Conclusões
Os resultados deste estudo confirmam as suspeitas de que a atual configuração da família Amaurobiidae não constitui um grupo monofilético e faz-se urgente uma re-delimitação desta família. Neste contexto, remover Macrobuninae e gêneros relacionados de Amaurobiidae será um importante passo para tornar Amaurobiidae um grupo monofilético.
Além disso, a mudança de status de Macrobuninae para o nível de família representa uma importante mudança histórica na classificação das aranhas cribeladas e permite a inclusão de diversos gêneros atualmente considerados como parte de Amaurobiidae, mas que claramente estão pouco relacionados à esta família.
Resumo
Macrobuninae é alvo de uma revisão e análise cladística. Esta subfamília, que já foi considerada a maior de Amaurobiidae, mostra-se pouco relacionada aos Amaurobiinae ou "amaurobiideos verdadeiros". A matriz deste estudo, composta por 82 taxa terminais e 107 caracteres inclui representantes de todos os gêneros de Macrobuninae e novos taxa desta subfamília. Como grupo-externo, foram utilizados representantes de:
Agelenidae Koch, Amaurobiidae, Amphinectidae Forster & Wilton, Chummidae Jocqué, Desidae Pocock, Dictynidae O. P.-Cambridge, Phyxelididae Lehtinen, Stiphidiidae Dalmas, Tengellidae Dahl, Titanoecidae Lehtinen, Zorocratidae Dahl e Zoropsidae Bertkau, uma vez que estas famílias foram relacionadas a Macrobuninae em outros estudos. Os resultados principais confirmam que Macrobuninae não está intimamente relacionada a Amaurobiidae e confirma a necessidade de elevar Macrobuninae à categoria de família, Macrobunidae Petrunckevitch, 1928 status nov. a fim de incluir os Macrobuninae e generos relacionados. Três subfamílias aqui descritas:
Retirinae subfam. nov., Pakehinae subfam. nov., and Zanomyinae Ubick, 2005 status nov.. Chummidae Jocqué, atualmente composta por um gênero e duas espécies, passa a ser considerada sinônimo-junior de Macrobunidae.
Amaurobiidae aparece como grupo-irmão dos clados "paracribellares fundidas" e calamistro oval. A subfamília Macrobuninae é revisada em nível genérico e redelimitada a fim de incluir um total de 26 gêneros. Destes, treze gêneros novos são descritos: Siyabonga gen. nov., Peckmaria gen. nov., Ijoubetumsam gen. nov., Imbumbulu gen. nov., Ibhulashi gen. nov., Umunwe
gen. nov., Pigozzoi gen. nov., Samadhia gen. nov., Naynay gen. nov., Segoko gen. nov., Deusemais gen. nov., Madiba gen. nov. and Ushaka gen nov.. Dos treze gêneros conhecidos, apenas os que possuem descriçoões recentes e atualizadas não tiveram suas espécies-tipo redescritas. Dezessete espécies novas são descritas: Emmenomma joshuabelli sp. nov., Macrobunus alejandrosanzi, sp. nov., Macrobunus eniomattosi sp. nov., Yupanquia lenktaitisi sp. nov., Ijoubetumsam frizzellae sp. nov., Deusemais viximaria sp.
nov., Naynay meikleae sp. nov., Pigozzoi pifozonho sp. nov., Samadhia kellyfujiharae sp. nov., Siyabonga kakhulu sp. nov., Imbumbulu westhuizenis sp. nov., Madiba haddadi sp. nov., Ushaka umsila sp. nov., Ushaka philai sp.
nov., Ibhulashi lakeside sp. nov., Umunwe ndabae sp. nov. e Segoko chueneorum sp. nov.. Oito gêneros são removidos de Macrobuninae e transferidos para outras subfamílias e/ou famílias. As mudanças taxonômicas apresentadas são corroboradas pela análise cladística. São apresentadas as primeiras descrições de machos de espécies de Hicanodon Tullgren, Yupanquia Lehtinen e Chresiona Simon. Anisacate fuegianum bransfield Usher é elevada a categoria de espécie, A. bransfield Usher stat. nov..
Emmenomma beauchenicum Usher é considerada sinônimo junior de E.
oculatum. Emmenomma oculatum obscurum Simon é removida da sinonímia e elevada a categoria de espécie, Emmenomma obscurum Simon stat. nov.. Os espécimes-tipo de M. backhauseni são aqui considerados duas espécies diferentes e com base na fêmea uma espécie nova M. alejandrosanzi sp. nov.
