Native and exotic species of economically used plants in the Southern Bahia Atlantic Forest region / Espécies nativas e exóticas de plantas economicamente usadas na região de Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia

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Braz. J. of Develop.,Curitiba, v. 6, n. 8, p. 59417-59432 aug. 2020. ISSN 2525-8761

Native and exotic species of economically used plants in the Southern Bahia

Atlantic Forest region

Espécies nativas e exóticas de plantas economicamente usadas na região de

Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia

DOI:10.34117/bjdv6n8-384

Recebimento dos originais:08/07/2020 Aceitação para publicação:20/08/2020

Bruna Carmo Rehem

Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia – Campus Ilhéus, Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 13, s/n, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-000, Brasil

E-mail: brunarehem@ifba.edu.br

Marianna Assis Dantas

Graduanda em Biomedicina, na UniFTC (Vitória da Conquista) Avenida Braulino Santos, Edifício Pedra Azul, 1599 (apto 301), Candeias - Vitória da Conquista BA (45028-170)

E-mail: melassisd6@gmail.com

Sarah Silva Nascimento

Graduanda em Farmácia, na União Metropolitana de Educação e Cultura (UNIME) Rua Bela Vista, 65, Mangabinha - Itabuna, Bahia

E-mail: sarahcordeiron@gmail.com

Esequias Souza de Freitas

Mestre em Desenho, Cultura e Interatividade; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia – Campus Ilhéus, Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 13, s/n, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-000, Brasil

E-mail: esequias@ifba.edu.br

Luiz Alberto Mattos Silva

Mestre em Botânica. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (DCB/UESC). Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16. Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brasil

E-mail: mattos@uesc.br.

José Lima da Paixão

Biólogo. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (DCB/UESC). Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16. Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brasil

E-mail: limapx@yahoo.com.br

ABSTRAC

The Atlantic Forest is extremely devastated and little remains of its original cover, being a hot spot. Often in the remnants, species not yet described are found, which causes them to become extinct before they are known. Biodiversity inventories in this rich and threatened biome are important. The southern region of Bahia and the IFBA - Campus Ilhéus have considerable forest area, highlighting the importance of work aimed at developing biodiversity conservation and preservation activities in these areas. Thus, it is important to know the floristic composition of this biome for a better evaluation of the existing vegetation matrices, as well as access to information about the dynamics

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of this forest and its local importance. The samples were collected for herborization, identification and incorporation in the UESC herbarium. Subsequently, species cataloging, illustration and morphobotanical characterization were carried out. Eleven different regions were visited, 97 plants were collected, 45 species were identified, 10 plants had only the genus and family identified, 18 were classified only as family and 20 species without identification. The illustrations served as interpretative models of the morphology of these plants. All species collected belong to the group of angiosperms, with a predominance of dicots. It can be concluded that: i) the species collected were planted randomly and are fulfilling the purpose of planting for beautification and composition of cabruca; ii) the endemic landscape of the Atlantic Forest was lost by the introduction of exotic species for ornamental or medicinal use; iii) it was found that the illustration allowed a better understanding of the diversity of shapes of the collected plants; iv) the species are more herbaceous, with sizes ranging from 20 cm to 12 m in length, some plants were characterized by inflorescences and bracts, which shows an important evolutionary aspect.

Keywords: herborization, systematics, plant morphology, biodiversity. RESUMO

A Mata Atlântica está extremamente devastada e pouco resta de sua cobertura original, sendo um

hot spot. Muitas vezes nos remanescentes são encontradas espécies ainda não descritas, o que faz

