●♦♥ç❛❧♦ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ ●❡r❛❧❞❡s ❆♥t✉♥❡s
▲✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧❆ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡
❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦
♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡s ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ●r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ✲ P❡r✜❧ ❊str✉t✉r❛s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ❆♥tó♥✐♦ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ P✐♥❤♦ ❘❛♠♦s
❏úr✐✿
Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡✿ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ❆♥tó♥✐♦ ▲♦♣❡s ❇❛t✐st❛ ❆r❣✉❡♥t❡✿ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ❘✉✐ P❡❞r♦ ❈és❛r ▼❛rr❡✐r♦s
❆ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡s ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡s ❞❛ r❡✲ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s
❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t ➞ ●♦♥ç❛❧♦ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ ●❡r❛❧❞❡s ❆♥t✉♥❡s✱ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ◆♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲✐s❜♦❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ q✉❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ◆♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲✐s❜♦❛✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ♣❡❧♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉✐ ♦❜t✐✈❡✳
❆♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ❆♥tó♥✐♦ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ P✐♥❤♦ ❘❛♠♦s✱ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳ P❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❆♦s ❊♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦s ❆♥❞ré ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ▼✐❝❛❡❧ ■♥á❝✐♦ ❡ ◆✉♥♦ ●♦✉✈❡✐❛ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦❧❡❣❛ ❇r✉♥♦ ❆❧❝♦❜✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✱ ❡①♣r❡ss♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❣r❛t✐❞ã♦✳
❆♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ❏♦sé ●❛s♣❛r ❡ ❏♦r❣❡ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦ ❱✐t♦r ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳
➚s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐❛s ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ▲✉③ ❡ ❈❛r❧❛ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
➚ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❈♦♥❝r❡♠❛t ❙✳❆✳✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❢❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡s✱ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ P❡r❡s✱ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡ ❈♦✲ ❡❧❤♦✱ ▲✐❝í♥✐♦ ❈r✉③✱ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❇❛✐rrã♦✱ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✱ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❙❛r❛✐✈❛✱ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❙❡rr❛✱ ❘ú❜❡♥ ❈♦rr❡✐❛✱ ❚✐❛❣♦ ❉✉rã♦ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❡ ❛❝♦♥s❡❧❤❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦✳ ➚ ❱❛♥❡ss❛ ❚❛✈❛r❡s✱ ▲✉ís ❘❛♠♦s ❡ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳ ➚ ❆♥❛ ▲♦❜❛t♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥❛s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❞♦ t❡①t♦✳ P❡❧♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳
P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ q✉❡r♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♦ ♠❡✉ s✐♥❝❡r♦ ❡ ❡t❡r♥♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ t✐♦s✱ ❛✈ós✱ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ q✉❡ s❡♠ ❡❧❡s ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠✐♠✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛✲ ❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ à r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦❀ ❞❡ s❛❜❡r s❡ ❡①✐st❡ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡ s❡ ❡st❛ t❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❛❝❡ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦✳ P♦✉❝♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❡st✉❞❛r❛♠ ❡st❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s✳
◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❞♦✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ✶✱✽✺①✹✱✶✺①✵✱✶✺ m3
✳ ❊st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠✲s❡ ✉♠ ❞♦ ♦✉tr♦ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐✲ t✉❞✐♥❛❧✳ ❯♠ ❞❡❧❡s ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ ♠❡✐♦ ✈ã♦✳ ❖ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ♠♦♥♦tó♥✐❝❛✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ r❡s✐❞❡ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✳ ❊st❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s✱ ❡stát✐❝❛s ❡ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❥❡ ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡✳
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s r❡❝♦❧❤❡r❛♠✲s❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çõ❡s ❡ ❢♦rç❛s✳ ❊st❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ tr❛t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡r ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s à ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ à ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ❛r♠❛✲ ❞✉r❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s t❡st❛❞♦s✳ ❆s ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r❡✈✐st❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❊❈✷✱ ❆❈■ ✸✶✽✲✶✶ ❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈♦❞❡✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❝❤❛✈❡✿
P✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦❀ ❘❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s❀ ▲❛❥❡ ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡❀ ❇❡tã♦ ❛r♠❛❞♦❀ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡①✲ ♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s st✉❞② ✇❛s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t♦ ❛❞r❡ss t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ r❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ♣✉♥❝❤✐♥❣ s❤❡❛r r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡❀ t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ✐♥ ❢❛❝t ♠♦♠❡♥t r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐t ✐s t♦ ♣✉♥❝❤✐♥❣ s❤❡❛r r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ❋❡✇ ❛✉t❤♦rs ❤❛✈❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ t❤✐s ✐ss✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐t② ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ r❡❧✐❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳
