http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/human.2012.11.4.31
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3UHVHQWO\0DáRSROVNDYRLYRGHVKLSLVWKHFRUHRIWKHVRXWKHDVWHUQUHJLRQRIWKHFRXQWU\0DáRSROVNDGXULQJ the last two centuries experienced numerous political and administrative changes, including the period after WKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DU,QWKHWLPHVRIWKHSDUWLWLRQV0DáRSROVNDZDVRYHUFURZGHGSRRUDQGHFRQRPLFDOO\ EDFNZDUGUHJLRQ'XULQJWKHLQWHUZDUSHULRGWKHVLWXDWLRQLPSURYHGEXWWKHHFRQRPLFFULVLVRIWKH¶VOHGWR PDVVXQHPSOR\PHQWDQGWRVLJQL¿FDQWGHWHULRUDWLRQLQWKHOLYLQJFRQGLWLRQVRIIDPLOLHVZKDWLVUHÀHFWHGLQ WKHPHPRLUVZULWWHQE\WKHLQKDELWDQWVRIWKHSURYLQFHRI.UDNRZ7KH\ZHUHSXEOLVKHGLQWKHFODVVLFZRUN Ä0HPRLUVRIWKH8QHPSOR\HG´HGLWHGE\/XGZLN.U]\ZLFNL7KHH[SHULHQFHRIXQHPSOR\PHQWGXULQJWKH\HDUV RIWKH*UHDW'HSUHVVLRQZDVFRQIURQWHGZLWKGHVFULSWLRQVRILQDFWLYLW\LQWKH¿UVWGHFDGHRIWKHV\VWHPWUDQVL -WLRQ7KHVXEMHFWLYHZRUOGRIWKHXQHPSOR\HGZDVVXSSOHPHQWHGZLWKTXDQWLWDWLYHGDWDVKRZLQJFKDQJHVLQ WKHODERXUPDUNHWLQWKHYRLYRGHVKLS7KHFRPSDULVRQRIFRQWHPSRUDU\GLDULHVDQGWKRVHZULWWHQEHIRUH\HDUV have revealed differences in the institutional support of the health care and social assistance and the similarities in the experience of unemployment.
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at the end of 2011. In other words, the goal of this paper is to compare the unemployment
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of the 20th century and at the turn of the 20th and 21th centuries.
* The Institute of Sociology UJ; lucjan.mis@uj.edu.pl
In this place I would like to focus on the changes that have taken place over the last
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the past it covered parts of Lviv, Ternopil and Stanislawow voivodeships (so called the
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the San river and covered areas of the former Russian voivodeship. According to Norman
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The further political and administrative changes have resulted in changes in social
con-VFLRXVQHVVEHFDXVHDWWKHPRPHQWWKH0DáRSROVNDLVRIWHQUHGXFHGWR0DáRSROVNDYRLYRGH -ship and Podkarpacie has gained the status of the separate ethno-geographic region, what is
±IRUH[DPSOH±UHÀHFWHGLQWKHVFLHQWL¿FZRUNVVHH'áXJRV]DQG1LH]JRGD3UHVHQWO\ 0DáRSROVNDLVWKHPRVWDGHTXDWHWRWKHDUHDRIWKH.UDNRZYRLYRGHVKLSIURPWKHSHULRG EHWZHHQ±:KHQWKHFRPSHWLWLRQIRUWKH¿UVWPHPRLUVRIWKHXQHPSOR\HGZDV DQQRXQFHGWKH.UDNRZYRLYRGHVKLSLQFOXGHGĩ\ZLHF-DVáR5RSF]\FHDQG0LHOHFFRXQWLHV ZKLFKSUHVHQWO\GRQRWEHORQJWRWKHYRLYRGHVKLS6RPHRWKHUFRXQWLHVHJ0LHFKyZDQG 2ONXV]ZKLFKQRZDUHLQFOXGHGLQ0DáRSROVND9RLYRGHVKLSZHUHQRWLWVSDUWLQWKH\ EHORQJHGWR.LHOFHYRLYRGHVKLS%DVHGRQWKHPHPRLUVRISDVWDQGSUHVHQWSHRSOHZHFDQ GH¿QLWHO\VD\WKDWWKHDXWKRUVKDYHLGHQWL¿HGZLWKWKHWHUULWRU\DQGWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\'XH WRWKHOLPLWDWLRQRIWKHDPRXQWRIWH[WWKLVREMHFWLYHDQDO\VLVZLOOEHIRFXVHGRQWKHFKDUDF -teristics of the unemployed in the last decade.