com que sejam extintas antes de serem conhecidas. Os inventários de biodiversidade neste bioma rico e ameaçado são importantes. A região sul da Bahia e o IFBA - Campus Ilhéus possuem considerável área de floresta, evidenciando a importância de trabalhos voltados ao desenvolvimento de atividades de conservação e preservação da biodiversidade nessas áreas. Assim, é importante conhecer a composição florística desse bioma para uma melhor avaliação das matrizes de vegetação existentes, bem como o acesso a informações sobre a dinâmica dessa floresta e sua importância local. As amostras foram coletadas para herborização, identificação e incorporação no herbário da UESC. Posteriormente foi realizada a catalogação, ilustração e caracterização morfobotânica das espécies. Onze diferentes regiões foram visitadas, 97 plantas foram coletadas, 45 espécies foram identificadas, 10 plantas tiveram apenas o gênero e a família identificadas, 18 foram classificadas apenas como família e 20 espécies sem identificação. As ilustrações funcionaram como modelos interpretativos da morfologia dessas plantas. Todas as espécies coletadas pertencem ao grupo das angiospermas, com predomínio de dicotiledôneas. Pode-se concluir que: i) as espécies coletadas foram plantadas aleatoriamente e estão cumprindo o propósito de plantio para embelezamento e composição de cabruca; ii) a paisagem endêmica da Mata Atlântica foi perdida pela introdução de espécies exóticas de uso ornamental ou medicinal; iii) verificou-se que a ilustração permitiu um melhor conhecimento da diversidade de formas das plantas coletadas; iv) as espécies são mais herbáceas, com tamanhos variando de 20 cm a 12 m de comprimento, algumas plantas foram caracterizadas por inflorescências e brácteas, o que mostra um importante aspecto evolutivo.

Palavras-chave: herborização, sistemática, morfologia vegetal, biodiversidade.

1 INTRODUCTION

The floristic survey is an important subsidy for the conservation of vegetation. Brazil is a country that has great biological diversity, mainly of plants. Studies in plant taxonomy are essential to the knowledge of biodiversity and to the inventory of Brazilian flora, providing subsidies for other areas of botany and related areas of knowledge, in addition to supporting conservation

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programs (MYERS et al., 2000). The documents that certify the richness and diversity of the flora of a given region or country are deposited in scientific collections, which are banks of materials (specimens or specimens) live or preserved and the data associated with them (PEIXOTO and MORIM, 2003 ).

Botanical identification is necessary to obtain different information about species that have distinct characteristics and individual particularities. Forest inventories, based on popular names, cause confusion; these denominations vary widely from one region to another and, in many cases, within the same region, depending on who uses them. Botanical determination creates subsidies for taxonomic studies, assists in the elaboration of research on the flora of a certain region, determines the species of an inventory, facilitates the knowledge of medicinal and toxic plants with the objective of better using and controlling them, and stores specimens of all possible species for identification of other species by comparison (FERREIRA, 2006).

Brazil has the richest flora in the world, with more than 46,000 species of plants - about 20% of the world flora. Forzza (2010) presented the lists of species properly cataloged until that year, namely: 26 of gymnosperms, 31,160 of angiosperms (17,628 of which are endemic), 1,176 of pteridophytes, 6,795 of fungi, 1,521 of bryophytes and 3,496 of algae. Considering only the group of Angiosperms, it is believed that the whole of Brazil has 22 to 24% of the total estimated to exist in the world.

Of this total, the projections are that the Atlantic Forest has between 20 and 25 thousand species of plants, that is, between 33% and 36% of those existing in the country. To get an idea ofthe magnitude of these numbers, just compare them to the estimates of angiosperm diversity on some continents: 17,000 spp. in North America, 12,500 in Europe, between 40,000 and 45,000 across Africa. Until compared to the Amazon Forest, the Atlantic Forest presents, in proportion to its size, greater biological diversity (MMA, 2011).

The remnants of the Atlantic Forest biome in northeastern Brazil are fragmented into small stretches of forest surrounded by extensive sugarcane plantations, pastures or urban áreas (LEITE et al., 2019). Floristic surveys in these areas are an essential condition for the knowledge of their composition and richness of native species, as well as for the implementation of conservationist measures. Vegetation, with its ecological, economic and social functions, can play an important role in improving the lives of urban populations.

Since the time of European colonization, the interference of successive cycles of economic exploitation and urban and agro-industrial expansions, have reduced the natural vegetation of the Atlantic Forest to alarming values. It is estimated that the original area covered between 1,300,000

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to 1,500,000 km², extending for more than 3,300 km along the east coast of Brazil (CÂMARA, 2005). The numbers of what remains of the vegetation cover vary, but some data indicate that about 11% of the original vegetation remains (Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica & INPE, 2008; RIBEIRO et al., 2009), distributed in biologically reduced forest fragments impoverished and whose restoration could take hundreds of years (LIEBSCH et al, 2008).

