Afterword

INSTIIUA;O DE CIÊNciAs

'íÍ)l

rt

Â'i,î\

{1¡'t"t

Death

onthe

M

Ve:

Btßt-torEcA

Managing Nørrøtiues,

Silences and Constra'ints

in

a

T

r

q,n

s

-

N

øti

onal

P er

sP

e

ctiu

e

Editedby

Philip

J.

Havik,

José

MaPril

and

Clara Saraiva

Carnbridge

Scholars

Death on the Move:

Managing Narratives, Silences and Constraints in a Trans-National

Perspective

Edited by Philip J. Havik, José Mapril and Clara Saraiva

TnnIn,

oF CoNTENTS

This book first published 2018

Cambridge Scholars ?ublishing

List of Illustrations Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalog¡ue record for this book is available from the British Library

List of Tables

Foreword

xln

Copyright @ 2018 by Philip J. Havik, José Mapril, Clara Saraiva

ând contributors

All rights for this book reserved. No part ofthis book maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or tra¡smitted, in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission ofthe copyright owner.

Introduction.

... 1

Philip J. Havik, José

Mapril

and Clara Saraiva

Part

l-Death:

Theories

in Motion

ISBN (10): 1-5275-O757 -2

ISBN (13): _{978-r-5275-O7} 57 -9 Chapter One ,,..,.,,,,,.. 12

[J

rrsnm

_|

llulll,r'.

_@

nul

Death and What Comes After: Immobilising the Dead and Migration Maurice Bloch

The Transcendental and the Transactional... The Organic, the Inorganic and the Immovable...

l2

14 11 20 Decomposing Bodies and Permanent Places

f\

tentrode[studos

\¡r

ComParatistas

Migration Abroad

Chapter Two 24

FCT

Fundação para a Ciência e aTecnologia

Missing Bodies and Belonging in Manjaco: Or the Past and Future

of some Funeral Customs in the Context of Cosmopolitanism

MtNIsrÉRro DÀ clÊNclA, T¡cNor.ocrÀ t ¡NslNo sup[tìloR

_Eric

Gable Introduction. Shameful Suicides 24 26 28 30 -l-l Remittances. Death as Remittance. Concluding Remarks.

vl

"death-and-migration" ...

Part

Il-Transnational

Circulation

of Bodies,

Spirits

and Rituals

Chapter

Four...

...'...'.." 56

"Fallen Leaves Return to Their Roots": The

Invisibility

of Death and the Idea

of

'Home' in the Burial Politics of Chinese Migration

Irene Rodrigues

Introduction. 56

Statistical Trifles and a very Coolie Urban

Myth

57

A

Public Funeral and a Private Death: Strengths and Possibilities... 63 Creating Roots and the Idea

of

'Home' in Chinese Migration...'.' 68

Chapter

Five...

...'...'14

Diversities within Cemeteries: The Othemess in the Expressions of the Funerary Heritage in SPain

Sol Tarrés, Ariadna Solé and Jordi Moreras

Introduction: Where to Bury "the Other Dead"? 75 The Place of the "Other Deceased" in History 78

The Experience of Ordinance 83

The English Cemetery in Malaga.. 83

The Muslim Cemetery in Barcia (Asturias) 86 The Hebrew Tombs in the Cemetery of Sant Andreu de Palomar

(Barcelona) 90

Conclusions: When There is no Place for the "Other Deceased" ...94

Chapter Six 98

Person, Death and Gender between Lisbon and Dhaka José

Mapril

Introduction. Introduction. Methods Results... Conclusions. Appendix... Chapter

8ight...

... 139

Health Services and Attitudes Towards End of

Life

Care and Death:

A

Multi-ethnic, Cross-sectional Survey

Sónia Dias, Ana Gama, Ana Tavares and Violeta Alarcão

Introduction.

... 139

Methods

...141

Results...

....'-..-...'... L42

conclusions'

""""""""""""

156

Appendix...

...'...'...' 164 Chapter

Nine...

...'...169

Mental Health,

Morbidity

and Mortality of African Immigrant

Communities in Portugal: Implications for Primary Care

Philip J. Havik

Introduction.

... 169

Immigrant Communities, Mental Illness and Public Health

in

Portugal...

...'...'.112

Migrants' and Practitioners' Perceptions Final Considerations

Part

IV-"Placing

the Dead" and the Locations of Death

Chapter Ten. 202

A

Few Lost Boxes on the HighwaY: Death and National Cultures António Medeiros

On the Move with FriendshiP, Death on the Move

Friends

Some Traps in the Highway, Flows of Culture and Stories from

Ribadavia... Table of Contents

Chapter Three

Death that Moves:

A

Theoretical Approach to Death and the Possible Implications in Transnational Settings

Anast as io s P ana giotop oulo s Death and Anthropology

The Dead in Cuba... Death and Migration: or

A

History of Bangladeshis in Portugal The Dithidar-bari ...

Places of Relatedness...

Living

Widowhood Transnationally ... Conclusions.

Part

Ill-Migration,

Morbidity, Mortality

and Public Health

Chapter

Seven...