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774 diaries sent from all over the country. At the end of 1931 in Krakow voivodeship were
(...) during the times of the trough of the industrial crisis almost every third worker was unemployed” (Landau and Tomaszewski 1982: 123).
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the authors expressed her faith in Marshal Pilsudski as a providential man who knows how
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the organizers of the memoir competition. The unemployed were in the case of the Krakow
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The other forms of assistance were gained from the private or philanthropic nature of
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friends, and even strangers. The important role for the memoirist No. 48 had her faith in
*RGSUD\HUDQGUHTXHVWIRUKHOSDGGUHVVHGWRWKHVDLQWVÄ:HHQWHUHG6W0DU\¶V&KXUFKDQG WKHUHEHIRUHWKHPLUDFXORXVLPDJHRI2XU/DG\ZHEHJJHGIRUPHUF\IRUKHOS´3DPLĊWQLNL EH]URERWQ\FK, vol. I, 1967: 448).
7RVXPXSWKHXQHPSOR\HGIURPWKH¶VRIWKHth century suffered from a lack of
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in harmony, setting up a kind of a small family” (3DPLĊWQLNLEH]URERWQ\FK, vol. I 1967: 490).
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(„Student”) used the training in accounting, which she had done when she was unemployed,
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survive for two months” (3DPLĊWQLNLEH]URERWQ\FKYRO,,8QWLOWKHRXWEUHDNRI
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weeks, I had nothing to put to my pot (...) it was always something missing in my house. To
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family” (3DPLĊWQLNLEH]URERWQ\FKYRO,,-XVWEHIRUHWKHRXWEUHDNRIWKHZDU
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entire life a work was the most important issue, I have learned to appreciate it properly when I could not work nowhere” (3DPLĊWQLNLEH]URERWQ\FK, vol. II 1967: 222).
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6HYHQW\\HDUVDIWHUWKH¿UVWUHVHDUFKWKH,QVWLWXWHRI6RFLDO+RXVHKROGRUJDQL]HGDFRP -petition for the memoirs of the unemployed. There were posted 1700 works (1635 of them
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milk, potatoes, soup. (...) There was nothing to heat the oven. On the windows was a
5-centi-PHWHUIURVW,ZDVFROOHFWLQJROGUDJVVKRHVIURPWKHGXVWELQVDQGLQWKLVZD\ZHZDUPHGRXU KRXVH´%XG]\ĔVNLD7KHPHPRLULVWIURP1RZ\7DUJÄ*RLQJVKRSSLQJLW¶VMXVW ZHOOHQRXJKIRUEUHDNIDVWDQGDPRGHVWGLQQHU$GLQQHUIRUVRPDQ\SHRSOH")RXUPRXWKV WRIHHGLWLVQRWDWULÀH%UHDGLVVRH[SHQVLYH´%XG]\ĔVNLE7KHXQHPSOR\HG SHUVRQIURP3RURQLQÄ:LWKRXWDMRE,FRXOGQRWWLPHSURYLGHVRPHEDVLFQHHGVWRP\VRQ :HOOPD\EHH[FHSWIRUDSODWHRIQRRGOHVDQGVRXSIRUOXQFK$IWHUWKHORVVRIDSHU -manent source of income in our house literally started to live with us a threat of poverty”
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and the memoirist from the period of the political transformation (1990–2000) relate mainly
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unemployed during the time of a serious illness her son was treated with a home methods
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the school. All of them were actively seeking for work, including the intensive writing of
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up their unemployed time, allow to and send resumes and applications, making phone calls
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responses to their applications and documents posted to the companies. Only one of the
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she wanted to undertake professional work despite of her care on the young daughters and
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7KHRWKHUGLDULVWZDVWRXFKHGE\WKHODFNRIPRQH\VREDGO\WKDWVKHWRRNPRQH\FRPSHQ -sation in exchange for giving up her return to work at the school: „At the same time I needed
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insect and the intruder”2%XG]\ĔVNL
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the new situation. The roles of wife and mother were very important to the authors of memoirs,
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scenarios, assuming permanent or temporary migration, searching for unregistered work and
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experience of unemployment,
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– they experienced a long period of negative emotions: anxiety, anger, rage, jealousy, shame, humiliation, a long, sometimes chronic, psychosocial stress, and as the result they were
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and the support or help from a family and friends,
– they were not socially excluded, although they limited their social contacts to family
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educated, they experienced similar experiences (material poverty, threats to a health security)
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a medical care.