For Mittermeier et al. (2004), the international recognition as a biome of highest priority for biodiversity conservation in the American continent, due to its biological wealth, significant levels of endemism of fauna and flora and high degree of fragmentation of its remnants, contributes to a concern with the guarantee preserving and adopting nature conservation strategies.

The Northeastern Atlantic Forest differs from most forests in the South and Southeast because it is generally more diverse, more accessible to humans, more fragmented, less studied and more neglected (THOMAS, 2008). For Thomas et al. (1998), a group of species found in this biome are already considered rare for the habitat specificity parameter. Within this subset of species, more than 44% of the species in each location presented a second parameter of rarity, endemism. In each location, 59% of endemic species have distributions restricted to Bahia and Espírito Santo and are certainly even more vulnerable.

For Peixoto et al. (2015), the herbariums are depositories of part of the testimonies of the richness of flora, they play a unique and critical role in the global efforts to mitigate the loss of biodiversity. The scientific nomenclature, on the other hand, allows dialogue between scientists from different countries and regions, promoting access to the information necessary for the development of research, not only in botany, but in several areas of knowledge (SILVA, 2002). Botanical collections play a fundamental role in the inventory of floristic diversity, in addition to being essential and indispensable material for taxonomic and useful studies in conservation policies (PEIXOTO et al., 2007).

According to Mendonça et al. (1998) the intense efforts of collection, standardized sampling in the different regions of the biome and taxonomic revisions are indispensable so that the evaluation of its floristic composition can be made, since there are still areas covered by native vegetation, which are under strong pressure and can be extinguished even before they are known and studied by science. As a result of this anthropic intervention, both the structure of the vegetation and its floristic composition tend to differ from that originally present, thus providing different conditions and resources to be explored by the fauna.

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2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Through on-site visits in the Atlantic Forest region in the south of Bahia (fig. 1), collections of botanical material were made. For the floristic survey, random trails were carried out in the region, in order to inventory the largest possible set of data. During the trails, the botanical material of the species found was photographed and recorded in a data sheet.

Fig.1. Plan of the gardens of the IFBA Campus Ilhéus.

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The collections were made in forest fragments located in the southern region of Bahia. 9 (nine) regions of the Atlantic Forest Biome were visited along the Jorge Amado Highway (ex-BR 415), municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, as shown in Table 1 and fig. 1, where the coordinates and altitudes of each location are also inserted. They are: 1) Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia (IFBA) Campus Ilhéus; 2) Sítio Sabiá; 3) Sítio de Gelson; 4) Sítio Adventista; 5) Vila Cachoeira neighborhood; 6) Fazenda Manaim; 7) Fazenda Assentamento Frei Vantuy; 8) Ponto do Pitú; and 9) margins of said highway. Two other samplings were carried out in other municipalities; 10) Conjunto Fazenda Bretanha, municipality of Arataca and 11) Trilha da Engenhoca, county of Itacaré. Collections were started at the IFBA Campus and then at farms and sites located around the institute. Subsequently, it extended to the two other municipalities mentioned above, included, also in the Atlantic Forest Biome.

Table 1. Description of collection locations.

Locations Description

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia (IFBA) - Campus Ilhéus

BRAZIL. BAHIA. County of Ilhéus, Vila Cachoeira, Km 11 of Highway Jorge Amado (BR 415, stretch Ilhéus/Itabuna). Open area, gardens. Clay soil. 14° 48’ 09” S e 39° 08’ 58” W. Altitude aprox. 45 m.s.n.m.

Sítio Sabiá BRAZIL. BAHIA. County of Ilhéus, Highway Jorge Amado, BR415, km 11. Region of open forest area. Clay soil. 14°48’09” S 39°8’58” W, altitude aprox. 45 m.s.n.m.

Sítio de Gelson BRAZIL. BAHIA. County of Ilhéus, Highway Jorge Amado, BR415, km 11. Region of open forest area. Clay soil. 14°48’09” S 39°8’58” W, altitude aprox. 45 m.s.n.m.

