Agroforestry: key to the development challenge

Agroforestry: key to the

development challenge

2

Who are we?

• One of the 15 CGIAR research centres

• employing about 500 scientists and other

staff.

• We generate knowledge about the diverse

roles that trees play in agricultural

landscapes

• We use this research to advance policies and

practices that benefit the poor and the

Six Science Domains

• SD1 – Agroforestry Systems

• SD2 – Tree Products and Markets

• SD3 – Tree Diversity, Domestication and Delivery

• SD4 – Land Health and Management

• SD5 – Environmental Services

• SD6 – Climate Change

3

We seek answers to this challenge:

“by 2050, we need to…

• Double world food production on ~ the same

amount of land

• Make farms, fields and landscapes more

resistant to extreme weather, while…

World Bank World Development Indicators South Asia 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 K g p e r H e c ta re Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America East Asia

Malnutrition means not enough calories…

… and a lack of micronutrients

Modified after: Msangi and Rosegrant 2011. Feeding the Future’s Changing Diets.

Fruit & veg consumption

8

2

Changing these graphs

is why we get out of bed in the

morning.

Three Four 2050 challenges:

•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of

land

•Deal with massive malnutrition

•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to

climate change

•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.

2

IPCC 4th assessement report

All these factors….

South Asia 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 K g p e r H e c ta re Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America East Asia

Africa is

2

World Bank World Development Indicators South Asia 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 K g p e r H e c ta re Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America East Asia

First issue: yields.

11

African farm facts

• Population growth has rendered fallowing impossible

in many communities

• Land overuse is depleting soil organic matter, soil

carbon and soil microbiology

• Consequently, across drylands Africa, soil fertility is

dropping by 10-15% a year (Bunch, 2011)

•

Where will soil fertility, soil organic matter and extreme weather resilience come from ?

11

African farm facts

• Population growth has rendered fallowing impossible

in many communities

• Land overuse is depleting soil organic matter, soil

carbon and soil microbiology

• Consequently, across drylands Africa, soil fertility is

dropping by 10-15% a year (Bunch, 2011)

• Deep poverty and logistical bottlenecks makes

fertiliser unaffordable for most

• Funding for fertiliser subsidies is scarce and fickle

Where will soil fertility, soil organic matter and extreme weather resilience come from ?

Faidherbia Albida in teff crop system in Ethiopia

_______________________________________

maize yield (t/ha)

Maize only

1.30

Maize + fertilizer trees

3.05

____________________________________________________________

2011 Survey of farms in six Malawi districts (Mzimba, Lilongwe, Mulanje, Salima, Thyolo and Machinga)

Impact of fertilizer trees on maize yield

under farmer management

Drought Flood

P stopped

Long-term maize yield without

fertilizer in a Gliricidia system

13

Fertilizer trees perform better than NPK.

Plot management Sampling Frequency

Mean (Kg/Ha)

Standard error

Maize without fertiliser 36 1322 220.33

Maize with fertiliser 213 1736 118.95

Maize with fertiliser trees 72 3053 359.8

Maize with fertiliser trees & fertiliser 135 3071 264.31

2009/2010 season; data from 6 Malawi districts

Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration

Zinder, southern Niger in the 1980s

In FMNR, farmers will select the best shoots from trees regrowing naturally from stumps and eliminate the rest. This promotes the growth of vigorous new trees adapted to local conditions.

... and now.

Zinder, Niger, today.

These 5 million hectares of new agroforest

parklands are yielding

500,000 tonnes

more than before.

(Reij, 2012)

23

Kantché district, Zinder, Niger

District of 350,000 people, with high tree on-field densities.

Rainfall averages ca. 350 mm per year, typical of Sahel drylands.

Annual district-wide grain surplus:

2007

21,230 tons

2008

36,838 tons

2009

28,122 tons

2010

64,208 tons

2011

13,818 tons

Kantché produces grain surpluses even in drought years.

