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Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca da Área de Engenharia e Arquitetura
Rose Meire da Silva - CRB 8/5974 Honório, Daniel Henrique,
H759g HonGestão do lodo de esgoto sanitário : análise da região hidrográfica das bacias dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (Estado de São Paulo) / Daniel Henrique Honório. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2014.
HonOrientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho.
HonDissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo.
Hon1. Resíduos sólidos. 2. Política ambiental. 3. Gestão ambiental. 4. Bacias hidrográficas. 5. Lodo de esgoto. I. Coraucci Filho, Bruno,1948-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo. III. Título.
Informações para Biblioteca Digital
Título em outro idioma: Management of sewage sludge : analysis of the hidrographic region
basins of Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí rivers (São Paulo State)
Palavras-chave em inglês: Solid waste Environmental law Environmental management Watershed Sewage sludge
Área de concentração: Saneamento e Ambiente Titulação: Mestre em Engenharia Civil
Banca examinadora:
Bruno Coraucci Filho [Orientador] Emília Wanda Rutkowski
Vania Elisabete Schineider
Data de defesa: 16-04-2014
Programa de Pós-Graduação: Engenharia Civil
❘❡"✉♠♦
❍❖◆#❘■❖✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❍❡♥-✐.✉❡✳ ●❡"#$♦ ❞♦ ▲♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❊"❣♦#♦ ❙❛♥✐#./✐♦✿ ❆♥.✲ ❧✐"❡ ❞❛ ❘❡❣✐$♦ ❍✐❞/♦❣/.✜❝❛ ❞❛" ❇❛❝✐❛" ❞♦" ❘✐♦" 9✐/❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❈❛♣✐✈❛/✐ ❡ ❏✉♥❞✐❛A ✭❊"#❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙$♦ 9❛✉❧♦✮ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛4✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛-✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ✕ ❯◆■❈❆▼A✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✶✵✷ ♣✳ ❉✐44❡-F❛GH♦ ✭▼❡4F-❛❞♦✮✳ ❆ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦- ♠❡❧❤♦-❡4 ♣❛❞-L❡4 ❞❡ .✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥F❛❧ -❡✢❡F❡✲4❡ ♥❛ ♦❢❡-F❛ ❞❡ 4❡-✈✐G♦4 ❞❡ 4❛♥❡❛♠❡♥F♦ ❜Q4✐❝♦✳ ◆❡44❡ ❝♦♥F❡①F♦ ❤Q ❛ ♣❡-4♣❡❝F✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥F♦ ❞❛ .✉❛♥F✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊❚❊4✱ ❡ ♣♦- ❝♦♥4❡.✉T♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❛ ♣-♦❞✉GH♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡4❣♦F♦✳ ❆♣❡4❛- ❞♦ 4✐❣♥✐✜❝❛F✐✈♦ ❛✈❛♥G♦ ❡♠ F❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛4 ❡ ❞✐4♣♦4✐F✐✈♦4 ❥✉-W❞✐❝♦4 ♣❛-❛ ♦ ♣-♦✲ ❝❡44❛♠❡♥F♦ ❞❡44❡ -❡4W❞✉♦ 4X❧✐❞♦✱ ♦ ❣❡-❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥F♦ ❞❛4 ❛GL❡4 ❝♦--❡F❛4 ♣❛-❛ 4✉❛ ❞✐4♣♦4✐GH♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❝♦♥F✐♥✉❛ 4❡♥❞♦ ❞❡4❛✜❛❞♦- ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✳ ❖ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦4 ❞❛ ❈❊❚❊❙❇ ❢♦✐ ✉F✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛-❛ ❛ -❡❛❧✐③❛GH♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣♥X4F✐❝♦ ❞❛ 4✐F✉❛GH♦ ❛F✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❣❡✲ -❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥F♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡4❣♦F♦ 4❛♥✐FQ-✐♦ ♥❛4 ❇❛❝✐❛4 ❍✐❞-♦❣-Q✜❝❛4 ❞♦4 ❘✐♦4 A✐✲ -❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❈❛♣✐✈❛-✐ ❡ ❏✉♥❞✐❛W ✕ A❈❏✳ ❆4 ✐♥❢♦-♠❛GL❡4 ❛♥❛❧✐4❛❞❛4 4H♦ ♣-♦✈❡♥✐❡♥F❡4 ❞❡ -❡❣✐4F-♦4 ❡ F-]♠✐F❡4 ❞♦4 ♣-♦❝❡44♦4 ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥F♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥F❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♠♣-❡❡♥❞✐✲ ♠❡♥F♦4 .✉❡ ❣❡-❛♠✱ ❛❞❡.✉❛♠ ❡ F-❛♥4♣♦-F❛♠ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡4❣♦F♦✳ ■♥❢♦-♠❛GL❡4 4♦❜-❡ ❡♠♣-❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥F♦4 .✉❡ ❧✐❞❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞❡4F✐♥❛GH♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦4 ❞❡ 4✐4F❡♠❛4 4^♣F✐✲ ❝♦4 F❛♠❜^♠ ❢♦-❛♠ ♦❜4❡-✈❛❞❛4✳ ❖ ♣-❡4❡♥F❡ ❡4F✉❞♦ -❡✈❡❧❛ .✉❡ ♥❛ -❡❣✐H♦ ❞♦ A❈❏✱ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ●❡-❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥F♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉-4♦4 ❍W❞-✐❝♦4 ✕ ❯●❘❍■ ♥◦✺✱ ❛F✉❛❧♠❡♥F❡ ♦ ♣-✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡4F✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡4❣♦F♦ ^ ♦ ❛F❡--♦ 4❛♥✐FQ-✐♦✳ ❖4 -❡❣✐4F-♦4 ❞❛ ❈❊❚❊❙❇ ♠♦4F-❛♠ F❛♠❜^♠ ❛ ✐♥❡①✐4FT♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛GL❡4 .✉❡ ♣-❛F✐.✉❡♠ ♦✉F-❛4 ❢♦-♠❛4 ❞❡ ❞✐4♣♦✲ 4✐GH♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♣-♦❝❡44❛♠❡♥F♦ ❞❡4F❡ -❡4W❞✉♦✳ ❖❜4❡-✈♦✉✲4❡ F❛♠❜^♠ ❛ ❢❛❧F❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦4 4♦❜-❡ ❛ .✉❛♥F✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❣❡-❛❞❛ ♣♦- ❛❧❣✉♥4 ❡♠♣-❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥F♦4 ❡ ❛4 ❢♦-♠❛4 ❞❡ ❞❡4F✐♥❛GH♦ ♣-❛F✐❝❛❞❛4✳ 9❛❧❛✈/❛" ❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❘❡4W❞✉♦4 4X❧✐❞♦4✱ ♣♦❧WF✐❝❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥F❛❧✱ ❣❡4FH♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥F❛❧✱ ❜❛❝✐❛4 ❤✐❞-♦❣-Q✜❝❛4✱ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡4❣♦F♦✳ ✈✐✐❆❜"#$❛❝#