7+($1$/<6,6,17+(2%-(&7,9,67&$7(*25,(6
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to make a social diagnosis, sometimes with the intention of improving the existing
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Voivode ship
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2000 200 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 200 200
M 10,3 12,2 14,0 13,9 13,7 15,0 14,0 11,4 8,8 7,1 9,4 10,7 PL 13,1 15,1 17,5 18,1 18,0 19,0 17,6 14,8 11,4 9,5 11,9 11,6 6RXUFHRZQUHVHDUFKEDVHGRQWKHGDWDREWDLQHGIURP5RF]QLNL6WDW\VW\F]QH5]HF]\SRVSROLWHM3ROVNLHM±
Within the period of 12 years the most of the registered unemployed (363,550) were
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were the following ones: 3 million 217 thousand in 2002 and 1 million 474 thousand in
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situation regarding unemployment did not affect the whole region. There were and there are
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&oXQW\ 2002 200
%RFKHĔVNL 2,0 8,8
Brzeski 16,0 11,9
Chrzanowski 15,0 13,9
'ąEURZVNL 22,0 19,1
Gorlicki 19,0 13,8
Krakowski 7,0 11,4
Limanowski 21,0 17,2
Miechowski 2,0 9,7
0\ĞOHQLFNL 14,0 12,8
1RZRVąGHFNL 20,0 17,6
Nowotarski 10,0 12,4
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2ĞZLĊFLPVNL 12,0 12,4
Proszowicki 7,0 11,9
Suski 6,0 10,4
Tarnowski 17,0 13,6
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Wadowicki 13,0 12,0
Wielicki 9,0 10,9
6RXUFH2ZQUHVHDUFKEDVHGRQWKH5RF]QLNVWDW\VW\F]Q\ZRMHZyG]WZDPDáRSROVNLHJR (2010) and $NW\ZQRĞü HNRQRPLF]QDOXGQRĞFL2002 (2004)
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-PHQWUDWHZHUHWKHERFKHĔVNLDQGPLHFKRZVNLRQHVDQGWKHKLJKHVWRQH±GąEURZVNLDQG OLPDQRZVNL$FRPSDULVRQRIWKHVXEUHJLRQVZKLFKFRQVLVWRIDIHZFRXQWLHVVKRZVWKDW WKH EHVW VLWXDWLRQ LQ ZDV LQ WKH VXEUHJLRQ RI .UDNRZ WKH XQHPSOR\PHQW UDWH ZDV DQG WKHQ LQ WDUQRZVNL RĞZLĊFLPVNL DQG QRZRVąGHFNL 7KHVLWXDWLRQLQWKHPDMRUFLWLHVZDVPXFKEHWWHUWKDQWKHLQWKHVPDOODQGUXUDORQHVWKHXQ
-HPSOR\PHQWUDWHLQ.UDNRZZDVLQ7DUQRZDQGLQ1RZ\6ąF]%DVLFGDWD RQUHJLVWHUHGXQHPSOR\HGLQ7KHGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQLQWKHXQHPSOR\PHQWUDWHLQ FRXQWLHVDQGPXQLFLSDOLWLHVLVWKHQDWXUDOSKHQRPHQRQ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHGLYHUVL
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increased to 28 points”. The similar situation occurred in the Mazowieckie voivodship, where
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While the comparisons with the other voivodeships look positive, certain
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7KHVHGDWDDQGWKHRWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDOORZXVWRDVVHVVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHODERXU PDUNHWLQWKH0DáRSROVNDYRLYRGHVKLSDVWKHKLJKRQH6LPLODUHYDOXDWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJHFR -nomic and demographic development, and social development were estimated as very high (5RF]QLNVWDW\VW\F]Q\ZRMHZyG]WZDPDáRSROVNLHJR5RN;, 2010). The voivodeship also has got the positive assessment of the foreign experts specializing in the regional researches (Bukowski 2011).