Impact of Policy Changes

Restrictive forest codes in the Sahel were beginning to be relaxed in Niger so that trees planted or managed on farmers’ fields could remain the

property of the farmer and not revert to the government.

Galma, Niger 1975 2003

Simple agroecology Advanced Agroecology & intrants GMOs

The yield gap lesson

Typical African yield Simple AF yield

Typical EU yield

Advanced variety yield

C ro p y ie ld (t o n n e s p e r h e ct a re )

Intensive agriculture _{Agroecological systems}

The transition to sustainability

Four 2050 challenges:

•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of

land

•Deal with massive malnutrition

•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to

climate change

•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.

3

Second issue. Where will micronutrients

come from?

From

trees,

too.

Why? Because indigenous fruits beat

exotics.

Sources: Freedman (1998) Famine foods. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods; Fruits for the Future Series, ICUC; Fineli (http://www.fineli.fi/), etc.

They beat staples, too.

Species Dacroydes edulis fruit (88% dm) Irvingia gabonensis kernels (88% dm) Maize grain (86% dm) Rice grain Cassava tuber (30-35%dm) Carbohydrates 14 26-39 66-76 46-59 24-31 Fats/oils 32 51-72 2-6 1-2 <1 Protein 26 _7.4 5-14 4-8 1 Fibre 18 ₁ 1-3 1-4 1-2

They can be harvested year round

(here, in western Kenya...)

… and in west and central Africa.

Tree species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Irvingia wombolu Cola spp. Dacryodes edulis Garcina kola Irvingia gabonensis Ricinodendron heudelotii

What trees, exactly?

Mostly undomesticated

indigenous trees.

Tree-to-tree variation within the population of one single

village.

0 50 100 150 200 Individual trees M a s s ( g ) Kernel mass Shell mass Flesh mass

Farmers choose key traits. We

quantify them.

%a-santalol 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 % a -s a n ta lo l 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 Individual trees M a s s ( m g ) stearine (mg) oleine (mg)

Fruit morphology Medicinal

properties

Essential oils

Edible oils and fatty acids

Techniques allow multiple trait selection for different markets

Desirable

outliers

Participatory Tree Domestication

• communities select, propagate and manage high-value

indigenous fruit trees and medicinal plants and integrate

them in their farming systems,

• Species for domestication are mainly selected

encompassing indigenous knowledge and genetic

selection based on scientific principles

• A strong partnership is developed with scientists, civic

authorities and private companies.

•PTD is farmer driven and market led.

•It focuses on species farmers consume best with high

Creation of early fruiting, low stature, productive cultivars with high quality and uniformity

Cultivar meeting market specifications Fruiting cultivar

Farmers have 50+ species under

domestication

*

Cultivar meeting market specifications Fruiting cultivar

Intensive agriculture _{Agroecological systems}

The transition to sustainability

Fighting ignorance: the rural resource

centres

RRCs expose farmers to updated technologies in domestication

and agroforestry.

Demonstration plots help farmers acquire skills in production

and marketing knowledge

Four 2050 challenges:

•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of

land

•Deal with massive malnutrition

•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to

climate change

•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.

3

✔

11

Mitigation through trees

Carbon potential in various agroforestry systems

Mbow personal communication (2012)

• Food security: organic matter, nutrients, microclimate

• Nutrition: fruits, fodder, multi-crop system support

• Weather resilience: roots pump water, trees offer shade and windbreaks

• Insurance: in hard times, farmers can sell timber

• Income diversification:crops, fuel, fodder, timber, fruits

• Health: medicinal barks and leaves, nutrition

• Energy resources: fuelwood, charcoal

• Higher biodiversity • Reduced deforestation • Soil restoration

• Carbon sequestration

Intensive agriculture _{Agroecological systems}

The transition to sustainability

Four 2050 challenges:

•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of

land

•Deal with massive malnutrition

•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to

climate change

•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.