❍❖◆❖❘■❖✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❍❡♥,✐-✉❡✳ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥& ♦❢ ❙❡✇❛❣❡ ❙❧✉❞❣❡✿ ❆♥❛❧②1✐1 ♦❢ &❤❡ ❍②❞5♦❣5❛♣❤✐❝ ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ❇❛1✐♥1 ♦❢ :✐5❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❈❛♣✐✈❛5✐ ❛♥❞ ❏✉♥❞✐❛@ ❘✐✈❡51 ✭❙B♦ :❛✉❧♦ ❙&❛&❡✮ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛3✿ ❋❛❝✉❧7② ♦❢ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡,✐♥❣ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡,3✐7② ♦❢ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛3✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✶✵✷ ♣✳ ▼❛37❡, 7❤❡3✐3✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦, ❜❡77❡, 37❛♥❞❛,❞3 ♦❢ ❡♥✈✐,♦♥♠❡♥7❛❧ -✉❛❧✐7② ❛✛❡❝73 7❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧✲ ❛❜✐❧✐7② ♦❢ 3❛♥✐7❛7✐♦♥ 3❡,✈✐❝❡3✳ ■♥ 7❤✐3 ❝♦♥7❡①7✱ ❛♥ ✐♥❝,❡❛3❡ ✐♥ 7❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡, ♦❢ 3❡✇❛❣❡ 7,❡❛7♠❡♥7 ❢❛❝✐❧✐7✐❡3 ❛♥❞✱ ❝♦♥3❡-✉❡♥7❧②✱ ✐♥ 7❤❡ ♣,♦❞✉❝7✐♦♥ ♦❢ 3❡✇❛❣❡ 3❧✉❞❣❡ ✐3 ❡①✲ ♣❡❝7❡❞✳ ❉❡3♣✐7❡ ♥❡✇ 7❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡3 ❛♥❞ ❧❡❣✐3❧❛7✐♦♥ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐7❤ 7❤✐3 ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ 3♦❧✐❞ ✇❛37❡✱ ❣♦♦❞ ♣,❛❝7✐❝❡3 ♦❢ ❞✐3♣♦3❛❧ ,❡♠❛✐♥3 ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛7❛❜❛3❡ ❢,♦♠ ❈❊❚❊❙❇ ✭❙7❛7❡ ♦❢ ❙Q♦ R❛✉❧♦ ❊♥✈✐,♦♥♠❡♥7❛❧ ❆❣❡♥❝②✮ ❣❛✈❡ 7❤❡ ❞✐❛❣♥♦3✐3 ♦❢ 7❤❡ ♣,❡3❡♥7 3✐7✉❛7✐♦♥ ♦❢ 3❡✇❛❣❡ 3❧✉❞❣❡ ❞✐3♣♦3❛❧ ✐♥ 7❤❡ R✐,❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❈❛♣✐✈❛,✐ ❛♥❞ ❏✉♥❞✐❛V ,✐✈❡,3 ✇❛7❡,3❤❡❞3 ❛❧3♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛3 7❤❡ R❈❏ ,❡❣✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❢♦,♠❛7✐♦♥ ❝❛♠❡ ❢,♦♠ 7❤❡ ❡♥✈✐,♦♥♠❡♥7❛❧ ❧✐❝❡♥3✐♥❣ ♣,♦❝❡33 ♦❢ ❡♥7❡,♣,✐3❡3 ✇❤✐❝❤ ❣❡♥❡,❛7❡3✱ 7,❡❛7 ❛♥❞ 7,❛♥3♣♦,7 3❡✇❛❣❡ 3❧✉❞❣❡✳ ❆❧3♦✱ ✐♥❢♦,♠❛7✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉7 ❡♥7❡,♣,✐3❡3 7❤❛7 ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐7❤ ✜♥❛❧ ❞✐3♣♦3❛❧ ♦❢ 3❡♣7✐❝ 3②37❡♠3 ✇❛3 ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞✳ ❚❤✐3 37✉❞② ❢♦✉♥❞ 7❤❛7 ✐♥ 7❤❡ R❈❏ ,❡❣✐♦♥✱ ♦, ❲❛7❡, ❘❡3♦✉,❝❡3 ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥7 ❯♥✐7 ♥✉♠❜❡, ✺✱ 7❤❡ ♠♦37 ❢,❡-✉❡♥7 ❞❡37✐♥❛7✐♦♥ ♦❢ 3❡✇❛❣❡ 3❧✉❞❣❡ ✐3 7❤❡ ❧❛♥❞✜❧❧✳ ❘❡❝♦,❞3 ❢,♦♠ ❈❊❚❊❙❇ ❛❧3♦ ,❡✈❡❛❧ 7❤❛7 7❤❡,❡ ❛,❡ ♥♦ ♠❡❛3✉,❡3 ❢♦, ♦7❤❡, ✇❛②3 ♦❢ ❞✐3♣♦3❛❧ ♦, 7,❡❛7♠❡♥7 ♦❢ 7❤✐3 3♦❧✐❞ ✇❛37❡✳ ■7 ✇❛3 ❛❧3♦ ♦❜3❡,✈❡❞ 7❤❛7 ❛ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❞❛7❛ ❡①✐373 ❛❜♦✉7 7❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥7 ♦❢ 3❧✉❞❣❡ ❣❡♥❡,❛7❡❞ ✐73 7,❡❛7♠❡♥7 ❛♥❞ ❞✐3♣♦3❛❧ ❜② 3♦♠❡ ❡♥7❡,♣,✐3❡3✳ ❑❡②✇♦5❞1✿ ❙♦❧✐❞ ✇❛37❡✱ ❡♥✈✐,♦♥♠❡♥7❛❧ ❧❛✇✱ ❡♥✈✐,♦♥♠❡♥7❛❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥7✱ ✇❛7❡,✲ 3❤❡❞✱ 3❡✇❛❣❡ 3❧✉❞❣❡✳ ✐①❙✉♠#$✐♦
!❣✐♥❛ ✶ ■♥()♦❞✉-.♦ ✶ ✷ ❖❜❥❡(✐✈♦5 ✺ ✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡'✐✈♦ ●❡,❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡'✐✈♦0 ❊0♣❡❝4✜❝♦0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✸ ❆5♣❡❝(♦5 ▲❡❣❛✐5 ✼ ✸✳✶ 7♦❧4'✐❝❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❘❡04❞✉♦0 ❙>❧✐❞♦0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✸✳✷ 7♦❧4'✐❝❛ ❊0'❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❘❡04❞✉♦0 ❙>❧✐❞♦0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸✳✸ ❘❡0♦❧✉AB♦ ❈❖◆❆▼❆ ✸✼✺✴✷✵✵✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✹ 7❧❛♥♦ ❊0'❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉,0♦0 ❍4❞,✐❝♦0 ✕ 7❊❘❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✹✳✶ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ●❡,❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥'♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉,0♦0 ❍4❞,✐❝♦0 ♥◦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✹ ●❡)❛-.♦ ❞❡ )❡5?❞✉♦5 5@❧✐❞♦5 ❞♦ ()❛(❛♠❡♥(♦ ❞❡ ❡5❣♦(♦5 ✷✸ ✺ ❉❡5(✐♥♦5 ♦55?✈❡✐5 ✸✶ ✺✳✶ ❆'❡,,♦ ❙❛♥✐'O,✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✺✳✷ ■♥❝✐♥❡,❛AB♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✸ ▲❛♥❞❢❛,♠✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✺✳✹ ❘❡❝✉♣❡,❛AB♦ ❞❡ ➪,❡❛0 ❉❡❣,❛❞❛❞❛0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺✳✺ ❘❡❝✐❝❧❛❣❡♠ ❆❣,4❝♦❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✻ ❉❡5❝❛)(❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▲♦❞♦5 ❞❡ ❡5❣♦(♦✿ ❛♥♦)G♠❛5 ✹✼ ✻✳✶ ❯♥✐B♦ ❊✉,♦♣❡✐❛ ✭❯❊✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✻✳✷ ❊0'❛❞♦0 ❯♥✐❞♦0 ❞❛ ❆♠X,✐❝❛ ✭❊❯❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✻✳✸ ❏❛♣B♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✻✳✹ ❇,❛0✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✼ )♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥(♦5 ♠❡(♦❞♦❧@❣✐❝♦5 ✺✾ xi✽ ❘❡#✉❧&❛❞♦# ❡ ❞✐#❝✉##,❡# ✻✸ ✽✳✶ ❈❛%❛❝'❡%✐③❛+,♦ ❞♦/ ♠✉♥✐❝3♣✐♦/ ❞❛ %❡❣✐,♦ ❞♦ 6❈❏ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✽✳✷ ❉✐❛❣♥</'✐❝♦ /✐'✉❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❯●❘❍■ ♥➦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✽✳✷✳✶ ❆❣E♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥'❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✽✳✷✳✷ ❆❣E♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥'❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♠❡%✐❝❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✽✳✷✳✸ ❆❣E♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥'❛❧ ❞❡ 6✐%❛❝✐❝❛❜❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✽✳✷✳✹ ❆❣E♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥'❛❧ ❞❡ ❏✉♥❞✐❛3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✽✳✷✳✺ ❆❣E♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥'❛❧ ❞❡ ❆'✐❜❛✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✽✳✷✳✻ ❆❣E♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥'❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐♠❡✐%❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✽✳✷✳✼ ❆❣E♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥'❛❧ ❞❡ 6❛✉❧3♥✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✽✳✸ ❉❡/'✐♥❛+,♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡/❣♦'♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❧♦❞♦ /K♣'✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❯●❘❍■ ♥➦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✾ ❈♦♥❝❧✉#2♦ ✾✶ ✾✳✶ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛+L❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ❘❡❢❡56♥❝✐❛# ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣5:✜❝❛# ✾✸ ❆♣6♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ 5❡❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❈❆❉❘■ ✾✾ ❆♣6♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ ❙✐&✉❛D2♦ ❞♦ #❛♥❡❛♠❡♥&♦ ❇:#✐❝♦ ♥♦# ♠✉♥✐❝E♣✐♦# ❞♦ F❈❏✶✵✵