... 118

Transnational Death Survey:

A

Focus on Death Related Attitudes Violeta Alarcão, Elisq Lopes, Filipe I'eão Miranda and Sofia Ribeiro

vll 202

t78

188 36 36

4t

47 118

t20

t22

130 135

.98

t02

lo4

t07

110

tt2

Which "Country" of the Blessed Souls?

204 207

vlll Table of Contents Death on the Move IX

(Still) Domesticated Monuments to the Dead..

2t2

214 Conclusions.

Chapter Eleven. 218 Contributors 267

2',13

"Waiting for the Reunion": Death, Dying, Cremation and Cape Verdean Notions of Belonging in Greater Lisbon

Max Ruben Ramos

Introduction. 218

The Cape Verdeans in Porrugal:

A

Brief Overview 219 Death, Repatriation and Cremation among Cape Verdeans

in Portugal

22t

The Nazarenes in Portugal 222

Conclusions. 226

Chapter Twelve 229

"They

Won't

Go There with Flowers": Non-Evident Deaths in Migration

Ottavia Salvador

Introduction.

...229

Inside Stories.

23t

Meaningful Bodies 236

Chapter Thirteen 245

Moving the Dead and Building the Nation: Martyrs in Timor-Leste Susana de Matos Viegas and Rui Graça Feijó

Introduction.

...245

Contemporary and Past tensions: Concentrating the Dead in One

Place? 248

The Ossuary and the Ambivalence of the Armed Struggle:

The Case of Afonso

Sávio...

...253

Opposing Scales: The Saga of National Heroes and the Retum

to the Place of Origin: Konis Santana 255

Caivaca's Memorial 257

Burying in the Place of Origin 259

Conclusions

26r

264 Chapter Thirteen

Pain and Shame: Deøling

with

'Difrtcuh Heritage (London: Routledge,

2009):144-161.

Loch, Alexander and Prueller, Vanessa. Dealing

with

Conflicts after the

Conflicl

European and Indigenous Approaches to Conflict Transformation in East Timor, in: Conflict Resolution _Quarterly,

28,3

(2011):315-329 Myrttinen, Henri. Resistance, Symbolism and the language

of

stateness in

Timor-Leste, in: Oceania, 83, 3 (20 I 3): 208-220.

Mattoso, José.

I

Dignidade:

Konis

Santana

e a

Resistência Timorense (Lisbon: Temas e Debates, 2005)

McWilliam,

Andrew. Fataluku Healing and Cultural Resilience

in

East

Timor, in: Ethnos, 7 3, 2 (2008): 217

-240

-.

_Anthr Exchange _opological and Resilience _{Institute, 17 (201}

in

Timor-Leste,

_l):

_{7 45 -7 63} inl. _.

Journal

of

the Royal

Schreiner,

Klaus

H.,

National

ancestors:

the ritual

construction

of

nationhood, in: Henri Chambert-Loir and A.J.S Reid (eds.) The Potent Dead (Crows's Nest: Asian Studies Association of Australia/Allen and

Unwin, 2002): 183-204.

Traube, Elizabeth.

Affines

and the dead: Mambai rituals

of

alliance, in:

Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde,136,

I

(1980): 90-1 15.

Viegas,

Susana

de Matos and

Rui

Graça

Feijó.

Funerary

posts

and

Christian crosses: Fataluku cohabitations

with

Catholic missionaries

after

World War

II

(Timor-Leste),

in:

Ricardo Roque and Elizabeth Traube (eds). Crossing Histories and Anthropology (Oxford, Berghan Books, Forthcoming).

-.

_culturql Trønsformations _{cohabitations (London} in Independent Timor-Leste: dynamics _{and New York: Routledge,20lT).}of social and

Viegas, Susana de Matos. Territorialidades ambivalentes:

A

co-habitação

dos Fataluku com os missionários em Lautém (1941-1957),

in:

Rui

Graça

Feijó (ed),

Timor-Leste: Colonialismo,

Descolonizaçõo,

Lusutopia (Porto: Afrontamento, 20 1 6): 139 -l 57 .

-.

_{(Timor-Leste),} Arapou Cau:

A

_{in: Revista} convivência com os _{Oriente, 25 (2017):28-46.}antepassados entre os Fataluku

AprsRwoRD

CrusTnNA

BASToS

The reader who has reached this point, has experienced a transformative

effect after absorbing this notable volume

of

essays on the issue

of

death and migration. These thirteen chapters

far from

being mere essays, are articles anchored in empirical research and theoretical references in a

well-structured and coherently assembled volume,

which

developed

out

of

a

collective project

with

shared aims.

The

chapters

do not deal

with

a

particular death or death

in

general, but as the

title ofthe

book indicates, stand at the intersection

_of

death and movement. The focus

on

death in motion, in its migrant condition, in the added vulnerability of the physical distance between

the

immediate present and

the

locations

of

reference

where the rituals materialise,

give

a meaning

to

the separation between those who are alive and those who are not. Indeed, the

title

of the volume

already includes

a

cognitive resolution

for this

tension, announcing the

invisibility

of

death among migrant groups, taking recourse

to

a

visual metaphor

to

render

a

non-presence, non-belonging and non-inscription tangible.