3

✔

✔

✔

11

Other reasons to like trees:

van der Ent RJ, Savenije HHG, Schaefli B, Steele- Dunne SC, 2010. Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over

continents. Water

Resources Research 46,

W09525,

E/P

Ellison D, Futter MN, Bishop K, 2011.On the forest cover–water yield debate: from demand- to supply-side thinking. Global Change Biology, doi:

10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02589.x

37%

% of rainfall derived from

‘

short cycle

’

terrestrial origins

68%

58%

30%

40%

_41%

46%

22%

42%

1) Mackenzie river basin, 2) Mississippi river basin, 3) Amazon river basin, 4) West Afri-ca, 5) Baltics, 6) Tibet, 7) Siberia, 8) GAME (GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment) and 9) Huaihe river basin.

Why India and China should invest in draining the Sudd and letting the water evaporate in Egypt instead… and why West Africa should be opposed to it

Deforesting

Myanmar

will reduce

rainfall in

China

Intensive agriculture _{Agroecological systems}

The transition to sustainability

Soil biota density under crops compared with agroforestry

Number per m

2 _{(Barrios et al 2012)}

Soil biota density under crops compared with agroforestry

Number per m

2 _{(Barrios et al 2012)}

Intensive agriculture _{Agroecological systems}

The transition to sustainability

11

800 $ / Ha / year High social costs

High environmental costs

3,000 $ / Ha / year No social costs

Low environmental costs

Leakey, 2012

23

Kantché district, Zinder, Niger

District of 350,000 people, with high tree on-field densities. Rainfall averages ca. 350 mm per year, typical of Sahel

drylands.

• Annual district-wide grain surplus:

• 2007 21,230 tons

• 2008 36,838 tons

• 2009 28,122 tons

• 2010 64,208 tons

• 2011 13,818 tons

Kantché produces grain surpluses even in drought years. This is mostly exported to northern Nigeria, providing cash revenue.

Intensive agriculture _{Agroecological systems}

The transition to sustainability

Yield range Net income

• Increased crop nutrient availability in rainfed food crop systems

• Improved microclimate and soil water relations conveying greater adaptation to

climate change

• Increased and more stable food crop productivity

• Increased food micronutrient availability (fruits)

• Enhanced dry season fodder availability

• Dramatically increased carbon accumulation in food crop systems: 6-10 tons of

CO₂ per hectare per year are common

• Enhanced biodiversity

• Reduced deforestation due to on-farm fuelwood and timber production

• Increased extreme weather resilience

• Diversified and increased income streams

So why this?

Investment in

“normal” agriculture

Natural

Forest

4.1 billion ha

Crop

Land

1.5 billion ha

Pasture &

Rangelands

3.4 billion ha

Wetlands

1.3 billion ha

Deserts

1.9 billion ha

Agriculture

Forestry

Environment

What is best way to optimise goals?

• Productivity/Income • Sequestration/Mitigation • Reduced emissions • Resilience/Adaptation • Environmental Goods/Services

CSA

REDD+

PES

800 $ / Ha / year High social costs

High environmental costs

3,000 $ / Ha / year No social costs

Low environmental costs

36

Thank you!

(if you’re still hungry, I have more on making this

happen)

For more information

Patrick Worms, World Agroforestry Centre Email:p.worms@cgiar.org

Tel: +32 495 24 46 11

Getting there

• Enabling policies

• Improved genetics

• Farmer information

Getting there

• Enabling policies

• Improved genetics

• Farmer information

Impact of Policy Changes

Restrictive forest codes in the Sahel were beginning to be relaxed in Niger so that trees planted or managed on farmers’ fields could remain the

property of the farmer and not revert to the government. The change in three decades, was dramatic.