❆❣"❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥*♦,
❼ ❆♦ "#♦❢♦✳ ❉#✳ ❇#✉♥♦ ❈♦#❛✉❝❝✐ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ♣♦# 3❡✉ ❞❡3♣#❡♥❞✐♠❡♥7♦ ❡ ❣#❛♥❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛✳ ❼ ➚ "#♦❢❛✳ ❉#❛✳ ❆✉#♦#❛ ▼❛#✐❛♥❛ ●✳ ❞❡ ❋✳ ❙♦✉③❛ ♣❡❧❛3 ♦#✐❡♥7❛?@❡3 ♣#❡❝✐♦3❛3✳ ❼ ❆♦ "#♦❢♦✳ ▼3❝✳ ❆❧②33♦♥ ❋❡#♥❛♥❞❡3 ▼❛③♦♥✐✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❣#❛♥❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦#❛✲ ?D♦✳ ❼ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ✜❧❤♦ ❈❛✐♦ ❡ 3✉❛ ♠D❡ ❏✉❧✐❛♥❛✱ G✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❛❝✐H♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❡#❞❛❞❡✐✲ #♦3 3J❜✐♦3✱ ❝❡❞❡#❛♠ ♣#❡❝✐♦3❛3 ❤♦#❛3 ❞❡ 7❡#♥♦ ❝♦♥✈K✈✐♦ ♣❛#❛ G✉❡ ❡37❡ 7❡①7♦ ♣✉❞❡33❡ 3❡# ❡3❝#✐7♦✳ ❼ ❆♦3 ♠❡✉3 ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛#❡3✱ ❡♠ ❡3♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♠❡✉3 ♣❛✐3✱ ❍✐❧❞❛ ❡ ❈❧J✉❞✐♦ ❡ ♠❡✉ ✐#♠D♦ ❉♦✉❣❧❛3✱ ♣❡❧❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡37❡ ♠❡37#❛❞♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❡#♠❛♥❡♥7❡ ✐♥❝❡♥7✐✈♦✳ ❼ ❆♦3 ❝♦❧❡❣❛3 ❞❛ ❈❊❚❊❙❇✱ ❆❣H♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ "✐#❛❝✐❝❛❜❛ ❡ 3❡❞❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❞✐❝❛3 ✐♠♣♦#7❛♥7❡3✳ ❼ ❆♦3 ❝♦❧❡❣❛3 ❞♦ ▲❆❇❘❊❯❙❖ ❞❛ ❋❡❝ ✕ ❯♥✐❝❛♠♣✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❞✐❝❛3 ✐♠♣♦#✲ 7❛♥7❡3✳ ①✐✐✐▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉*❛"
✸✳✶ ▼❛♣❛ ❞❛' ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡' ❞❡ ●❡-❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥0♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉-'♦' ❍5❞-✐❝♦' ❡♠ ❙7 ✷✶ ✸✳✷ ❇❛❝✐❛' ❍✐❞-♦❣-;✜❝❛' ❞♦' -✐♦' 7✐-❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❈❛♣✐✈❛-✐ ❡ ❏✉♥❞✐❛5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✹✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣-♦❝❡''❛♠❡♥0♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ♣❛-❛ '✉❛ ❞❡'0✐♥❛FG♦ ✜♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✺✳✶ ❆0❡--♦ '❛♥✐0;-✐♦ ❡♠ ❢❛'❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥0♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✻✳✶ ▲♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❊'❣♦0♦ ❣❡-❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❏❛♣G♦ ❡ '❡✉' ✉'♦' ♣-❡♣♦♥❞❡-❛♥0❡' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✽✳✶ ❙✐0✉❛FG♦ ❞❡ '❛♥❡❛♠❡♥0♦ ❜;'✐❝♦ ✲ ❊'❣♦0♦ ❝♦❧❡0❛❞♦ ♥❛ -❡❣✐G♦ ❞♦ 7❈❏ ✻✺ ✽✳✷ ❙✐0✉❛FG♦ ❞❡ '❛♥❡❛♠❡♥0♦ ❜;'✐❝♦ ✲ ❊'❣♦0♦ 0-❛0❛❞♦ ♥❛ -❡❣✐G♦ ❞♦ 7❈❏ ✻✺ ✽✳✸ ▲♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡'❣♦0♦ ❣❡-❛❞♦ ✲ ♠✉♥✐❝5♣✐♦' ♣❛✉❧✐'0❛' ❞♦ 7❈❏ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✽✳✹ ▲♦❞♦ ❞❡ '✐'0❡♠❛' 'Q♣0✐❝♦' ❣❡-❛❞♦ ✲ ♠✉♥✐❝5♣✐♦' ♣❛✉❧✐'0❛' ❞♦ 7❈❏ ✳ ✽✹ ✽✳✺ ❉✐✈✐'G♦ ♣❡-❝❡♥0✉❛❧ ❞♦' ❡♠♣-❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥0♦' ❣❡-❛❞♦-❡' ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ❆✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ -❡❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❈❆❉❘■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ①✈▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛"
✸✳✶ ❈❧❛&&❡& ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡&❣♦+♦ ♦✉ ♣.♦❞✉+♦ ❞❡.✐✈❛❞♦ ✕ ❆❣❡♥+❡& ♣❛+♦❣4♥✐❝♦& ✶✻ ✸✳✷ ▲✐♠✐+❡& ❞❡ &✉❜&+;♥❝✐❛& ✐♥♦.❣;♥✐❝❛& ♣❛.❛ ❝❛.❛❝+❡.✐③❛=>♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♦&&@✲
❧✐❞♦& ✕ ❘❡&♦❧✉=>♦ ❈❖◆❆▼❆ ✸✼✺✴✷✵✵✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✹✳✶ ◗✉❛♥+✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❣❡.❛❞♦ ♥♦& &✐&+❡♠❛& ❞❡ +.❛+❛♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡ ❡&❣♦+♦ ✳ ✸✵ ✺✳✶ ❚❡♦. ❞❡ ♥✉+.✐❡♥+❡& ❡ ❝❛.❜♦♥♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥& +✐♣♦& ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡&❣♦+♦ ♥♦
❇.❛&✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✻✳✶ M.♦❞✉=>♦ ❡ ♠N+♦❞♦& ❞❡ ❞✐&♣♦&✐=>♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦& ❞❡ ❡&❣♦+♦ ♥❛ ❊✉.♦♣❛ ✳ ✹✾ ✻✳✷ ❯&♦ ❡ ❢♦.♠❛& ❞❡ ❞✐&♣♦&✐=>♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦& ❡&❣♦+♦ ♥♦& ❊❯❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✻✳✸ ❙✐+✉❛=>♦ ❞♦ &❡♥❡❛♠❡♥+♦ ❜T&✐❝♦ ♥❛& .❡❣✐U❡& ❞♦ ❇.❛&✐❧✳ ❮♥❞✐❝❡& ❞❡
❛+❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦ ❞❛ .❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❜❛&+❡❝✐♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡ T❣✉❛✱ ❝♦❧❡+❛ ❡ +.❛+❛✲ ♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡ ❡&❣♦+♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✼✳✶ ❉✐❢❡.❡♥❝✐❛=U❡& ✉+✐❧✐③❛❞❛& ♣❛.❛ &✐&+❡♠❛+✐③❛. ♦& ❞❛❞♦& ❧❡✈❛♥+❛❞♦& ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✽✳✶ ❊♠♣.❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦& ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦& ❣❡.❛❞♦.❡& ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ♦& &✐&+❡♠❛& ❞❡
+.❛+❛♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡ ❡&❣♦+♦ ✉+✐❧✐③❛❞♦& ✕ ❆❣4♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛& ✻✼
✽✳✷ ❊♠♣&❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦- ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦- ❣❡&❛❞♦&❡- ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡-+✐♥❛23♦ ✐♥✲ ❢♦&♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣8♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛- ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✽✳✸ ❊♠♣&❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦- ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦- ♣❛&❛ ♦♣❡&❛& ❛ &❡+✐&❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ -✐-✲
