♣♦❧②❣♦♥s ♦r ♣❤✐✲❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ♥♦✜t ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❛♥❞ ♦✉t♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ t❤❡ ❜❡st r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❢♦r ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ■♥ ❜♦t❤ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✱ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛r❡ s✐♠♣❧❡r t❤❛♥ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♠♦❞❡❧s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❡❛s✐❧② ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ♥♦♥ ❝♦♥✈❡① ♣✐❡❝❡s ❛♥❞ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✇✐t❤ ❤♦❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♠♦❞❡❧s t❤❛t ❡♥❛❜❧❡ t❤❡ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s✳

❆♥ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐✈❡ ❞♦t str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞✳ ■t ❝♦♥✈❡rts t❤❡ ❣❡✲ ♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ♦✈❡r ♣♦❧②❣♦♥s ✐♥t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦ts✳ ❊❛❝❤ ♣✐❡❝❡ t②♣❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ ✐ts ♦✇♥ s❡t ♦❢ ❞♦ts t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❞♦ts ❢♦r ♦t❤❡r t②♣❡s ♦❢ ♣✐❡❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞♦ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣✐❡❝❡ t②♣❡s ❤❛s ♥❡✈❡r ❜❡❡♥ ❡①♣❧♦r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡s t❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ♦✈❡r s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s✳

❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❞♦t str✉❝t✉r❡ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ ❞♦tt❡❞ ❜♦❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❜❡ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✐t t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ s❡t ♦❢ ❞♦ts ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐❡❝❡ t②♣❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❛t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❢❡✇❡r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛♥❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❜❡tt❡r q✉❛❧✐t②✳ ❘♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❛♥❣❧❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦tt❡❞ ❜♦❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✳

❆s t❤❡ ❞♦t str✉❝t✉r❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡s t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞✱ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧✲ ❜❛s❡❞ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s ♥❡✇ str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ❞♦tt❡❞ ❜♦❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ t✇♦ ♣❤❛s❡s ❛♥❞ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠♣❛❝t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♣❤❛s❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❤❛s❡s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐✈❡ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ r❡❧❛① ❛♥❞ ✜① ♦❜t❛✐♥s ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✐s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠♦r❡ ❞♦ts✱ s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❤❛s❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ s❡❛r❝❤❡s ❛r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞♦tt❡❞ ❜♦❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♣❤❛s❡✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠♣❛❝t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t❡s t❤❡ ❣❛♣s ❛♠♦♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡s✳

(28)

❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ❛❧❧ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❲äs❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛✲ t✉r❡ ❧❛❝❦s ❛♥ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞ t❤❛t s♦❧✈❡s ♠❛♥② ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❤❛s s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✱ s♦♠❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s✱ ❛s ♥♦♥✲♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡s✱ ❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ✐♥ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❜② ❛❧❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥✲ str❛✐♥t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛❧❧ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts✳ ❚❤r❡❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✇❡r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❞✐✛❡r ♦♥❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❆ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳ ■t ♣r♦♠♦t❡s q✉✐❝❦ s❡❛r❝❤ ✇✐t❤ ❧❡ss ♠❡♠♦r② ✉s❛❣❡ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜✉✐❧t✲✐♥ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts s♦❧✈❡r✳

✶✳✷ ❚❤❡s✐s ♦✉t❧✐♥❡

❆❢t❡r t❤✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r② ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✷ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❚✇♦ ♥❡✇ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r str✐♣ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳ ❆♥ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐✈❡ ❞♦t str✉❝t✉r❡ t❤❛t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ♦❢ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✹✳ ❆ ♠❛t❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ t❤❛t ✉s❡s t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞♦tt❡❞ ❜♦❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✺✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✻ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❲äs❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✼ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥s✳

(29)

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✷

■rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝✉tt✐♥❣ st♦❝❦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

■♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ t❤❡ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ s❝❤❡♠❡ ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❉②❝❦❤♦✛ ❛♥❞ ❋✐♥❦❡ ✭✶✾✾✷✮ ❛♥❞ ✇❛s ❧❛t❡r ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❜② ❲äs❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✜✈❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐❛✿ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t②✱ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❛ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t✱ ❛ss♦rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♣✐❡❝❡s✱ ❛ss♦rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs ✭♦r ❜♦❛r❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❛s❡✮ ❛♥❞ s❤❛♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ✭❢♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥✮✳

❚❤❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❤❛✈❡ ♦♥❡✱ t✇♦✱ t❤r❡❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s✳ ❖✉t♣✉t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♣✉t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❛ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s str♦♥❣❧② ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ✭♠❛♥② ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ♠❛♥② t②♣❡s✮✱ ✇❡❛❦❧② ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ✭♠❛♥② ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❢❡✇ t②♣❡s✮ ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ ✭♠❛♥② ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ t②♣❡✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛ss♦rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ✐♥t♦ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❧❛r❣❡ ❜♦❛r❞s ✇✐t❤ ✜①❡❞ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❜♦❛r❞ ✇✐t❤ ✜①❡❞ ♦r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❤❛s t✇♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ♦r ♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ s❤❛♣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ✐♥t♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r ✭❡✳❣✳✱ r❡❝t❛♥❣❧❡✱ ❝✐r❝❧❡s✱ ❜♦①❡s✱ s♣❤❡r❡s✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ❛♥❞ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ✭♥♦♥✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✮✳

■♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❡ st✉❞② t❤❡ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ t❤❛t✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ t②♣♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❲äs❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ✐♥t♦ s✐① ❜❛s✐❝

t②♣❡s✿ ■❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ ■t❡♠ P❛❝❦✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭IIPP✮✱ P❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭PP✮✱ ❑♥❛♣s❛❝❦

Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭KP✮✱ ❈✉tt✐♥❣ ❙t♦❝❦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭CSP✮✱ ❇✐♥ P❛❝❦✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭BPP✮ ❛♥❞ ❖♣❡♥

❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭ODP✮✳ IIPP✱PP ❛♥❞ KP ❛r❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞

ODP✱ BPP ❛♥❞ CSP ❛r❡ ✐♥♣✉t ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶ s❤♦✇s ❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠

t❤❛t ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡s t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ t②♣❡s✳

▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ✐♥ t❤❡IIPP t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥

♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ♠❛♥② ❝♦♣✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✐t❡♠ t②♣❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞✳ ■♥PP✱ ♠❛♥② ♣✐❡❝❡ t②♣❡s ✇✐t❤

s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝♦♣✐❡s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝♦♣✐❡s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤

♣✐❡❝❡ t②♣❡ t❤❛t ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❝✉t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✜♥✐t❡ ✭PPr✮ ♦r ❧❛r❣❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞

✐♥✜♥✐t❡ ✭PP✮✳ ■❢ ❡①❛❝t❧② ♦♥❡ ❝♦♣② ♦❢ ♠❛♥② ♣✐❡❝❡ t②♣❡s ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞✱ t❤❡

Referências

Documentos relacionados

Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Estatística – Des/UFSCar e ao Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação – ICMC-USP, como parte dos requisitos para

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação - ICMC-USP e ao Departamento de Estatística – DEs-UFSCar, como parte dos

As questões legais no que toca ao abate destas árvores encontram acima referidas e têm como objectivo essencial preservar em espécie que pelo seu produto maior

Notificado, o Representado apresentou defesa argumentando, em preliminar, a inépcia da inicial e, no mérito, a não infringência à legislação eleitoral, visto que a doação

Master dissertation submitted to the Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação - ICMC- USP and to the Departamento de Estatística – DEs- UFSCar, in partial

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação - ICMC-USP, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências -

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação - ICMC-USP, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências -

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação - ICMC-USP, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em