Sítio Adventista BRAZIL. BAHIA. County of Ilhéus, Highway Jorge Amado, BR415, km 11. Region of open forest area. Clay soil. 14°48’09” S 39°8’58” W, altitude aprox. 45 m.s.n.m.

Bairro Vila Cachoeira BRAZIL. BAHIA. County of Ilhéus, Highway Jorge Amado, BR415, km 11. Region of open forest area. Clay soil. 14°48’32,72”S 39°8’38,58’’W.

Fazenda Manaim BRAZIL. BAHIA. County of Ilhéus, Highway Jorge Amado, BR415, km 11. Region of open forest area. Clay soil. 14°48’10,9”S 39°8’36,39’’W..

Fazenda Assentamento Frei Vantuy BRAZIL. BAHIA. County of Ilhéus, Highway Jorge Amado, BR415, km 13. Closed forest region. Cabruca. Clay soil. 14°47’21”S 39°8’12’’W.

Conjunto Fazenda Bretanha BRAZIL. BAHIA. County of Arataca, closed forest region. Cabruca. Clay soil. 15°16’52”S 39°22’54’’W.

BR 415 – Jorge Amado Highway BRAZIL. BAHIA. County of Ilhéus. Stretch Ilhéus/Itabuna. Southern Bahia Hygrophilous Forest Region (Atlantic Forest). Highway side. Clay soil. 14°47’45,35”S 39°11’36,15’’W.

Ponto do Pitu BRAZIL. BAHIA. County of Ilhéus. Region of Hygrophilous Forest South Bahia (Atlantic Forest). Open forest area. Clay soil. 14° 45’ 37”S e 39° 12’ 14’’W.

Itacaré

BRAZIL. BAHIA. Trail Engenhoca-Havaizinho. Region of Hygrophilous Forest South Bahia (Atlantic Forest). Open forest area. Clay soil. 14° 21’ 32”S e 39° 00’ 14’’W.

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The samples were taken to the Herbarium of the State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), where they were pressed and later placed in a greenhouse with forced circulation, where they remained for a period of up to 72 h, at a temperature of 60º C, depending on the consistency of the plant . After drying, the samples were mounted on cardboards, identified and then the data recorded in the field were entered (location, morphological characteristics, soil, vegetation, uses, frequency, vernacular names, among other information obtained at the locations), to be incorporated into the botanical collection.

The data of the collected plants were included in the UESC Herbarium system, the Species Link (www.splink.org.br) and were photographed individually, characterized from the botanical point of view (identification of family, genus and species, when possible), according to APGIII (SOUZA and LORENZI, 2012). For each specimen collected, one to four specimens were obtained, one of which was deposited in the scientific collection of the Herbarium UESC and the others (duplicates) were sent to other national herbariums, as donations or for determinations by specialists. In most epiphytes, only one specimen was collected.

A list of families was organized, organized by alphabetical order, followed by species names, common names (vernacular, regional) and local uses.

Environments such as:

i) Open areas: those exposed to the sun, dominated by herbaceous plants and with a high concentration of grasses. On the lawns there is constant trampling by passers-by, which prevents the development of some species.

ii) Shaded areas: these are environments that predominate herbaceous vegetation, but partially shaded with tree and shrub species, giving the environment, often, the aspect of forest. The soils in these areas are always more humid.

iii) Gardens: these are areas where native and exotic species are cultivated for ornamental purposes, having in general the predominance of herbaceous to shrubby plants and are frequent on the Campus. In these areas it is possible to distinguish species that were intentionally planted from those that were born spontaneously.

iv) Wetlands: these are areas with lower altitudes, usually inserted in grassy environments, where the soil remains moist or soggy during most of the year, more often after periods of intense rain. An example of wetland can be seen in the “Cabruca” region (cultivation under forest remnants) of the farms visited.

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Of the 97 plants collected during the floristic survey, at least 92 are of different species, between endemic and exotic. It was found that the exotic species had different origins, 4 from Africa, 3 from Mexico, 3 from Central America, 2 from Ecuador, 1 from Malaysia, 2 from Europe, 7 from Asia, 3 from Madagascar and 1 from Indonesia. Only 6 plants of species already identified, had their origins not determined; of these, 1 is monocotyledonous and 5 dicotyledonous.