In

fact, the affrrmation

of

the purported

invisibility

of

death among

immigrant groups in

Portugal-a

phenomenon which produced

little

more than macabre rumours, some

of

which akin to cannibalistic fantasies

with

respect

to

certain groups--originated the research project on

which

this

book is based. It

joins

several anthropologists and sociologists who were

actively involved

with

migant

groups

in

Portugal and

profiting

from the

long experience

of

the project coordinator, anthropologist Clara Saraiva,

on

death

rituals

in

different

cultures.

The funding provided

by

the Portuguese Foundation

for

Science

and

Technology

(FCT),

enabled researchers

to

synchronise

their

focus

on

an issue, periodically debating

the state

of

the art and

of

investigation, confronting the respective data,

sharing and

refining their

analysis, conceptual proposals and empirical research,

in

order

to

present

their findings

to

a wider

audience while discussing

them

with

project

consultants

from

different

disciplines, ethnographic pathways and theoretical affiliations.

_-266 Afterword

All

concemed emerged

_$eatly

enriched

from this

process, as they consolidated

their individual

perspectives and broached

new

questions

which took

their

enquiry

to

new levels on an issue that had so far been largely under-researched.

Besides the concrete results, which we

will

return to below, this book serves to highlight the maturity of anthropology in Portugal, undertaken by national and foreign researchers,

by

combining individual approaches

of

common issues,

moving

beyond essayistic idiosyncrasies,

with a

dense and well-pondered investment in the relations between anthropologists and these migrant groups. From the trajectory that each researcher followed

forming part

of

the new

Portuguese anthropology, generated intimacy,

proximity

and knowledge that provided this book

with

its core. The latter

is

thus composed

of

ethnographies

of

the experience and perceptions

of

death among groups

of

migrants,

be

it

in

terms

of

the

more material aspects of the dead body, to the material and cognitive dimensions

of

the rituals set in motion for that purpose.

But the book

does

not

limit

itself

to

ethnographies

on

death

in

a migrant context, but also extends its subject matter in autonomous sections

in

which

the

reader

is

given

a

quantified panorama

of

health-related

attitudes and indicators,

including morbidity, mortality

among various

migrant

groups

that currently

reside

in

Portugal.

Other

chapters also explore the spatial dimensions

of

the places

of

veneration

of

the dead in different

cultural

contexts, against the background

of

the

discussion

of

classical anthropological concepts which are confronted

with

elements

of

material culture presented

in

the book. The

foreword

by

a

Portuguese

anthropologist

who

carried

out

pioneer research

on

death

in

Portugal, reflects thirty years on regarding the questions discussed by authors in this volume.

If

readers arrived at this point having glossed over one or more

of

these sections, they can now retum

to

them: this book

is

complete, each chapter constituting a novel learning experience.

CoNrrugUToRS

Violeta Alarcão

(PhD

in

Sociology, ISCTE-IUL, 2016) is a researcher at the Institute of Preventive Medicine and public Health

(IMp&sp),

Faculty

of

Medicine

of

the University

of

Lisbon

(FMUL)

since 2004, having

extensive experience

as

a

medical sociologist. Currently, she

is

a researcher at the Institute

of

Environmental Health

(ISAMB-FMUL)

and

at the centre for

Research _{and studies}

_in

Sociology

of

the university

Institute

of

Lisbon (CIES-IUL).

Her

multiple

and

interdisciplinary

research interests _{increasingly include topics such as sexuality, gender,} and ethnicity, in an intersectional perspective. she has widely published on these topics in national and intemational publications.

Ariadna

Solé

Arraràs

(PhD

in

Social Anthropology, University

of

Barcelona-uB)

_is

associate lecturer and researcher at the department

of

cultural

and Anthropology

of

the

uB.

she focuses on

Muslim

rituals in

Spain, Senegalese migration, and more recently on Islamophobic practices and discourses in Barcelona. Besides publishing several articles, she is co-author,

with

Jordi Moreras,

of

Espais de

mort

i

diversitat religiosa. La

presència de I'islam als cementirß

i

tanaforis catalqns (spaces

of

death and religious diversity. Islamic presence in catalan cemeteries and funeral homes,2014).

cristiana

Bastos (PhD Anthropology,

cuNy,

1996) is senior researcher

at the Institute

of

Social Sciences, University

of

Lisbon (ICS-UL).

Her

multidisciplinary

research

and

teaching

engages

with

anthropology,

history and

science studies, centering

on the

nexus between iociety,

knowledge and power. She is currently leader of a research project funded by the European Research

council

on 'The

colour

of

work:

the racialised

lives

of

migrants'.

Her

most recent publications include

,Migrants,

inequalities and social research

in

the 1920s: the story

oftwo

portuguese Communities in New England' (History and

Anthropolog,20lT).

Maurice Bloch

(PhD Anthropology, University

of

Cambridge, 1967) is

professor emeritus

at

the London

School

of

Economics

(LSE).

In

his research he has carried out extensive

_{fieldwork on}

indigenous societies, kinship, cosmology, economics, psychology and language in Madasgascar.