+❡♠❛- ->♣+✐❝♦-✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡-+✐♥❛23♦ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣8♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛- ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✽✳✹ ❊♠♣&❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦- ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦- ❣❡&❛❞♦&❡- ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ♦- -✐-+❡♠❛- ❞❡ +&❛+❛♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡ ❡-❣♦+♦ ✉+✐❧✐③❛❞♦- ✕ ❆❣8♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♠❡&✐❝❛♥❛ ✻✾ ✽✳✺ ❊♠♣&❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦- ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦- ❣❡&❛❞♦&❡- ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡-+✐♥❛23♦ ✐♥✲ ❢♦&♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣8♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♠❡&✐❝❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✽✳✻ ❊♠♣&❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦- ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦- ♣❛&❛ ♦♣❡&❛& ❛ &❡+✐&❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ -✐-✲
+❡♠❛- ->♣+✐❝♦-✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡-+✐♥❛23♦ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣8♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♠❡&✐❝❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✽✳✼ ❊♠♣&❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦- ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦- ❣❡&❛❞♦&❡- ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ♦- -✐-+❡♠❛- ❞❡ +&❛+❛♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡ ❡-❣♦+♦ ✉+✐❧✐③❛❞♦- ✕ ❆❣8♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ G✐&❛❝✐❝❛❜❛ ✼✶ ✽✳✽ ❊♠♣&❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦- ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦- ❣❡&❛❞♦&❡- ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡-+✐♥❛23♦ ✐♥✲ ❢♦&♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣8♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ G✐&❛❝✐❝❛❜❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✽✳✾ ❊♠♣&❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦- ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦- ♣❛&❛ ♦♣❡&❛& ❛ &❡+✐&❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ -✐-✲
+❡♠❛- ->♣+✐❝♦-✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡-+✐♥❛23♦ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣8♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ G✐&❛❝✐❝❛❜❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✽✳✶✵ ❊♠♣&❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦- ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦- ❣❡&❛❞♦&❡- ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ♦- -✐-+❡♠❛- ❞❡ +&❛+❛♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡ ❡-❣♦+♦ ✉+✐❧✐③❛❞♦- ✕ ❆❣8♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ ❏✉♥❞✐❛J ✳ ✼✹ ✽✳✶✶ ❊♠♣&❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥+♦- ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦- ❣❡&❛❞♦&❡- ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡-+✐♥❛23♦ ✐♥✲ ❢♦&♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣8♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥+❛❧ ❞❡ ❏✉♥❞✐❛J ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ xviii
✽✳✶✷ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ♣❛'❛ ♦♣❡'❛' ❛ '❡,✐'❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ .✐.✲ ,❡♠❛. .3♣,✐❝♦.✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡.,✐♥❛89♦ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣=♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❞❡ ❏✉♥❞✐❛@ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✽✳✶✸ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ❣❡'❛❞♦'❡. ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ♦. .✐.,❡♠❛. ❞❡ ,'❛,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ❡.❣♦,♦ ✉,✐❧✐③❛❞♦. ✕ ❆❣=♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❞❡ ❆,✐❜❛✐❛ ✳ ✼✻ ✽✳✶✹ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ❣❡'❛❞♦'❡. ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡.,✐♥❛89♦ ✐♥✲ ❢♦'♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣=♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❞❡ ❆,✐❜❛✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✽✳✶✺ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ♣❛'❛ ♦♣❡'❛' ❛ '❡,✐'❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ .✐.✲ ,❡♠❛. .3♣,✐❝♦.✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡.,✐♥❛89♦ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣=♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❞❡ ❆,✐❜❛✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✽✳✶✻ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ❣❡'❛❞♦'❡. ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ♦. .✐.,❡♠❛. ❞❡ ,'❛,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ❡.❣♦,♦ ✉,✐❧✐③❛❞♦. ✕ ❆❣=♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐♠❡✐'❛ ✳ ✼✽ ✽✳✶✼ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ❣❡'❛❞♦'❡. ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡.,✐♥❛89♦ ✐♥✲ ❢♦'♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣=♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐♠❡✐'❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✽✳✶✽ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ♣❛'❛ ♦♣❡'❛' ❛ '❡,✐'❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ .✐.✲ ,❡♠❛. .3♣,✐❝♦.✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡.,✐♥❛89♦ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣=♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❞❡ ❆,✐❜❛✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✽✳✶✾ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ❣❡'❛❞♦'❡. ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ♦. .✐.,❡♠❛. ❞❡ ,'❛,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ❡.❣♦,♦ ✉,✐❧✐③❛❞♦. ✕ ❆❣=♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❞❡ I❛✉❧@♥✐❛ ✳ ✽✵ ✽✳✷✵ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ❣❡'❛❞♦'❡. ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡.,✐♥❛89♦ ✐♥✲ ❢♦'♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❆❣=♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❞❡ I❛✉❧@♥✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✽✳✷✶ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ❣❡'❛❞♦'❡. ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛❞♦ ✕ ❯●❘❍■ ♥➦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✽✳✷✷ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ♣❛'❛ ♦♣❡'❛' ❛ '❡,✐'❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ .✐.,❡♠❛. .3♣,✐❝♦. ❡ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛❞♦ ✕ ❯●❘❍■ ♥➦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ xix