Of the plants collected (table 2), 45 species were completely identified (family, genus and species), 10 plants had only their genus and family identified, 18 were only classified according to the botanical family and 20 species without identification. The latter went to the dispersion group, to be identified by systematic specialists from other herbariums. Of the 45 different species collected, one species had three distinct varieties and the other two had two different varieties, which differed only by the color of their flowers. Among the plants collected, a total of 40 plants have herbaceous habit, 27 species are shrubs, 10 species are epiphytes, 9 tree species, 5 sub-shrub species, 3 species are climbers and only 1 is a grove.

The different species surveyed belong to 46 different genera and 31 different families, the majority of which are from the Zingiberaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae families (table 2). The genera with the highest species richness were Heliconia and Delonix, with three species each (table 2). Hibiscus and Allamanda were represented by two species each, and the remaining 42 by only one (table 2).

Table 2. List of sampled species and their growth habits

Scientific name and Family Size and Uses

Abutilon striatum Dicks. ex Lindl–

MALVACEAE

Shrub, 1-2 m high. Cultivated for ornamental use

Allamanda cathartica L.-

APOCYNACEAE

Escandente (creeper), semi-woody; ornamental and medicinal uses.

Alpinia purpurata K. Schum -

ZINGIBERACEAE

Herbaceous, 2-3 m tall; ornamental and cultivated.

Alternanthera sp. L.-

AMARANTHACEAE

Herbaceous, approximately 1 m tall; for medical use. AMARANTHACEAE Herbaceous, 0.5-0.8 m tall; ornamental cultivated.

Anthurium sp. –

ARACEAE

Herbaceous, approximately 80 cm tall; cultivated for ornamental use. APOCYNACEAE Shrub, approximately 1.5 m high; cultivated for ornamental use.

ARACEAE Sub-shrub, 50 to 80 cm high; cultivated for ornamental use.

ASTERACEAE Herbaceous, between 40 cm and 70 cm in height; cultivated; of two species collected one for medical use.

Bidens pilosa L. –

ASTERACEAE

Herbaceous, approximately 1 m tall; has medical use; cultivated.

Bixa orellana L. –

BIXACEAE

Grove, 2-3 m high, for medical and food use; cultivated.

BROMELIACEAE Epiphyte, between 50 to 90 cm in height; cultivated for ornamental use (3 species collected).

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Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) SW. -

FABACEAE

Shrub, 2 to 3 m high; cultivated for ornamental and medicinal uses.

Canna x generalis Hort. - CANNACEAE Herbaceous, approximately 1 m tall; ornamental use.

Cassia grandis L. –

FABACEAE

Arboreal, 9-12 m high, ornamental use; cultivated.

Cattleya tigrina - ORCHIDACEAE Epiphyte, approximately 0.5 m high; ornamental use.

Cleome sp. L. –

CAPPARACEAE

Herbaceous, approximately 50 cm tall; for medical use.

Clerodendron balfouri. Hort. -

VERBENACEAE

Escandente shrub, approximately 1.8 m high; cultivated.

Clerodendrum speciosissimum C. Morren –

VERBENACEAE

Shrub, approximately 2 m high; cultivated.

Clitoria fairchildiana Howard -

FABACEAE

Arboreal, approximately 8 m high; exotic, that is, not native to Brazilian flora; ornamental use; cultivated.

CLUSIACEAE Tree approximately 5 m high; cultivated.

Cordia sp. L.-

BORAGINACEAE

Shrub, 1 m long.

Costus spicatus (Jacq.) SW. -

COSTACEAE

Herbaceous, 1-2 m tall; for medical use.

Croton heliotropiifolius Konth -

EUPHORBIACEAE

Shrub, approximately 80 cm high; for medical use.

Delonix regia L. –

FABACEAE

Arboreal, 7-15 m long; cultivated for ornamental use (3 varieties collected).

Duranta repens L. - VERBENACEAE Shrub, 1-2 m high; cultivated for ornamental use.

Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. Smith -

ZINGIBERACEAE

Herbaceous, between 2 to 4 m in height; ornamental use and in candomblé rituals; cultivated (2 varieties collected).

Etlingera sp. Giseke - ZINGIBERACEAE Herbaceous, approximately 2 m tall; ornamental and cultivated.

FABACEAE Arboreal, 2.5 - 3 m high; ornamental use.

GESNERIACEAE Herbaceous, approximately 0.3 m high; cultivated.

Hedychium coronarium Koch -

ZINGIBERACEAE

Herbaceous, approximately 1 m tall; ornamental and cultivated.

Heliconia psittacorum L. -

HELICONIACEAE

Herbaceous, approximately 1 m tall; ornamental use; cultivated.

Heliconia rostrata Ruiz e Pav. -

HELICONIACEAE

Herbaceous, approximately 2 m tall; ornamental and cultivated.

Heliconia sp. L.- HELICONIACEAE Herbaceous, approximately 1 m tall; ornamental use; cultivated.

Heliotropium elongatum (Lehm.)

L.M.Johnst. – BORAGINACEAE

Herbaceous, 1 m tall; of cultivated medicinal use.

Hibiscus sp. L.–

MALVACEAE

Shrub, 1 - 2 m high; cultivated for medicinal use.

Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. -

HYDRANGEACEAE

Sub-shrub, approximately 1 m high; cultivated for ornamental use

Hippeastrum sp. - AMARYLLIDACEAE Herbaceous, approximately 70 cm tall; cultivated for ornamental use.

Ischnosiphon gracilis (Rudge) Koern. –

MARANTACEAE

Herbaceous, 1 m long.

Ixora coccínea –

RUBIACEAE

Shrub, 1 - 2 m high; cultivated for ornamental use.

Jatropha sp. - EUPHORBIACEAE Shrub, approximately 2 m high; cultivated for ornamental use.

LAMIACEAE Herbaceous, approx. 1 m high; cultivated and for ornamental use.

Lantana camara L. - VERBENACEAE Shrub, approximately 1 m high; poisonous.

MALVACEAE Shrub, approximately 1 m high; cultivated

Megaskepasma erythroclamys Lindau –

ACANTHACEAE

Shrub, approximately 2 m high; cultivated ornamental use.

Melampodium divaricatum (L.C.Rich.) –

ASTERACEAE

Herbaceous, approximately 30 cm tall; cultivated

Mimosa pudica L. –

FABACEAE

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Momordica charantia L. -

CUCURBITACEAE

Climbing, lush, up to 6 m high; for medical use.

Monstera deliciosa –

ARACEAE

Herbaceous approximately 2 m tall; ornamental use.

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack -

RUTACEAE

Shrub, 2 to 3 m high; Ornamental and cultivated use.

Mussaenda alicia Hort. - RUBIACEAE Semi-woody shrub, approximately 2-3 m high; cultivated for

ornamental use.

Neomarica sp. –

IRIDACEAE

Herbaceous, 20 cm long.

Ocimum selloi Benth. - LAMIACEAE Sub-shrub, approximately 40-80 cm high; for medical use.

ORCHIDACEAE Epiphyte, between 15 to 50 cm in height, being about 90 cm from the ground; cultivated for ornamental use. (3 species collected)

Philodendron sp. –

ARACEAE

Climbing plant, herbaceous, approximately 1 m high; cultivated.

Plantago major L. - PLANTAGINACEAE Herbaceous, approximately 30 cm tall; kind of medicinal use.

Plectranthus grandis (Cramer) R.H.

Willense – LAMIACEAE

Shrub, approximately 1 m high; has medicinal use.

Portulaca oleracea L. -

PORTULACACEAE

Herbaceous, approximately 30 cm tall; cultivated for ornamental use.

Rhododendron sp. L.- ERICACEAE Shrub, approximately 1 m high; cultivated.

Ruellia affinis (Nees) Lindau -

ACANTHACEAE

Arboreal species, 3 m long.

Sanchezia nobilis Hook F. -

ACANTHACEAE

Shrub, approximately 1-2 m high; cultivated for ornamental use.

