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M a r ia C o n c e iç ã o d o R o s á r io , E u r íp e d e s C o n s ta n tin o M ig u e l F ilh o

O bsessive-com pulsive disorder and T ourette S yndrom e:

is there a relationship?

T h e a u th o rs d e scrib e th e m a in ch a ra cte ristics o f O b se ssive -C o m p u lsive D iso rd e r, th e fo u rth m o st fre q u e n t p sych ia tric d ise a se , a n d T o u re tte S yn d ro m e . C o n sid e re d co m p le te ly se p a ra te d iso rd e rs, th e re is g ro w in g scie n tific e vid e n ce th a t th e re is a co n n e ctio n b e tw e e n th e m . T h e a u th o rs p re se n t clin ica i, g e n e tic a n d n e u ro im a g in g d a ta re in fo rcin g th is id e a , a n d ca ll a tte n tio n to th e im p o rta n ce o f re -se a rch in th is a re a , a s th e y b e lie ve th a t th e d e fin itio n o f m o re h o m o g e n o u s su b g ro u p s w ill fa cilita te th e id e n tifica tio n o f b io lo g ica l m a rke rs a n d p re d icto rs o f tre a tm e n t re sp o n se .

O

b s e s s iv e -C o m p u ls iv e D is o rd e r (O C D ) h a s a

life tim e p re v a le n c e o f th re e ' p e rc e n t in th e g e n e ra l

p o p u la tio n a n d is n o w c o n s id e re d a s th e fo u rth

ln o s t fre q u e n t p s y c h ia tric d is e a s e . O C D is d ia g n o s e d b a s e d

o n th e p a tie n t's c lin ic a I h is to ry a n d its e s s e n tia l fe a tu re s ,

in c lu d e re c u rre n t o b s e s s io n s a n d /o r c o m p u ls io n s .

A c c o rd in g to th e n e w e s t c la s s ific a tio n o f th e

A m e ric a n P s y c h ia tric A s s o c ia tio n , th e D S M -IV , I

o b s e s s io n s a re p e rs is te n t id e a s , th o u g h ts , im p u ls e s , o r

im a g e s th a t a re e x p e rie n c e d a s in tru s iv e a n d in a p p ro p ria te .

F e a r o f c o n ta m in a tio n is th e m o s t fre q u e n t o b s e s s io n ,

fo llo w e d b y re p e a te d d o u b ts , a n d a n e e d to h a v e th in g s in

a p a rtic u la r o rd e r o r s Y ln m e try . T h e s e re p e titiv e a n d

u n w a n te d th o u g h ts a re tim e c o n s u m in g (a t le a s t o n e h o u r

a d a y ) a n d c a u s e d is tre s s o r s ig n ific a n t im p a irm e n t.

C o m p u ls io n s a re re p e titiv e b e h a v io rs (e .g . h a n d .

w a s h in g , c h e c k in g , o rd e rin g ) o r m e n ta l a c ts (e .g . p ra y in g ,

A d d r e s s fo r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e :

M a r ia C o n c e iç ã o d o R o s á r io A la m e d a L o r e n a , 8 4 6 -A p . 1 2

S ã o P a u lo /S P - B r a s il- C E P 0 1 4 2 4 - 0 0 1

c o u n tin g , re p e a tin g w o rd s s ile n tly ). T h e y a re u s u a lly

p e rfo n n e d in o rd e r to p re v e n t o r re d u c e a n x ie ty o r d is tre s s ,

c a u s e d m o s t o f th e tim e b y a n o b s e s s io n .