Galma, Niger 1975 2003

Adjudicated under the Land Adjudication Act CAP 284 1968, intensive smallholder cultivation with clear freehold title

Un-adjudicated land: no firm legal title

Norton-Griffith, in preparation

Tenure effects on land productivity

and investment

The Landscape Approach

People-Place-Purpose

Five underlying Principles:

1. Make sense and operate across nested and interacting

social and political scales (village, district, country)

2. Make sense and operate across nested and overlapping

biophysical scales (e.g. farm, watershed, basin)

3. Involve multiple and defined sectors and stakeholders

4. Seek synergies and reduce tradeoffs

5. Monitor and evaluate baselines, interventions,

counterfactuals, policies

Policy Conflict

- Natural forest protection

- Tree growing

Basic problem

There is a lack of coherent

and rigorous sampling and

assessment frameworks

that enable comparison of

data across a wide range of

environmental conditions

and scales

Soil maps generally static Coarse resolution

Don’t reflect functional properties of the soil

Surveillance science

Land health metrics

Consistent field protocol

Soil spectroscopy Coupling with remote

sensing Prevalence, Risk factors, Digital mapping

Sentinel sites

Getting there

• Enabling policies

• Improved genetics

Cocoa Yields are too low

Source: Etude sur les revenus et les investissements des producteurs de café et de cacao en Côte d’Ivoire,

Agrisystems Consortium, 2008 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 -2 0 0 2 0 0 -3 0 0 3 0 0 -4 0 0 4 0 0 -5 0 0 5 0 0 -6 0 0 6 0 0 -7 0 0 7 0 0 -8 0 0 8 0 0 -9 0 0 9 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 -1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 -1 3 0 0 1 3 0 0 -1 4 0 0 1 4 0 0 -1 5 0 0 1 5 0 0 -1 6 0 0 1 6 0 0 -1 7 0 0 1 7 0 0 -1 8 0 0 1 8 0 0 -1 9 0 0 1 9 0 0 -2 0 0 0

Yield classification (kg/ha)