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link - FABACEAE Shrub, 1.5-2 m high; for medical use.

Sida rhombifolia L. - MALVACEAE Sub-shrub, 0.5-0.8 m high.

Solanum paniculatum L. - SOLANACEAE Shrub, 1.5-2.5 m high; for medical use.

Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski –

ASTERACEAE

Herbaceous, crawling, approximately 20 cm high; it has ornamental and medicinal uses.

Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L.C.Rich.)

Vahl. - VERBENACEAE

Herbaceous, 1-1.5 m tall.

Tagetes erecta L. - ASTERACEAE Of herbaceous-shrubby habit, it can reach up to 2 m in height; for

medical use; cultivated.

Tagetes sp. – ASTERACEAE Herbaceous is approximately 1 m tall; cultivated.

Zingiber spectabile Griff. -

ZINGIBERACEAE

Herbaceous, approximately 2 m tall; ornamental use.

Most of the collected plants were characterized by being a cultivated species, of ornamental and/or medicinal use, by being dicotyledonous and by having herbaceous habit. Some of the plants studied showed inflorescences and bracts, which is a relevant evolutionary aspect since bracts are leafy structures that are associated with the inflorescences of Angiosperms to protect these or the flowers in development.

All collected plants had flowers and/or fruits, in order to assist in the identification, as for Wiggers and Stanger (2008), the taxonomy is based on classic characters of floral morphology. Most of these plants were exotic and of ornamental use, as it allows to infer that the original landscape has been significantly modified and leads to reflect the importance of landscape planning that

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prioritize the planting and cultivation of plants of endemic species of Atlantic Forest, so that there is no loss of local biodiversity and de-characterization of the biome.

There is little left of the Northeastern Atlantic Forest, in comparison with the Atlantic Forest of the Southeast, where the rugged topography hindered its full conversion into crops or pastures and, consequently, its total clearing (BARRETO, 2013). Species were and are introduced to beautify squares and gardens, for use in agriculture, as an alternative income and subsistence for low-income populations, for biological pest control and for other reasons (LEÃO et al., 2011). In addition, all of the northeastern forest remnants result from anthropic actions of different intensities, with many forests represented only by a few pioneer species (BARRETO, 2013).

Providing natural environments, with minimized human interference, close to where people live, is very beneficial (HASSEMER and TREVISAN, 2012). According to Hassemer and Trevisan (2012), some naturalized species can become extremely aggressive in their new environment, causing environmental damage and threatening local biodiversity. These species are called invasive, and are the cause of many environmental problems.

According to Barros (2007), the richness and diversity of species depend, in addition to the nature of the community, on the sampling effort spent, since the number of species increases with the increase in the number of individuals sampled. The species accumulation curves (collector curves) allow us to evaluate how close a study is to capturing all the species in the place (BARROS, 2007). For the same author, when the curve stabilizes, that is, no new species are added, it means that the total wealth has been obtained.

The largest number of species surveyed belongs to the family Zingiberaceae, which is the largest in the order Zingiberales, consisting of 53 genera and more than 1,200 species native to tropical regions (KRESS et al. 2002). The Asteraceae family, which also includes most of the collected species, is cosmopolitan, but better represented in the temperate and subtropical regions of the world (RITTER and BAPTISTA, 2005). The other most representative family among the studied species was Fabaceae, which constitutes one of the largest families of angiosperms, with 727 genera and about 19,325 species, distributed in three subfamilies: Faboideae, Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae (LEWIS et al. 2005). According to Silveira and Miotto (2013), this family also presents representatives of the most diverse types of habit, as we have seen in the present study. Among those with arboreal habit, we have flamboyant (Delonix regia L.) and Acacia-rosa (Cassia

grandis L.), shrubs such as wonder (Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) SW.) And sub-shrubs such as

dormant (Mimosa pudica L. ). Most plants are ornamental or medicinal, herbaceous or shrubby (table 2).

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It is worth mentioning that no representative of the Lauraceae family was found in the study areas. This family is considered common in areas of the Atlantic Forest, and its representatives, of arboreal habit, are seen as producers of good quality wood. This result is believed to be due to the illegal exploitation of local timber resources. However for a better knowledge of the flora of the hydrographic basin of the Timbó River, new collections are necessary, seeking to cover a larger extension of the basin (AMAZONAS and BARBOSA, 2011).