é descrita. A verdadeira fêmea de M. backhauseni (Simon) é descrita pela primeira vez. Outras mudanças taxonômicas proveniente do estudo dos espécimes-tipo incluem remover Notolathys Mello-Leitão da sinonímia com
Auximella Strand e transferir Notolathys para sinônimo-junior de Retiro Mello-Leitão; sinonimizar Urepus Roth e Auximella; considerar Tymbira Mello-Leitão sinônimo-junior de Metaltella Mello-Leitão.
Abstract
Macrobuninae Petrunkevitch is revised and submitted to a cladistic analysis.
Macrobuninae, once considered the biggest Amaurobiidae Thorell subfamily is now proved to be not even closely related to Amaurobiinae, the "true amaurobiids". Our matrix, composed by 82 terminal taxa and 107 characters, includes representatives of all Macrobuninae genera and new taxa we believed to be part of Macrobuninae. As out-groups, we included representatives of the families Agelenidae Koch, Amaurobiidae, Amphinectidae Forster & Wilton, Chummidae Jocqué, Desidae Pocock, Dictynidae O. P.-Cambridge, Phyxelididae Lehtinen, Stiphidiidae Dalmas, Tengellidae Dahl, Titanoecidae Lehtinen, Zorocratidae Dahl and Zoropsidae Bertkau, which were suggested as related to Macrobuninae by previous studies. Our main results confirm Macrobuninae as not forming a monophyletic group with Amaurobiidae and shows the need to erect Macrobunidae Petrunkevitch, 1928 new rank to include Macrobuninae and relatives. Three other subfamilies are proposed
here: Retirinae subfam. nov., Pakehinae subfam. nov., and Zanomyinae Ubick, 2005 new rank. Chummidae, currently composed by one genus and two species, is
considered a junior-synonym with Macrobunidae. Amaurobiidae appears as sister group of the "Oval Calamistrum Clade" and the "Fused Paracribellar clade". The subfamily Macrobuninae is revised at the generic-level and redelimited to include a total of 26 genera. Of those, thirteen are newly described: Siyabonga gen. nov., Peckmaria gen. nov., Ijoubetumsam gen. nov., Imbumbulu gen. nov., Ibhulashi gen.
nov., Umunwe gen. nov., Pigozzoi gen. nov., Samadhia gen. nov., Naynay gen. nov., Segoko gen. nov., Deusemais gen. nov., Madiba gen. nov. and Ushaka gen nov.. The remaining known genera are redescribed including their type-species, except the ones
with recent, up to date descriptions. Seventeen new species are described:
Emmenomma joshuabelli sp. nov., Macrobunus alejandrosanzi, sp. nov., Macrobunus eniomattosi sp. nov., Yupanquia lenktaitisi sp. nov., Ijoubetumsam frizzellae sp. nov., Deusemais viximaria sp. nov., Naynay meikleae sp. nov., Pigozzoi pifozonho sp. nov., Samadhia kellyfujiharae sp. nov., Siyabonga kakhulu sp. nov., Imbumbulu westhuizenis sp. nov., Madiba haddadi sp. nov., Ushaka umsila sp. nov., Ushaka philai sp. nov., Ibhulashi lakeside sp. nov., Umunwe ndabae sp. nov. and Segoko chueneorum sp. nov. Eight genera removed from Macrobuninae are assigned to other subfamilies and/or families. All taxonomic changes are justified by the phylogenetic analysis. For the first time the male specimens of Hicanodon Tullgren, Yupanquia Lehtinen and Chresiona Simon are described; Anisacate fuegianum bransfield Usher is raised to the species level, A. bransfield Usher new rank; Emmenomma beauchenicum Usher is considered junior synonym of E. oculatum Simon;
Emmenomma oculatum obscurum Simon is removed from the synonym with E.
oculatum and raised to the species level, Emmenomma obscurum Simon new rank.
The type specimens of Macrobunus backhauseni (Simon) are considered non co- specifics and a new species Macrobunus alejandrosanzi sp. nov. is described based on the female. The true female of M. backhauseni is described for the first time. Other taxonomic changes include: removal of Notolathys Mello-Leitão from synonymy with Auximella Strand and placement as a junior synonym of Retiro Mello-Leitão; to consider Urepus Roth a junior synonym of Auximella; and Tymbira Mello-Leitão a junior synonym of Metaltella Mello-Leitão
.
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