The social policy in the areas of employment and unemployment had the active
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expenses was similar to the previous one). As a result of these programs 20,747 unemployed
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categories of persons are people employed at intervention works (2734) and socially useful works (1997).
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in the recovery from a professional inactivity (:RMHZyG]WZRPDáRSROVNLH3RGUHJLRQ\ SRZLDW\JPLQ\ 2010).
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to reduce the negative effects of years of forced inactivity, and was conducted according to the principles of „activating the unemployed” and „social inclusion”.
3. SUMMARY
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the second wave of system reforms reveal the price that people pay for this division. Based
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The diachronic perspective reveals continuity and change in experiencing and coping with
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compare the fate of unemployed women (with the one exception), their experienced poverty (with the one exception) and psychosocial strategies to cope with the lack of employment.
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cities than in rural areas, disadvantage of the young people in opportunities to get registered employment, and the activation of the unemployed with a help of various forms of social
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and Smagacz-Poziemska 2011). The experts, journalists, and politicians sometimes agree that
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-ZRUNRIWLPHDQGVSDFH%DVHGRQPHPRLUVZHFDQVD\WKDWWKHSHRSOHOLYLQJLQ0DáRSROVND YRLYRGHVKLSFDQEHFKDUDFWHUL]HGLQWKHODVW\HDUVE\WKHLUUHVRXUFHIXOQHVVERWKLQWKHXVH RIWKHDYDLODEOHVRFLDODQGKHDOWKVHUYLFHVDVZHOODVLQDQLQGLYLGXDODQGIDPLO\EXVLQHVV 7KHIHDURIXQHPSOR\PHQWKDVFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHDSSUHFLDWLRQRIMREVSDUWLFXODUO\FHUWDLQ
and long-run forms, and seeking for the other types of protection (medical, pension,
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that the regional social policy in this period was focused on the professional activation
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market policy with the activating attitude to the unemployed, and their relatively more
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voivodeships.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Statystyczny w Krakowie.
Budnikowski, Tomasz. 2009. %H]URERFLHZ\]ZDQLHPZVSyáF]HVQRĞFL3R]QDĔ,QVW\WXW=D -chodni.
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Bukowski, Andrzej 2011. 5HJLRQWUDG\F\MQ\ZXQLWDUQ\PSDĔVWZLHZGRELHJOREDOL]DFML3U]\ SDGHNZRMHZyG]WZDPDáRSROVNLHJR.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX-DJLHOORĔVNLHJR 'DYLHV1RUPDQ=DJLQLRQHNUyOHVWZD.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR=QDN
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0LĞ/XFMDQ3UREOHP\VSRáHF]QH7HRULDPHWRGRORJLDEDGDQLD, Kraków:
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0LĞ/XFMDQ3R]DU\QNLHPSUDF\(OHPHQW\G\VNXUVXSXEOLF]QHJRQDWHPDWEH]URERFLD,
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0LĞ/XFMDQ0DUFMDQQD1yĪNDDQG0DUWD6PDJDF]3R]LHPVND1DV]HSUREOHP\%H] URERFLHLELHGDZHZVSyáF]HVQ\PVSRáHF]HĔVWZLHSROVNLP, Kraków: Universitas. Paciorek, Renata. 2009. 5ROD8U]ĊGX3UDF\3RZLDWX.UDNRZVNLHJRZ]DNUHVLHSU]HFLZG]LD
áDQLDEH]URERFLX8QSXEOLVKHG0$WKHVLV6XSHUYLVRU+XEHUW.DV]\ĔVNL3K'.UDNyZ ,QVW\WXW6RFMRORJLL8QLZHUV\WHWX-DJLHOORĔVNLHJR
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3DPLĊWQLNLEH]URERWQ\FK. 1U–57:DUV]DZD,QVW\WXW*RVSRGDUVWZD6SRáHF]QHJR
3DPLĊWQLNLEH]URERWQ\FK3DPLĊWQLNDU]HSRODWDFK3DPLĊWQLNLZĞZLHWOHSUDV\, vol. 2, 1967.
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