Among the most rich genera found, the Heliconia genus stands out, which has more than 350 varieties and is the only one in the Heliconiaceae family (ARGÔLO, 2009). According to the same author, among the vegetables found in the cocoa-cabruca system, a very common cultivation system in the southern region of Bahia, three plants of interest to tropical floriculture stand out: the heliconias, belonging to the Heliconiaceae family; the bromeliads, epiphytes, belonging to the Bromeliaceae family; and finally the orchids, epiphytes, belonging to the Orquidaceae family, as we found in the present study. These three species have a great floristic potential, which can be used in a rational and sustainable way, generating significant profits for the region, thanks to the great national and international interest in these plants (ALMEIDA FILHO et al., 2002). The species of the genus Heliconia are highly appreciated due to the exotic appearance of the inflorescences and the great variation of colors and shapes, with continuous flower production, in great quantity and with high durability after cutting (ARGÔLO, 2009).

For Singh and Kumar (2014), the genus Delonix is native to the island of Madagascar, having subsequently spread to the tropical zone of continental Africa, being subsequently, for its beauty, taken to other continents, such as Europe and the Americas, which justifies the occurrence of a greater number of representatives of this genus among the collected plants. Due to its beauty, it is one of the most used plants for ornamental purposes in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Although it is threatened with extinction in the wild, it is widely cultivated for its ornamental value. It has adapted very well throughout tropical America, being very popular in the Caribbean islands. According to Ayres (2009), it is used in the afforestation of streets and squares.

According to Esteves et al. (2014), the genus Hibiscus has great ornamental potential, being one of the largest genera of the Malvaceae family, comprising approximately 200 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and some representatives in temperate regions. Very widespread in the world for its ornamental properties, it has several varieties and shapes, with large or small flowers, with smooth or curly petals. The leaves, variegated or not, can be wide or narrow. Very cultivated in Brazil, with several hybrids and varieties, it is used very successfully in urban afforestation, due to its small size, requiring conduction and pruning, in addition to decorating

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gardens, squares and serving as a hedge. Justifying its frequent occurrence among the collected plants.

The Allamanda genus, originating from coastal regions in the north, northeast and east, is cultivated almost all over the world thanks to its high decorative value, which is why it is widely used in the landscaping of the region and thus was among the most common genera among the species analyzed. It is characterized by comprising plants of vigorous growth and by having diverse species; it has long flexible branches, semi-woody to woody, which need a tutor to lean on. All parts of the plant exude a milky sap that can cause dermatitis.

Most of the collected plants are characterized by being a cultivated species (table 2), and one of the consequences of the domestication process of these cultivated plants may be the appearance of innumerable new varieties of different species of plants or even the appearance of new species, resulting in a increase in genetic variability, while in other cases the result may be a decrease in genetic variability, as observed, for example, in the selection process associated with the genetic improvement of plants, or depending on the performance of genetic drift (ANN VEASEY et al., 2011).

It is noticed that most of the collected plants are for ornamental and medicinal uses. For Hassemer and Trevisan (2012), plant species in urban environments, whether cultivated or not, provide a series of benefits, making it possible to easily recognize those most common in the daily lives of all peoples, such as the provision of plants for the preparation of teas and medicines, in food production, and even in ornamentation, embellishing, for example, gardens, paths, backyards, or even the interior of homes.

4 CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that these 97 species were planted randomly and are fulfilling the planting objective for beautification and composition of cabruca. The results found reveal that a good part of the endemic landscape of the Atlantic Forest has been lost due to the introduction of exotic species for ornamental or medicinal use, which signals the importance of rescuing the original floristic landscape of this region, for a greater preservation of the biome.

As for botanical characterization, all the species collected belong to the group of Angiosperms, with a predominance of dicots, characterized by great beauty in their flowers, the majority being herbaceous, presenting sizes ranging from 20 cm to 12 m in length, some plants were characterized by their inflorescences and bracts, which shows an important evolutionary aspect for these species.

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