■♥ t❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ t✇♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✢❛t s❧❛❜ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ♠❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ ✶✱✽✺①✹✱✶✺①✵✱✶✺m3 ✱ ✇❡r❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❛♥❞ t❡st❡❞✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡✐r r❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t ❧❛②♦✉t✳ ❖♥❡ ❤❛s ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❛r❡❛✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛s ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ❛t ♠✐❞ s♣❛♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❡ss❛② ❝♦♥s✐st❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❧♦❛❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♦✈❡r t✐♠❡✱ ✉♥t✐❧ r✉♣t✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡ s❡t✉♣ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ♠❛❦❡s ✐t ✈✐❛❜❧❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❡♥s✉r✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❝✐♥❡♠❛t✐❝✱ ❛r❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛s ❛ r❡❛❧ ✢❛t s❧❛❜ ♠♦❞❡❧✳
❚❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❡q✉✐♣♠❡♥t ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ❣❛t❤❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ r❡❣❛r❞s t♦ str❛✐♥✱ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❛❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❣✉r❡s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞✱ s♦ ❛s t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ r❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t str❛✐♥s❀ ♦♥ ❞❡❢♦r♠✐t②❀ ♦♥ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t❀ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ ♠♦♠❡♥ts✱ s❛❣❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❤♦❣❣✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ t❡st str❡♥❣t❤s ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥s ♠❛❞❡ ❜② ❊❈✷✱ ❆❈■ ✸✶✽✲✶✶ ❛♥❞ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈♦❞❡✳
❑❡② ✇♦r❞s✿
P✉♥❝❤✐♥❣❀ ▼♦♠❡♥t r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥❀ ❋❧❛t s❧❛❜❀ ❘❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡❞ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡❀ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳
❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s✱ ❙✐❣❧❛s ❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s
❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
❆❈■ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❈♦♥❝r❡t❡ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❈❙❈❚ ❈r✐t✐t❛❧ ❙❤❡❛r ❈r❛❝❦ ❚❤❡♦r②
❊❈✷ ❊✉r♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✷
❋❈❚ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✜❜ ❋é❞ér❛t✐♦♥ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❞✉ ❇ét♦♥ ▼❈✷✵✶✵ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈♦❞❡ ✷✵✶✵
❯◆▲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ◆♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲✐s❜♦❛
▲❡tr❛s ❧❛t✐♥❛s ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧❛s
Ac ár❡❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡
As ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ♦r❞✐♥ár✐❛
Ec ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦
Es ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛ç♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧
Fsy ❢♦rç❛ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛ç♦
▲ ✈ã♦ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡
NEd ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❛①✐❛❧ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡
S0 ár❡❛ ❞❛ s❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❛rã♦ ❞❡ ❛ç♦
VACI ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ♣r❡✈✐st❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❆❈■ ✸✶✽✲✶✶
VEC2 ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ♣r❡✈✐st❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❊✉r♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✷
Vexp ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
VM C ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ♣r❡✈✐st❛ ♣❡❧♦ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈♦❞❡
VRd ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦
VRd,c ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s
▲❡tr❛s ▲❛t✐♥❛s ▼✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s
bx ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ①
by ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ②
c1 ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣✐❧❛r r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ①
c2 ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣✐❧❛r r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ②
d ❛❧t✉r❛ út✐❧ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡
dg ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦
eu,i ❡①❝❡♥tr✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❢♦rç❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♠ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ✐
fc t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦ à ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦
fccm t❡♥sã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ à ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡t❡s ❝ú❜✐❝♦s
fcd ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦ à ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦
fck t❡♥sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ à ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡t❡s ❝✐❧í♥❞r✐❝♦s
fcm t❡♥sã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ à ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡t❡s ❝✐❧í♥❞r✐❝♦s
fsu t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ à tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛ç♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧
fsy t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛ç♦
fsyd ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛ç♦
❤ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡ ❦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛
mRd ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦
msd ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡t♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛
rs ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r à ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✢❡①ã♦ ♥✉❧♦s
u ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❞❡ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦
u0 ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❛ ✉s❛r ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡VRd
w ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ❢❡♥❞❛
▲❡tr❛s ●r❡❣❛s
α â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡
αs ❢❛t♦r r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ à ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ♥❛ ❧❛❥❡
β r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r
γc ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦ ✭✶✱✺✮
ǫ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧
ρ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛
ρly ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❞❡ ✢❡①ã♦ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ②
ρlz ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❞❡ ✢❡①ã♦ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ③
σcp t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ♥♦ ❜❡tã♦
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✐✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ✈
❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s✱ ❙✐❣❧❛s ❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❆s♣❡t♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✺
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠ ✲ ✷✵✶✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✸ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ P✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❙❡♠ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✹ ❘❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❊✉r♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✹✳✷ ✜❜ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈♦❞❡ ✷✵✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❆❈■ ✸✶✽✲✶✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✷✶
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✸ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✹ ❈❛r❛t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✹✳✶ ❇❡tã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✸✳✹✳✷ ❆ç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✺ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✻ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✻✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✻✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✸✾
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✷ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✸ ❊①t❡♥sõ❡s ♥❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✹ ■♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✺ ❘❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✺✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✺✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✺✳✸ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ r♦t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✻✳✶ ❈❛r❣❛s ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ t❡ór✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✻✳✷ ■♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✻✳✸ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✻✾
✺✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❞❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❜♦r❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷✳✺ ❈❛r❣❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ r♦t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✸ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✹ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦✱ ✭❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ✭❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡✱ ✭❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✹ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ✭❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✺ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ út✐❧✱ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡ ❡ r♦t❛çã♦✱ ✭▼❛②❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✶✵ ✷✳✻ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦
❈❙❈❚✱ ✭▼✉tt♦♥✐✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✼ ●rá✜❝♦ ❝❛r❣❛✲r♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛✱ ✭❊✐♥♣❛✉❧
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✽ ❈✉r✈❛s ❝❛r❣❛✲r♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦s ❝♦♠
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ✭❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮❀ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♠♦✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ♥✉❧♦s ❛♦ ♣✐❧❛r ✭❞✐r❡✐t❛✮✱ ✭❊✐♥♣❛✉❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✾ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❧❛❥❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦
♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣❧ást✐❝♦✱ ♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛✱ ✭❊✐♥♣❛✉❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✵ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✲r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐✲
çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛✱ ✭❊✐♥♣❛✉❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✶✶ P❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❊❈✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✶✷ P❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ▼❈✷✵✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✶✸ P❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❆❈■ ✸✶✽✲✶✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧✱ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✱ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧✱ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✱ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✸ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ❆s♣❡t♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧❀ ✭❜✮ ❇❡t♦♥❛✲
❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✹ ❊sq✉❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦✿ ✭❛✮ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛❀ ✭❜✮
❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❡♠ ❛❧ç❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✺ ❱✐st❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✻ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s✿ ✭❛✮ P♦s✐çã♦ ✐♥❞❡✲
❢♦r♠❛❞❛❀ ✭❜✮ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ à ❝❛r❣❛ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛✱ ✭❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✼ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s✿ ✭❛✮ P♦s✐çã♦ ✐♥❞❡❢♦r♠❛❞❛❀ ✭❜✮ ❉❡✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ à ❝❛r❣❛ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛✱ ✭❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸✳✽ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛✿ ✭❛✮ P♦s✐çã♦ ✐♥❞❡❢♦r♠❛❞❛❀ ✭❜✮ ❉❡✲ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ à ❝❛r❣❛ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛✱ ✭❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✾ ❈♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦✿ ✭❛✮ ■♥❝❧✐♥ó♠❡tr♦ ❡ ♠❛❝❛❝♦s ❤✐❞rá✉❧✐❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❜♦r❞♦s❀ ✭❜✮ ▼♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❜♦r❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✶✵ ❊♥s❛✐♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡t❡ ❝ú❜✐❝♦✿ ✭❛✮ P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s❛✐♦ à ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦❀
✭❜✮ ▼♦❞♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦✈❡t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✶✶ ❊♥s❛✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✶✷ ❊♥s❛✐♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡t❡ ❝✐❧í♥❞r✐❝♦✿ ✭❛✮ P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s❛✐♦ à ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦❀
✭❜✮ ❘♦t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦✈❡t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✶✹ ❈é❧✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✶✺ ❉❡✢❡tó♠❡tr♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦s ♠♦✲
❞❡❧♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ❉❡✢❡tó♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✺✵ ♠♠❀ ✭❜✮ ❉❡✢❡tó♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✜♦ ❞❡ ✺✵ ♠♠❀ ✭❝✮ ❉❡✢❡tó♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ♠♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✶✻ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡✢❡tó♠❡tr♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✶✼ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❡①t❡♥só♠❡tr♦s ♥❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✶✽ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❝❧✐♥ó♠❡tr♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✶✾ ❉❛t❛ ▲♦❣❣❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷✵ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❤✐❞rá✉❧✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✷✶ ❘♦t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ ✭❛✮ ❘♦t✉r❛ ♥♦
❡♥s❛✐♦❀ ✭❜✮ ❆s♣❡t♦ ❞❛ r♦t✉r❛ s❡♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷✷ ❘♦t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✷✿ ✭❛✮ ❘♦t✉r❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s❛✐♦❀
✭❜✮ ❆s♣❡t♦ ❞❛ r♦t✉r❛ s❡♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹✳✶ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✸ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✹ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✺ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✻ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ r❡❣✐st❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥só♠❡tr♦s ✶✴✷ ❡ ✸✴✹ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡
r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✼ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ r❡❣✐st❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥só♠❡tr♦s ✺✴✻ ❡ ✼✴✽ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡
r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✽ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ r❡❣✐st❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥só♠❡tr♦s ✾✴✶✵ ❡ ✶✶✴✶✷ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✾ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ r❡❣✐st❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥só♠❡tr♦s ✶✸✴✶✹ ❡ ✶✺✴✶✻ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
✹✳✶✹ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ r❡❣✐st❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥só♠❡tr♦s ✾✴✶✵ ❡ ✶✶✴✶✷ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶✺ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ r❡❣✐st❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥só♠❡tr♦s ✶✸✴✶✹ ❡ ✶✺✴✶✻ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✶✻ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✶✼ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✽ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❜♦r❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦
❞♦ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✶✾ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❜♦r❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ✷✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦
❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✷✵ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✷✶ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ r❡❣✐st❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❜♦r❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✷✷ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✷✸ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ t♦t❛❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✷✹ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✷✺ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r à ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥✉❧♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✺✽ ✹✳✷✻ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ r❡❣✐st❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❜♦r❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷✼ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷✽ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ t♦t❛❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✷✾ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✸✵ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r à ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥✉❧♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✷ ✻✶ ✹✳✸✶ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ ✭❛✮ ❆s♣❡t♦ ❞❛
r♦t✉r❛ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❀ ✭❜✮ ❆s♣❡t♦ ❞❛ r♦t✉r❛ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✸✷ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✷✿ ✭❛✮ ❆s♣❡t♦ ❞❛ r♦t✉r❛
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ r♦t✉r❛ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❞♦s r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✭❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✸✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷ ❆❧t✉r❛ út✐❧ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✸ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✹ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❛ç♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹✳✶ Pr❡✈✐sõ❡s ❞❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷ ❈❛r❣❛s ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ♣r❡✈✐st❛s ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐✲
♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✸ ■♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❆s♣❡t♦s ❣❡r❛✐s
❊♠ P♦rt✉❣❛❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛♥♦s✱ ❛s ❧❛❥❡s ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡r❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ❛♣♦✐❛❞❛s ♥❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❡ ❡st❛s ❞❡s❝❛rr❡❣❛✈❛♠ ❡♠ ♣✐❧❛r❡s✱ ❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣✐❧❛r❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♣ró①✐♠♦s ✉♥s ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛✈❛ ❛ ✈❡rs❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡s♣❛ç♦s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛ ✈❡rs❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦s ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐tór✐♦s ❛♠♣❧❛s s❡♠ ❞✐✈✐sõ❡s ♦✉ ♣❛rq✉❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝♦✉ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡♥❝❡r ✈ã♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s✳
❆ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡s ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡s ✈❡✐♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r à ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❢❡r✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❛s ❧❛❥❡ ❛♣♦✐❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣✐❧❛r✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✈ã♦s ❡ ❝♦♥✲ s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡✈✐t❛♠ ❛ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✈✐❣❛s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡s t❡♠ ❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s❡r s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛ ❡ rá♣✐❞❛✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❛s ❧❛❥❡s ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡s t❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s s❡✉s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❧❛❥❡✲♣✐❧❛r✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❛s ❧❛❥❡s ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❡ ✢❡①ã♦ ❡ ❝♦rt❡✱ ♠❛s é ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ r❡❢❡r✐❞❛ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ➱ ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ✉♠ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ à r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s é ❡st❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛✳
❆ r♦t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥✉♠❛ ❧❛❥❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣✐❧❛r ❛ ♣❡r❢✉r❛✳ ❊st❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ t❡♠ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♥❛s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s t❡♥sõ❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❛çõ❡s ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡t♦r❡s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❧❛❥❡ ❛♦ ♣✐❧❛r✳ ❆ r♦t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ é ✉♠❛ r✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❢rá❣✐❧ ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ✜❝❛♠ ✐♠♣♦ss✐✲
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❜✐❧✐t❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❡ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❛❝rés❝✐♠♦ ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s✱ ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r à r♦t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝♦❧❛♣s♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✳
❈♦♠ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈♦ ❡♠ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ❡①❛✉st✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦ tr❛ç❛r❛♠✲s❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ s❡ ❝✉♠♣r✐❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦✿
❼ ●❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ❡stá ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ út✐❧ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦❀
❼ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝❛s ❡ ❡stát✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡✈❡r s❡r ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❥❡ r❡❛❧❀
❼ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❡♥s❛✐♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❜♦r❞♦s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s❀
❼ ❖s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❛ss❡♠❡❧❤❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❥❡ r❡❛❧✳
❖ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛çõ❡s ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❞♦s✳
✶✳✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❆ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡ trás ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈❡♠ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❛❢❡t❛r ♦s r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ❛♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❣❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❛ ❛❢❡t❛r✳ ➱ ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠♣♦r✲ tâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❝✐✈✐❧ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❥❡ ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
◆❡st❛ s❡❝çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❡st❛ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣♦r ❝✐♥❝♦ ❝❛♣í✲ t✉❧♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s✳
◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳ ❙ã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ r❡❛❧✐✲ ③❛❞♦✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡t♦r❡s ❡♠ ❧❛❥❡s ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ sã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦✳
◆♦ ❝❛♣✐t✉❧♦ ✸ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❤á ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s ❛s ❞✐❢❡✲ r❡♥ç❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ❛♦ ♣♦r♠❡♥♦r✳ ❉❡ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦✱ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❥❡ r❡❛❧✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛ ♣r♦✈❡t❡s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❛ r❡❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛ ❡♥s❛✐❛r✳ ❊st❡s ❡♥s❛✐♦s s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥s❛✐❛❞♦s ✉♠ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❞♦③❡ ♣r♦✈❡t❡s ❝ú❜✐❝♦s ❡ ♦✐t♦ ♣r♦✈❡t❡s ❝✐❧í♥❞r✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♥s✐st✐r❛♠ ❡♠ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❣✐st❛♠✱ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ sã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳
◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡❢❡t✉❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♥str✉✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥s✲ tr✉♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s✱ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❛ç♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çõ❡s ❡ ❢♦rç❛s✳
P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ♥♦ ❝❛♣✐t✉❧♦ ✺✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢✉t✉r♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡♠❛✳
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈♦♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❜❡tã♦ ❛r♠❛❞♦ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✱ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐✲ ♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧❛❥❡s ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡s ♠❛❝✐ç❛s ♥♦s ❛♥♦s ✺✵✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❡rs❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡s♣❛ç♦s ♥♦s ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦s✳
❉❡s❞❡ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✺✵ q✉❡ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡s sã♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡①❛✉st✐✈♦✱ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡ ♥❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ú❧t✐♠♦✳ ❖ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ é ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❥❡ ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡✳ ❊st❡ ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ♥✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛✱ ❛ ❧❛❥❡✳ ❆ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❡ ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦ t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡t♦r❡s ✭♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✮✳ ❆ r♦t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢rá❣✐❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❡st❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♣✐t❡❧✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥✲ t❛♥t♦✱ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ só ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s ❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲ çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡rã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛❥❡s ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧✳ P❛r❛ ❧❛❥❡s s❡♠ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❢♦✐ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ út✐❧ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡✳ ❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ r❛❞✐❛❧✱ ❞♦ ❛tr✐t♦ ❞♦s ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr♦❧❤♦ ❞❛s ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛✐s✳