✽✳✷✸ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ❣❡'❛❞♦'❡. ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡.,✐♥❛34♦ ✐♥✲ ❢♦'♠❛❞❛ ✕ ❯●❘❍■ ♥➦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✽✳✷✹ ❊♠♣'❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥,♦. ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦. ♣❛'❛ ♦♣❡'❛' ❛ '❡,✐'❛❞❛ ❡ ❞❡,✐♥❛34♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦. ❞❡ .✐,❡♠❛. .?♣,✐❝♦. ✕ ❯●❘❍■ ♥➦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❇✳✶ ▼✉♥✐❝D♣✐♦. .❡♣❛'❛❞♦. ♣♦' ❛❣E♥❝✐❛. ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛✐.✱ .✉❛. ♣♦♣✉❧❛3H❡. ❡ ❛ .✐,✉❛34♦ ❞❡ .❛♥❡❛♠❡♥,♦ ❜I.✐❝♦ ✭❝♦❧❡,❛ ❡ ,'❛,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ❡.❣♦,♦ ✕ K❛',❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❇✳✷ ▼✉♥✐❝D♣✐♦. .❡♣❛'❛❞♦. ♣♦' ❛❣E♥❝✐❛. ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛✐.✱ .✉❛. ♣♦♣✉❧❛3H❡. ❡ ❛ .✐,✉❛34♦ ❞❡ .❛♥❡❛♠❡♥,♦ ❜I.✐❝♦ ✭❝♦❧❡,❛ ❡ ,'❛,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ❡.❣♦,♦ ✕ K❛',❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ❇✳✸ ▼✉♥✐❝D♣✐♦. .❡♣❛'❛❞♦. ♣♦' ❛❣E♥❝✐❛. ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛✐.✱ .✉❛. ♣♦♣✉❧❛3H❡. ❡ ❛ .✐,✉❛34♦ ❞❡ .❛♥❡❛♠❡♥,♦ ❜I.✐❝♦ ✭❝♦❧❡,❛ ❡ ,'❛,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ❡.❣♦,♦ ✕ K❛',❡ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ①①
▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❆❜)❡✈✐❛#✉)❛" ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛"
❈❊❚❊❙❇ ❈♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❆♠❜✐❡♥/❛❧ ❞♦ ❊2/❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙3♦ 4❛✉❧♦ ❈❆❉❘■ ❈❡9/✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥/❛=3♦ ❞❡ 9❡2>❞✉♦2 ❞❡ ✐♥/❡9❡22❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥/❛❧ ❈❍4 ▼❡/❛♥♦ ❈❘▲❚❙ ❈❡♥/9❛❧ ❞❡ 9❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥/♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ /❛♥B✉❡ 2C♣/✐❝♦ ❈❖◆❆▼❆ ❈♦♥2❡❧❤♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥/❡ ❈❖2 ❉✐F①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛9❜♦♥♦ ❊●▲ ❊♠♣9❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥/♦2 ❣❡9❛❞♦9❡2 ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❊❚❆ ❊2/❛=3♦ ❞❡ /9❛/❛♠❡♥/♦ ❞❡ J❣✉❛ ❊❚❊ ❊2/❛=3♦ ❞❡ /9❛/❛♠❡♥/♦ ❞❡ ❡2❣♦/♦ ●▲■ ●❡9❛=3♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ✐♥❢♦9♠❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣9♦❝❡22♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥/♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥/❛❧ ■❇●❊ ■♥2/✐/✉/♦ ❜9❛2✐❧❡✐9♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦❣9❛✜❛ ❡ ❡2/❛/>2/✐❝❛ ▲ ▲✐/9♦ ▲❙▲ ▲♦❞♦ ❞❡ 2✐2/❡♠❛ 2C♣/✐❝♦ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ▼/♦♥ ▼❡❣❛ /♦♥❡❧❛❞❛2 4❈❏ ❇❛❝✐❛2 ❤✐❞9♦❣9J✜❝❛2 ❞♦2 9✐♦2 4✐9❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❈❛♣✐✈❛9✐ ❡ ❏✉♥❞✐❛> 4❊❘❍ 4❧❛♥♦ ❡2/❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ 9❡❝✉92♦2 ❤>❞9✐❝♦2 4❊❘❙ 4❧❛♥♦ ❡2/❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ 9❡2>❞✉♦2 2F❧✐❞♦2 4◆❘❙ 4❧❛♥♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ 9❡2>❞✉♦2 2F❧✐❞♦2 4❘❖❙❆❇ 49♦❣9❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❡2B✉✐2❛ ❡♠ 2❛♥❡❛♠❡♥/♦ ❜J2✐❝♦ ❘❆❋❆ ❘❡❛/♦9 ❛♥❛❡9F❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❛2❝❡♥❞❡♥/❡ ❙✴❉ ❙❡♠ ❞❛❞♦2 ❞✐2♣♦♥>✈❡✐2 ❙■❙◆❆▼❆ ❙✐2/❡♠❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥/❡ ❙◆■❙ ❙✐2/❡♠❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦9♠❛=Q❡2 2♦❜9❡ 2❛♥❡❛♠❡♥/♦ ❯❆❙❇ ❯♣✢♦✇ ❛♥❛❡9♦❜✐❝ 2❧✉❞❣❡ ❜❧❛♥❦❡/ ✭❘❡❛/♦9 ❛♥❛❡9F❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❛2❝❡♥❞❡♥/❡✮ ❯❙❊4❆ ❯♥✐/❡❞ ❙/❛/❡2 ❡♥✈✐9♦♥♠❡♥/❛❧ ♣9♦/❡❝/✐♦♥ ❛❣❡♥❝② ✭❆❣X♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣9♦/❡=3♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥/❛❧ ❞♦2 ❊2/❛❞♦2 ❯♥✐❞♦2 ❞❛ ❆♠C9✐❝❛✮ ❯●▲ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡9❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥/♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ ❯●❘❍■ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ●❡9❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥/♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉92♦2 ❍>❝9✐❝♦2 ①①✐✶
⑤
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❉✐❛♥$❡ ❞❡ '✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ '✐♥❣✉❧❛- ♣❛-❛ ❛❞❡.✉❛/0♦ ❞❡ ✐♥'$-✉♠❡♥$♦' ❡ ❢❡--❛♠❡♥$❛' ❞❡ $-❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛-❛ ♦ ❞♦♠6♥✐♦ ❞❛ ♥❛$✉-❡③❛ .✉❡ ♦ ❝❡-❝❛✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ 9♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛- ❡ $-❛♥'♠✐$✐- ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥$♦✱ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ '❡ ❡♥❝♦♥$-❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣-♦❝❡''♦ ❡✈♦❧✉$✐✈♦ ✈❡❧♦③ ❡ '❡♠ ♣-❡❝❡❞❡♥$❡'✳ ❊''❛ ♣❡-'♣❡❝$✐✈❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦❞❡- ❝-❡'✲ ❝❡♥$❡ ❞❡ $-❛♥'❢♦-♠❛/0♦ ❡ ✐♥$❡-✈❡♥/0♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥$❡ -❡'✉❧$♦✉ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦-❡' ❝♦♥❢♦-$♦'✱ '❡❣✉-❛♥/❛✱ ❡①♣❡❝$❛$✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♠❛✐♦- ❢♦-/❛ ❡♠ '✉❛ ♦-❣❛♥✐③❛/0♦ ❡♠ ❣-✉♣♦'✱ ❢❛$♦ .