N u m b e r o f p lo ts s u rv e y e d 0.5 MT/ha

MARS-ICRAF-CDI Government

Public Private Partnership

cir252 0.0 cir19 5.1 cir240 9.2 cir3 16.0 Tce089 20.9 cir129 23.4 shrs21 shrs6 23.8 ca797995 32.3 cir268 cir152 37.4 shrs13 38.5 cir60 48.5 cir139 cir165 50.1 shrs2 51.3 cir162 57.7 cir48 70.5 cir230 85.4 cir228 86.1 WRKY-03 88.0 cir68 cir261 93.5 cir73 cir269 100.5 2 cir184 0.0 cir161 cir118 11.6 cf974239 15.7 cir143 cir159 28.9 cir102 39.4 WRKY-14 45.0 cir29 46.5 cf972885 51.0 cir249 53.3 shrs3 54.7 cir244 60.4 shrs23 61.1 cir246 62.7 cir273 65.8 cir286 68.4 shrs34 69.0 Tce574 80.1 cir275 87.7 cir264 89.9 cir22 93.5 RGH11 cir194 97.0 1 cir242 0.0 cir234 1.5 cir241 3.8 cir233 5.1 Tce195 9.4 cir117 11.2 cir33 14.5 cir237 14.8 cir95 20.6 shrs33 23.3 cir32 26.2 cir43 32.0 cir12 34.2 cir213 cir206 48.6 Tce380 59.4 cir115 75.3 4 cir120 cir150 0.0 cir153 2.1 cir198 3.8 TIR2 5.4 cir146 9.6 cir21 10.7 cir192 10.9 cir62 11.6 cir40 12.3 cir247 13.9 cir204 17.0 Tce380A 19.5 cir180 21.6 cir175 31.4 cir280 39.6 cir289 40.6 cir78 42.0 cir263 45.4 cir219 48.0 cir254 63.6 cir135 63.9 cir128 64.1 cir140 66.4 shrs7 70.1 shrs5 cir226 70.4 cir131 70.8 cir202 71.4 cir144 72.1 ca798018 73.0 cir81 79.5 ca795469 91.6 3 WRKY-10 0.0 cir111 0.3 cir232 1.3 cir119 2.1 shrs37 5.2 shrs12 7.4 shrs11 7.6 cir148 13.5 shrs22 18.2 cir10 21.5 Tce030 26.1 cir196 cir123 26.8 cir42 27.7 cir169 31.5 cir149 cir256 39.8 cir170 40.7 shrs19 47.7 cir245 48.8 cir69 WRKY-11 49.1 TIR4 52.3 TIR3 52.6 shrs4 63.7 cir87 67.6 cir80 73.0 cir109 cir101 84.9 cir274 85.3 5 cir103 0.0 cir134 3.0 cir189 5.4 Tce487 13.5 cir26 16.8 cir200 23.0 cir211 shrs20 33.3 cir225 35.2 cir282 45.1 cir1 51.1 8 ca972846 0.0 cir186 1.7 cir277 cir116 3.2 cir179 4.4 cir177 5.7 cir147 8.0 cir55 10.2 cir56 12.4 cir46 cir181 16.6 RGH4 22.8 RGH5 26.1 cir13 33.1 RGH1 37.4 cir190 43.7 cir141 44.1 7 cir79 0.0 cir85 3.4 cir64 cir98 24.0 cir283 24.8 cir212 32.8 RGH2 cir58 36.4 cir8 45.0 cir178 47.5 cir160 55.2 cir157 58.0 cir35 60.5 cf972909 67.0 cir24 68.5 cir251 73.3 cir30 74.1 cir166 79.5 cir250 83.2 cir126 86.0 cir108 88.1 cir266 88.6 cir72 cir287 94.6 cir243 95.4 9 cir6 0.0 cir136 1.5 5.4 cir53 10.5 cir71 32.2 cir276 34.3 34.7 cir25 37.4 cir209 54.3 cir9 57.9 cir291 59.9 6 cir37 0.0 cir223 4.7 RGH7 11.2 RGH8 13.4 cir61 23.3 cir104 40.6 cir155 41.3 cir229 57.8 10 Pod Number Trunk Circumference

Pod Number & Wet Bean Weight Witches’ Broom

Resistance

Pod Weight

Frosty Pod Resistance & Wet Bean Weight Bean Length

Jorquette Height Frosty Pod

Resistance

Bean Length, Seed Weight,Ovule Number, & Trunk Circumference Black Pod

Bean Weight, Bean Thickness, Pod Weight & Pod Length

~40 identified QTLs in cacao

Getting there

• Enabling policies

• Improved genetics

Fighting ignorance: the rural resource

centres

RRCs expose farmers to updated technologies in domestication

and agroforestry.

Demonstration plots help farmers acquire skills in production

and marketing knowledge

RRCs: not ye olde extension service.

•

More scope for joint research, adaptation, training, sharing and

diffusion of good practices and technologies

•

Better partnership between research, civil society organisations

and farmers

•

More flexibility in activities, room for testing and adaptation

•

Gradual development

36

Thank you!

For more information

Patrick Worms, World Agroforestry Centre Email:p.worms@cgiar.org

Tel: +32 495 24 46 11

Natural

Forest

4.1 billion ha

Crop

Land

1.5 billion ha

Tree

Plantations

0.3 billion ha

Pasture &

Rangelands

3.4 billion ha

Wetlands

1.3 billion ha

Deserts

1.9 billion ha

Natural

Forest

4.1 billion ha

Crop

Land

1.5 billion ha

Pasture &

Rangelands

3.4 billion ha

Wetlands

1.3 billion ha

Deserts

1.9 billion ha

Global Land Area

Natural

Forest

4.1 billion ha

Crop

Land

1.5 billion ha

Pasture &

Rangelands

3.4 billion ha

Wetlands

1.3 billion ha

Deserts

1.9 billion ha

Time (years)

Research

(building of knowledge)

Development

(proof of application &

application of knowledge)