◆❛ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✈✐❣♦r✱ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐t❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s✳ ❖s ❡s♣é❝✐♠❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s t❡♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ❧❛❥❡ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❡♠ r❡❞♦r ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ q✉❡ ❡stá ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❡r ✵✱✷✷✳▲✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ▲ é ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✈ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣✐❧❛r❡s✳ ❊st❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♥ã♦ só ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❜❛r❛t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r q✉❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜t❡r✐❛♠ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦s✳ ❯♠ ❛s♣❡t♦ q✉❡ é ✐❣♥♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s✱ ❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ❡♠ ❧❛❥❡s ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛s✱ é ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❡♠ r❡❞♦r ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❛ ♠❡✐♦ ✈ã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ❛❧t❡r❛♠ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ❢r❛t✉r❛ ♣♦r ✢❡①ã♦✳ ❊♠ ❧❛❥❡s ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛s ❡st❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ é ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✱ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❛①✐❛❧ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♥✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡ ✭❊✐♥♣❛✉❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
✷✳✷ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s
✷✳✷✳✶ ❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠ ✲ ✷✵✶✷
❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✭❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ❝♦♥❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❥❡✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛ s✉❥❡✐t❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ ❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❞❡✈❡♠ r❡s♣❡✐t❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ③❡r♦ ❛ ♠❡✐♦ ✈ã♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ③❡r♦✳
◆❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥s❛✐❛❞♦s três ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ❢✉♥❣✐❢♦r♠❡ ♠❛❝✐ç❛✱ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ q✉❛✲ ❞r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✹✱✷ ♠ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ❡ ✵✱✶✺✷ ♠ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛✱ ♦ ♣✐❧❛r é t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✵✱✸✺✻ ♠ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢♦✐ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s t❡r✐❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡stát✐❝♦ t♦t❛❧✱ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ♠❡✐♦✲✈ã♦ ❡ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r✳ ❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ▼❘❆ ✭✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦✮✱ ▼❘❇ ❡ ▼❘❈✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ❡ ❛ ♠❡✐♦✲✈ã♦✱ ❡♠ ✻✺✪ ❡ ✸✺✪✱ ❡♠ ✺✵✪ ❡ ✺✵✪ ❡ ❡♠ ✸✺✪ ❡ ✻✺✪✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳
✷✳✷ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦✱ ✭❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ✭❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮
P❛r❛ ❞❛r ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❛♦ ❡♥s❛✐♦✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣ré✲t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❜♦r❞♦ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛❝❛❝♦ ❤✐❞rá✉❧✐❝♦✳ ❖ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡✱ ✭❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮
❖s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❜♦r❞♦ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡ ❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ t♦t❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡stát✐❝♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡st❛s ♣❛r❝❡❧❛s é ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳
❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❡♥❞✐❧❤❛çã♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡✱ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❡♠ r❡❞♦r ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❞❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡✐♦✲✈ã♦✱ ♥❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞♦s ✾✪✱ ✶✷✪ ❡ ✶✽✪ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ▼❘❆✱ ▼❘❇ ❡ ▼❘❈✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ à r♦t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❞❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡✐♦✲✈ã♦✱ ♥❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞♦s ✸✪✱ ✾✪ ❡ ✷✸✪ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ▼❘❆✱ ▼❘❇ ❡ ▼❘❈✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠ ✐st♦ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r q✉❡ ❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s é ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ♥♦ ✈ã♦ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡✳
❆s ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r♦t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❊✉r♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✷ ✭❊◆✱ ✶✾✾✷✮ ❡ ♦ ❆❈■ ✸✶✽✲✶✶ ✭❈♦♠♠✐tt❡❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❞❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❜❡tã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡s♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r ❡ ❜❡tã♦ ❧❡✈❡✳ ❖s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❡ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣✉♥ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡stã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ r♦t✉r❛ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❞♦s r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✭❈❤♦✐ ❡ ❑✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮
❚❡st Pr❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥
❙♣❡❝✐♠❡♥ VTest✱ ❦◆ VACI✱ ❦◆ VEC2✱ ❦◆ VACI,ct✱ ❦◆
▼❘❆ ✹✺✽ ✹✹✹ ✹✷✵ ✸✹✹
▼❘❇ ✸✾✹ ✹✵✸ ✸✺✽ ✷✾✽
▼❘❈ ✹✸✵ ✹✷✾ ✸✷✻ ✸✷✾