✉❡ $❛♠❜?♠ -❡♣-❡'❡♥$♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦- ♣-❡''0♦ '♦❜-❡ ♦' ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥$❡' ♥❛$✉-❛✐' ❞✐'✲ ♣♦♥6✈❡✐' ❡ ❡''❡♥❝✐❛✐' @ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❯♠❛ ✐❧✉'$-❛/0♦ ❞❡''❛ '✐$✉❛/0♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥$❛❧ ? ❛ ❞❡ .✉❡ ♦' ❤❛❜✐$❛♥$❡' ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐' ✉-❜❛♥♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥$-❛❞♦ ✉$✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❡♥❡-❣✐❛ '♦❧❛- ✐♥❡'❣♦$B✈❡❧ ♣❛-❛ ♣-♦❝❡''❛- ♦' -❡❝✉-'♦' ♥❛$✉-❛✐' ✜♥✐$♦'✱ ♣♦- ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ '✉❛ $❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ '❡✉ ♠❡$❛❜♦❧✐'♠♦✱ -❡'✉❧$❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦-♠❛ ✐♥❡①♦-B✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ $✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❧$❡-❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦✳ D♦❞❡✲'❡ ❞✐③❡- .✉❡ ♦ ♥6✈❡❧ ❞❡ .✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥❡$❛ '❡ ❡'$❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ❝♦♥❢♦-♠❡ ♦ ❡.✉✐❧6❜-✐♦ ❡♥$-❡ ✕ D♦♣✉❧❛/0♦✱ ❘❡❝✉-'♦' ◆❛$✉-❛✐' ❡ D♦❧✉✐/0♦✳ ❖ ♥6✈❡❧ ❞❡'♠❡❞✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦-❛/0♦ ❞♦' -❡❝✉-'♦' ♥❛$✉-❛✐' ❡ ♦ ❞❡'♣❡❥♦ ❞❡ -❡❥❡✐$♦' ♣-♦✈❡♥✐❡♥$❡' ❞❡ ❛$✐✈✐❞❛❞❡' ❤✉♠❛♥❛' ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥$❡ ✈J♠ ❝❛✉'❛♥❞♦ ❣-❛✈❡ ❡'$❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❣-❛❞❛/0♦ ❡ ❞❡'❛--❛♥❥♦ ♥♦ ❡.✉✐❧6❜-✐♦ ❝✐$❛❞♦ ❛♥$❡-✐♦-♠❡♥$❡✳ ❆ ♣-L♣-✐❛ '♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♣❛''♦✉ ❛ .✉❡'$✐♦♥❛- '✉❛' ❛$✐$✉❞❡' ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦-$❛♠❡♥$♦' ❛$✉❛✐'✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ✐♥6❝✐♦ ❛ ✉♠ 1❧♦♥❣♦ ♣%♦❝❡((♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥-❛ ❞❡ ♣❛%❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❡♠ ❜✉(❝❛ ❞❛ ❞✐((❡♠✐♥❛-0♦ ❞❡ ♣♦(1✉%❛( 21✐❝❛( ❞❡ ❞❡(❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥1♦✱ ♥❛ 5✉❛❧ ♦ ❢❛1♦% ❡❝♦♥7♠✐❝♦ 2 ❛♣❡♥❛( ✉♠✱ ❞❡♥1%♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❛(1♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥1♦ ❞❡ ❢❛1♦%❡( (♦❝✐❛✐(✱ ♣♦❧91✐❝♦(✱ ❝✉❧1✉%❛✐( ❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦%✐❛ ❞❛ 5✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡((❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❣❡%❛-;❡( ❢✉1✉%❛(✳ ◆❡(1❡ ❝♦♥1❡①1♦✱ ❡♥1%❡ ♦( ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❛✐( ❞❡(❛✜♦( ❞♦ ❞❡(❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥1♦ (✉(1❡♥1❛❞♦ ❡(10♦ ♦ ✉(♦ ❡ ❝♦♥(❡%✈❛-0♦ ❞♦( %❡❝✉%(♦( ❤9❞%✐❝♦(✳ ❋❛1♦ 5✉❡ ❡(1A (❡ %❡✢❡1✐♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❛-;❡( ❞❡ ❣❡(1♦%❡( ♣C❜❧✐❝♦( ❡ ♣%✐✈❛❞♦( ❞♦( (❡%✈✐-♦( ❞❡ (❛♥❡❛♠❡♥1♦ ❜A(✐❝♦✱ ❡(♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥1❡ ✈♦❧1❛❞❛( ♣❛%❛ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐-0♦ ❞♦( ❞❡(♣❡❥♦( ❞❡ ❡✢✉❡♥1❡( ✐♥✲♥❛$✉&❛ ♥♦( %✐♦(✱ 1♦%♥❛♥❞♦ %❡❛❧ ❛ ♣❡%(♣❡❝1✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥1♦ ❞❡ ❡(1❛-;❡( ❞❡ 1%❛1❛♠❡♥1♦ ❞❡ ❡(❣♦1♦ ✕ ❊❚❊✳ ❆ ♦♣❡%❛-0♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❊❚❊✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐(♠♦( ❢9(✐❝♦(✱ 5✉9♠✐❝♦( ❡ ❜✐♦❧H❣✐❝♦( 1%❛♥(❢♦%♠❛♠ ✐♠♣✉%❡③❛( ❞❛ A❣✉❛✱ ❣❡%❛ ♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡(❣♦1♦✱ ✉♠ %❡(9❞✉♦ (H❧✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♦%✐❣❡♠ ♦%❣J♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦(✐-0♦ ✈❛%✐A✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❢♦%♠❡ (❡✉ ♠❛1❡%✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♦%✐❣❡♠✳ ❊♠ %❡❣✐;❡( ❝♦♠ ❝❛%K♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ %❡❞❡ ❝♦❧❡1♦%❛ ❞❡ ❡(❣♦1♦ 1❛♠❜2♠ (❡ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ ✉1✐❧✐③❛-0♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐(♠♦( ❞❡ (❛♥❡❛♠❡♥1♦ ✐♥ '✐$✉✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦( ❞❡ (✐(1❡♠❛( (2♣1✐✲ ❝♦(✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛( ❢♦((❛( (2♣1✐❝❛(✳ ❆ ♦♣❡%❛-0♦ ❞❡((❡( ❡5✉✐♣❛♠❡♥1♦( 1❛♠❜2♠ ❣❡%❛ ✉♠ %❡(9❞✉♦ (H❧✐❞♦ ♦%❣J♥✐❝♦✱ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❣%❛❞❛1✐✈❛♠❡♥1❡ ♥♦ (✐(1❡♠❛✱ ♦ 5✉❛❧ %❡❝❡❜❡ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦ (2♣1✐❝♦✳ ❈♦♥❢♦%♠❡ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❡(❣♦1♦ 1%❛1❛❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥1❛✱ (♦❜❡ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣❛%❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡(1✐♥❛-0♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥1❛❧♠❡♥1❡ ❛❞❡5✉❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡(❣♦1♦ ❡ ❞❡ (✐(1❡♠❛( (2♣1✐❝♦(✳ ❊(1✉❞♦( ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❡ ❈♦(❝✐♦♥❡✱ ◆♦❣✉❡✐%❛ ❡ N✐%❡( ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥(H%❝✐♦( ❞❡ ❜❛❝✐❛( ❤✐❞%♦❣%A✜❝❛( ❞♦ ❡(1❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙0♦ N❛✉❧♦ ❛♣♦♥1❛♠ ♣❛%❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠✐♥❡♥1❡ (❛1✉%❛-0♦ ❞❛( A%❡❛( ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛✐(✱ ✈✐(1♦ 5✉❡ ❛ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡(1✐♥❛-0♦ ❞♦( %❡(9❞✉♦( (H❧✐❞♦( ❞❡ ❡(1❛✲ -;❡( ❞❡ 1%❛1❛♠❡♥1♦ ❞❡ A❣✉❛ ❡ ❡(❣♦1♦ (0♦ ♦( ❛1❡%%♦( (❛♥✐1A%✐♦(✳ ❆❧2♠ ❞♦( ❛❧1♦( ❝✉(1♦( ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦( ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣❡%❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥1♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❞♦(✱ 5✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ %❡♣%❡(❡♥1❛% ✺✵✪ ❞♦ ❣❛(1♦ ♦♣❡%❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❊❚❊✱ ❛ ❞✐(♣♦(✐-0♦ ❡♠ ❛1❡%%♦(✱ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛1❡%✐❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡✲ ✷
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✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡'✐✈♦ ●❡,❛❧
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❼ ■❞❡♥%✐✜❝❛) D✉❛✐. .6♦✱ ❛%✉❛❧♠❡♥%❡✱ ♦. ❞❡.%✐♥♦. ❞❛❞♦. ❛♦. ❧♦❞♦. ❣❡)❛❞♦. ❡♠ .✐.%❡♠❛. ❞❡ %)❛%❛♠❡♥%♦ ❞❡ 7❣✉❛. )❡.✐❞✉7)✐❛. .✐%✉❛❞♦. ♥❛. ❇❛❝✐❛. ❍✐❞)♦❣)7✲ ✜❝❛. ❞♦. ❘✐♦. :✐)❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❈❛♣✐✈❛)✐ ❡ ❏✉♥❞✐❛> ✭❇❛❝✐❛. :❈❏✮✱ .♦❜ ❛ 2♣%✐❝❛ ❞♦. ♣)♦❝❡..♦. ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥%♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥%❛❧ ❞❛ ❈❊❚❊❙❇ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❆♠❜✐❡♥%❛❧ ❞♦ ❊.%❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙6♦ :❛✉❧♦❀ ❼ ❊❢❡%✉❛) ✉♠ ❧❡✈❛♥%❛♠❡♥%♦ ❞❡ ♣)♦❝❡..♦. ♣)♦%♦❝♦❧❛❞♦. ♥❛ ❈❊❚❊❙❇ ✭❛❣O♥❝✐❛. ❛♠❜✐❡♥%❛✐. ❞❛. ❇❛❝✐❛. :❈❏✮✱ D✉❡ %)❛%❡♠ ❞❡ ❡♠♣)❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥%♦. )❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦. P ❣❡)❛A6♦✱ ❛❞❡D✉❛A6♦✱ %)❛♥.♣♦)%❡✱ ❛❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥%♦✱ ❛%✐✈✐❞❛❞❡. ❞❡ )❡❝✐❝❧❛✲ ❣❡♠✱ ❞❡♥%)❡ ♦✉%)❛. ♣)7%✐❝❛. )❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛. ❛♦ ❧♦❞♦ )❡.✉❧%❛♥%❡ ❞♦ %)❛%❛♠❡♥%♦ 5❡❝✉♥❞&'✐♦ ❞❡ ❡ ❣♦+♦ ❛♥✐+&'✐♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ '❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐ +❡✲ ♠❛ 2♣+✐❝♦ ❀ ❼ ■❞❡♥+✐✜❝❛' ♦♣♦'+✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦'✐❛ ♥❛ 8✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛:;❡ ♣'♦✲ +♦❝♦❧❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❈❊❚❊❙❇ ❡ ❝♦♥+'✐❜✉✐' ❝♦♠ ✉❣❡ +;❡ ♣❛'❛ ✜♥ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛✲ ♥❤❛♠❡♥+♦ ❡ ✜ ❝❛❧✐③❛:B♦ ❞❡ ❛+✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❣❡'❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥+♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡ ❣♦+♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✐ +❡♠❛ 2♣+✐❝♦ ✳ ✻
✸
⑤
❆#♣❡❝'♦# ▲❡❣❛✐#
❖ ♣♦❞❡% ♣&❜❧✐❝♦ ❢❛③ ♦ ✉/♦ ❞❡ ❞✐/♣♦/✐0✐✈♦/ ❝♦♠♦ ❝3❞✐❣♦/✱ ❧❡✐/✱ ♥♦%♠❛/✱ ♣❛❞%7❡/ ❡ ❧✐❝❡♥8❛/ ♥♦ ✐♥0✉✐0♦ ❞❡ ❞✐/❝✐♣❧✐♥❛% ❡ ❧✐♠✐0❛% ♣%90✐❝❛/ :✉❡ ♦❢❡%❡❝❡♠ %✐/❝♦/ ; /❛✉❞❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥0❡✳ ❉❡♥0%♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐0♦ ❞❡ ❣❡/0?♦✱ ❡/♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥0❡ ❞❡ %❡/A❞✉♦/ /3❧✐❞♦/✱ ❡/0?♦ ❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐❞❛/ 0♦♠❛❞❛/ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐/7❡/ ❡/0%❛0C❣✐❝❛/✱ ❛0✐✈✐❞❛❞❡/ ♣❛%❛ ♦%❣❛♥✐③❛8?♦ ❞♦ /❡0♦% ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ /✉❛/ ✐♥/0✐0✉✐87❡/✱ ✐♥/0%✉♠❡♥0♦/✱ ♠❡✐♦/ ❡ ♣♦❧A0✐❝❛/✳ ❏9 ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐0♦ ❞❡ ❣❡%❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥0♦ ❡/0?♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦/ ♦/ ❛/♣❡❝0♦/ ♦♣❡%❛❝✐♦♥❛✐/ ❡ 0❡❝♥♦❧3❣✐❝♦/✱ ❥✉♥0❛✲ ♠❡♥0❡ ❝♦♠ ♦/ ❢❛0♦%❡/ ❛❞♠✐♥✐/0%❛0✐✈♦/✱ ❣❡%❡♥❝✐❛✐/✱ ❡❝♦♥F♠✐❝♦/✱ ❛♠❜✐❡♥0❛✐/ ❡ ❞❡ ❞❡/❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ◆❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛8?♦ ❞♦ ❞❡/❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❣❡%❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥0♦ ❞❡ %❡/A❞✉♦/ /3❧✐✲ ❞♦/✱ ❛ ♣%♦❞✉0✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ :✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡/0?♦ %❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛/ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣%❡✈❡♥8?♦✱ %❡❞✉8?♦✱ /❡❣%❡❣❛8?♦✱ %❡✉0✐❧✐③❛8?♦✱ ❛❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥0♦✱ ❝♦❧❡0❛✱ 0%❛♥/♣♦%0❡✱ 0%❛0❛♠❡♥0♦✱ %❡❝✉✲ ♣❡%❛8?♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛ ❡ ❞❡/0✐♥❛8?♦ ✜♥❛❧✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛//✐♠✱ ♦ ❣❡%❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥0♦ ❞❡ %❡/A❞✉♦/ /3❧✐❞♦/ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡/❣♦0♦ /❛✲ ♥✐09%✐♦ ❡ ♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ /✐/0❡♠❛/ /C♣0✐❝♦/ ❡①✐❣❡ ❛ ✉0❧✐③❛8?♦ ❞❛/ ♠❡❧❤♦%❡/ 0C❝♥✐❝❛/ ❞✐/♣♦♥A✈❡✐/ ♣❛%❛ ❡♥❢%❡♥0❛% ♦ ❛//✉♥0♦✳ ❆ /♦❧✉8?♦ ❞❛ ♣%♦❜❧❡♠90✐❝❛ ❞♦/ %❡/A❞✉♦/ ❝❤❡❣❛ ❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡% ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ %❡❧❛8?♦ ✐♥0❡%❞✐/❝✐♣❧✐♥❛%✱ ❞❡ ❛❜%❛♥❣K♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❧A0✐❝❛ ❡ ❣❡♦❣%9✜❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛/♣❡❝0♦/ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥0♦ ❢❡❞❡%❛❧✱ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ %❡❣✐♦♥❛❧✳ ➱ ♣♦% ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥/0%✉♠❡♥0♦/ ❧❡❣❛✐/✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡/0❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥0♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞%7❡/ ❞❡ 7✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡)❛❧ ❡ )❡①)♦, ♥♦.♠❛)✐✈♦,✱ ❝♦♥❝❡,,2♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥3❛, ❡ ♦ ❡,)❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥)♦ ❞❡ ③♦♥❡❛♠❡♥)♦, ❡❝♦❧5❣✐❝♦ ❡❝♦♥7♠✐❝♦,✱ ✉❡ ♦ ♣♦❞❡. ♣9❜❧✐❝♦ ❝♦♥,❡❣✉❡ ❧✐♠✐)❛. ❡ ❞✐,❝✐♣❧✐♥❛. ❛, ❛)✐✈✐❞❛❞❡, ✉❡ ♦❢❡.❡3❛♠ .✐,❝♦, ♣♦)❡♥❝✐❛✐, ; ,❛9❞❡ ♣9❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥)❡✳ ❆ ❈❊❚❊❙❇✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡♠❜.♦ ❞♦ ❙❊❆◗❯❆ )❡♠ ❛ ❛).✐❜✉✐32♦ ❞❡ 5.❣2♦ ♣❛❞.♦♥✐③❛❞♦. ❡ ✜,❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦. ❞❛ ❞❡❣.❛❞❛32♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥)❛❧ ♥♦ ❡,)❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙2♦ F❛✉❧♦✳
✸✳✶ #♦❧&'✐❝❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❘❡0&❞✉♦0 ❙3❧✐❞♦0
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!♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❧❡(❛ ❡ ❛ )❡*(✐(✉✐ !♦ ❞♦* )❡*-❞✉♦* *.❧✐❞♦* ❛♦ *❡(♦) ❡♠♣)❡*❛)✐❛❧✱ ♣❛)❛ )❡❛♣)♦✈❡✐(❛♠❡♥(♦✱ ❡♠ *❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♦✉()♦* ❝✐❝❧♦* ♣)♦❞✉(✐✈♦*✱ ♦✉ ♦✉()❛ ❞❡*(✐♥❛ !♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❛♠❜✐❡♥(❛❧♠❡♥(❡ ❛❞❡6✉❛❞❛✳ ❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐)❛ ❣❡)❛❧✱ ♣❛)❛ ❛ ❣❡*(!♦ ❞❡ )❡*-❞✉♦* *.❧✐❞♦* ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡*❣♦(♦ ❡ ❧♦❞♦* ❞❡ *✐*(❡♠❛* *:♣(✐❝♦* ❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❧❡✐ ♣❛**♦✉ ❛ ♥♦)(❡❛) ❡ ❛ ❡*(✐♠✉❧❛) ✐♥✈❡*(✐♠❡♥(♦* ❡ ❛ ;❡* ♥♦* *❡(♦)❡* ♣<❜❧✐❝♦* ❡ ♣)✐✈❛❞♦*✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♥♦✈♦* ✐♥*()✉♠❡♥(♦* ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐)♦* (❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ✐♠♣✉❧*✐♦♥❛) ♣)=(✐❝❛* ❝♦♠♦ ❛ )❡❝✐❝❧❛❣❡♠✱ )❡❛♣)♦✈❡✐(❛♠❡♥(♦ ❡♥❡)❣:(✐❝♦ ❡ ♣)=(✐❝❛* ❝♦))❡❧❛(❛*✳
✸✳✷ #♦❧&'✐❝❛ ❊,'❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❘❡,&❞✉♦, ❙2❧✐❞♦,
❆ ?♦❧-(✐❝❛ ❊*(❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❘❡*-❞✉♦* ❙.❧✐❞♦* ✕ ?❊❘❙ ❢♦✐ ✐♥*(✐(✉-❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡✐ ♥◦✶✷✳✸✵✵✴✷✵✵✻✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✜❝❛♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦* ♣)✐♥❝-♣✐♦*✱ ❞✐)❡()✐③❡*✱ ♦❜❥❡(✐✈♦*✱ ✐♥*()✉♠❡♥(♦* ♣❛)❛ ❛ ❣❡*(!♦ ✐♥(❡❣)❛❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛)(✐❧❤❛❞❛ ❞❡ )❡*-❞✉♦* *.❧✐❞♦* ♥♦ ❡*(❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙!♦ ?❛✉❧♦✳ ❯♠ ❞♦* ♣)✐♥❝✐♣❛✐* ✐♥*()✉♠❡♥(♦* ❞❛ ?❊❘❙ *!♦ ♦* (❡)♠♦* ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣)♦♠✐**♦* ❛**✐♥❛❞♦* ♣♦) *❡(♦)❡* ♣)♦❞✉(✐✈♦*✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦)♠❛ ❞❡ (♦)♥❛) ❢❛❜)✐❝❛♥(❡*✱ ❝♦♠❡)❝✐❛♥(❡*✱ ❞✐*()✐❜✉✐❞♦✲ )❡* ❡ ✐♠♣♦)(❛❞♦)❡* )❡*♣♦♥*=✈❡✐* ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡*(!♦ ❞❡ )❡*-❞✉♦* ❛**♦❝✐❛❞♦* ❛♦* ♣)♦❞✉(♦* ❞✉)❛♥(❡ (♦❞♦ *❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ✭●❖❱❊❘◆❖ ❉❖ ❊❙❚❆❉❖ ✕ ❙?✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❖ ❛)(✐❣♦ *❡①(♦ ❞❡**❛ ❧❡✐ ❢❛③ ♦ ❡♥6✉❛❞)❛♠❡♥(♦ ❞♦* )❡*-❞✉♦* *.❧✐❞♦* ❡♠ ❢✉♥ !♦ ❞❡ *✉❛ ❢♦♥(❡ ❣❡)❛❞♦)❛ ❡ ❝❛)❛❝(❡)-*(✐❝❛* ❡*♣❡❝-✜❝❛*✳ ◆♦ *❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡**❡ ❛)(✐❣♦ *!♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦* ♦* )❡*-❞✉♦* *.❧✐❞♦* ✐♥❞✉*()✐❛✐*✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ *❡❣✉✐♥(❡ (❡①(♦✿ ❆)(✐❣♦ *❡①(♦ ✕ ❘❡"#❞✉♦" ■♥❞✉")*✐❛✐"✿ ♣)♦✈❡♥✐❡♥(❡* ❞❡ ❛(✐✈✐❞❛❞❡* ❞❡ ♣❡*6✉✐*❛ ❡ ❞❡ ()❛♥*❢♦)♠❛ !♦ ❞❡ ♠❛(:)✐❛*✲♣)✐♠❛* ❡ *✉❜*(Y♥❝✐❛* ♦)❣Y♥✐❝❛* ♦✉ ✐♥♦)❣Y♥✐❝❛* ❡♠ ♥♦✈♦* ♣)♦❞✉(♦*✱ ♣♦) ♣)♦❝❡**♦* ❡*♣❡❝-✜❝♦*✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦* ♣)♦✈❡♥✐❡♥(❡* ❞❛* ❛(✐✈✐❞❛✲ ❞❡* ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡)❛ !♦ ❡ ❡①()❛ !♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦♥(❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛ !♦ ❞❡ ♣)♦❞✉(♦* ❛❝❛❜❛❞♦*❡ ❛"✉❡❧❡% ❣❡'❛❞♦% ❡♠ +'❡❛% ❞❡ ✉,✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❞❡♣0%✐,♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐%,'❛23♦ ❞❛% ✐♥❞4%,'✐❛% ❡ %✐♠✐❧❛'❡%✱ ✐♥❝❧✉%✐✈❡ '❡%7❞✉♦% ♣'♦✈❡♥✐❡♥,❡% ❞❡ ❊%,❛29❡% ❞❡ ❚'❛,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ➪❣✉❛ ✲ ❊❚❆% ❡ ❊%,❛29❡% ❞❡ ❚'❛,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ❊%❣♦%,♦ ✲ ❊❚❊%❀ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛%%✐♠✱ ♦% ❧♦❞♦% ❞❡ ❡%❣♦,♦ ❡ ❧♦❞♦% ❞❡ %✐%,❡♠❛% %@♣,✐❝♦% ❡%,3♦ ❡♥"✉❛❞'❛❞♦% ♥❛ ❝❛,❡❣♦'✐❛ ❞❡%❝'✐,❛ ❛♥,❡'✐♦'♠❡♥,❡✱ ♦ "✉❡ '❡♠❡,❡ ❛ '❡%♣♦♥%❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❜♦❛% ♣'+,✐❝❛% ♣❛'❛ ❛ ❣❡%,3♦ ❞❡%%❡ ♠❛,❡'✐❛❧✳ ❖✉,'♦ ♣♦♥,♦ ✐♠♣♦',❛♥,❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ D❊❘❙ @ ❛ ❞❡ "✉❡ ❛,✐✈✐❞❛❞❡% ❡ ✐♥%,❛❧❛29❡% ❞❡ ,'❛♥%♣♦',❡ ❡✴♦✉ ♠❛♥✉%❡✐♦ ❞❡ '❡%7❞✉♦% %0❧✐❞♦% ❞❡✈❡♠ %❡' ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥,❡ ♣'♦❥❡,❛❞❛%✱ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞❛%✱ ✐♠♣❧❛♥,❛❞❛% ❡ ♦♣❡'❛❞❛% ❞❡ ❛❝♦'❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧❡❣✐%❧❛23♦ ✈✐❣❡♥,❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❢♦'♠❡ ♦'✐❡♥,❛23♦ ❞♦ 0'❣3♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❡,❡♥,❡✳ ❆ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥,❛23♦ ❞❡%%❡% '❡%7❞✉♦% ❞❡✈❡ %❡' ♠♦♥✐,♦'❛❞❛ ♣♦' '❡❣✐%,'♦% '❛%,'❡+✈❡✐%✱ ♣'❡✈❡❛♠❡♥,❡ ❛♣'♦✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ 0'❣3♦ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦'✳ ❆ ❈❊❚❊❙❇ ✉,✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❈❡',✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥,❛23♦ ❞❡ ❘❡%7❞✉♦% ❞❡ ■♥,❡'❡%%❡ ❆♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ✕ ❈❆❉❘■ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♥✐,♦'❛♠❡♥,♦ "✉❡ ❛♣'♦✈❛ ♦ ❡♥❝❛♠✐✲ ♥❤❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ '❡%7❞✉♦% ❞❡ ✐♥,❡'❡%%❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ ❛ ❧♦❝❛✐% ❞❡ '❡♣'♦❝❡%%❛♠❡♥,♦✱ ❛'✲ ♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥,♦✱ ,'❛,❛♠❡♥,♦ ♦✉ ❞✐%♣♦%✐23♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦% ♦✉ ❛✉,♦'✐③❛❞♦% ♣❡❧❛ ❈❊❚❊❙❇✳ ◆♦ ❝❛%♦ ♦% '❡%7❞✉♦% ❞❡ ✐♥,❡'❡%%❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛❧ %3♦ ♦% '❡%7❞✉♦% ✐♥❞✉%,'✐❛✐%✱ ♦♥❞❡ ,❛♠❜@♠ ❡%,+ ❡♥"✉❛❞'❛❞♦ ♦ ❧♦❞♦ ❞❡ %✐%,❡♠❛% ❞❡ ,'❛,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ❡✢✉❡♥,❡% ❧7"✉✐❞♦% %❛♥✐,+'✐♦%✳ ❖ ❛',✐❣♦ ✸✸ ❞❛ D❊❘❙ ❢❛❧❛ ❞♦ ❡♠♣'❡❣♦ ❞❡ '❡%7❞✉♦% ✐♥❞✉%,'✐❛✐% ❝♦♠♦ ❛❞✉❜♦✱ ♠❛,@'✐❛✲♣'✐♠❛ ♦✉ ❢♦♥,❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡'❣✐❛✱ %❡♥❞♦ "✉❡ ♠❡%♠♦ ❛♣0% '❡❝❡❜❡' ♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ,'❛✲ ,❛♠❡♥,♦✱ ❛ ♣'+,✐❝❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❛♣'♦✈❛23♦ ❞♦% 0'❣3♦% ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❛✐% ❝♦♠♣❡,❡♥,❡%✱ ✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♠❛♥,✐❞❛ ❛ '❡%♣♦♥%❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣❡'❛❞♦'✳ ◆❡%%❡% ❝❛%♦% ❞❡✈❡ ✜❝❛' ❝♦♠♣'♦✲ ✈❛❞♦ "✉❡ ♦ ♣'♦❞✉,♦ '❡%✉❧,❛♥,❡ ♥3♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ '✐%❝♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥,❡ ❡ U %❛4❞❡ ♣4❜❧✐❝❛✳ ✶✶