T o u re tte S y n d ro m e (T S ) is c h a ra c te riz e d b y m u ltip le

ln o to r tic s a n d o n e o r m o re v o c a l tic s , w ith o n s e t in

c h ild h o o d a n d a w a x in g a n d w a n in g c o u rs e . T ic s a re

s u d d e n , re p e titiv e , in v o lu n ta ry , s te re o ty p e d m o v e m e n ts o r

v o c a liz a tio n s . T h e y a re c la s s ifie d a c c o rd in g to th e ir

c o m p le x ity a s s iln p le (in v o lv in g a s in g le m u s c le ) o r

c o m p le x (in v o lv in g m u ltip le m u s c le g ro u p s ), a n d to th e ir

d u ra tio n a n d fre q u e n c y a s tra n s ie n t (la s tin g a t le a s t tw o

w e e k s b u t le s s th a n 1 2m o n th s ) o r c h ro n ic (la s tin g ln o re

th a n a y e a r).2

F o r a lo n g tim e c o n s id e re d c o m p le te ly s e p a ra te

d is o rd e rs , re c e n t c lin ic a I, g e n e tic a n d n e u ro im a g in g s tu d ie s

h a v e s u g g e s te d th a t th e re is a re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n O C D

'a n d T S . C lin ic a I s tu d ie s h a v e d e ln o n s tra te d a h ig h e r

in c id e n c e o f tic s a n d T S in O C D p a tie n ts w h e n c o m p a re d

to th e g e n e ra l p o p u la tio n . L ik e w is e , p a tie n ts w ith T S a ls o

h a v e a n in c re a s e d ra te o f o b s e s s iv e -c o m p u ls iv e s y m p to m s

a n d O C D w h e n c o m p a re d to a n o rm a l c o n tro l g ro u p .3

F u rth e rm o re , fa m ily g e n e tic s tu d ie s d e v e lo p e d b y th e Y a le

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1411

Child

S t u d y C e n t e r h a v e s h o w n t h a t f i r s t - d e g r e e r e l a t i v e s

o f T S p a t i e n t s h a v e a h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f T S , c h r o n i c

m o t o r t i c s , a n d O C D t h a n d o n o r m a l c o n t r o l s .3

A s f o r n e u r o i m a g i n g , s t u d i e s w i t h O C D a n d T S

p a t i e n t s h a v e p o i n t e d t o a n a b n o r m a l f u n c t i o n o f m u l t i p l e

p a r a l l e l s e g r e g a t e d c o r t i c o s t r i a t a l c i r c u i t s i n t h e b a s a l

g a n g l i a . S t u d i e s w i t h M R I i n T S p a t i e n t s h a v e y i e l d e d d a t a

c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a n a l t e r a t i o n o n t h e n o r m a l a s y m m e t r y ( L > R ) o f t h e l e n t i c u l a r n u c l e u s ( p u t a m e n a n d g l o b u s

p a l l i d u s ) , 'p r o b a b l y s e c o n d a r y t o a l t e r a t i o n s o f t h e p u t a m e n .

T h e n o r m a l a s y m m e t r y o f t h e c a u d a t e n u c l e u s a n d i t s

v o l u m e a r e a l s o a l t e r e d i n O C D p a t i e n t s . T h e s e f i n d i n g s

r e i n f o r c e B a x t e r 's t h e o r y s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e r e i s a n O C D

-T S s p e c t r u m , w i t h t h e p u t a m e n b e i n g m o r e a f f e c t e d i n T S

a n d t h e c a u d a t e i n O C D .2

B a s e d o n t h e s t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , O C D i s

h e t e r o g e n e o u s , w i t h s o m e f o r m s r e l a t e d t o T S . T h u s , t h e

k n o w l e d g e o f a n a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n O C D a n d T S i s

i m p o r t a n t f o r f u t u r e r e s e a r c h i n t h e p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y o f

t h e s e t w o d i s o r d e r s . B y d e f i n i n g h o m o g e n o u s s u b g r o u p s ,

w e m a y c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n ó f b i o l o g i c a l

m a r k e r s a n d p r e d i c t o r s o f p r o g n o s i s a n d t r e a t m e n t

r e s p o n s e , h e l p i n g c l i n i c i a n s t o d e v e l o p m o r e e f f e c t i v e

m a n a g e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s .

REFERENCES

1 . A m e r i c a n P s y c h i a t r i c A s s o c i a t i o n . D i a g n o s t i c a n d S t a t i s t i c a l

M a n u a l o f M e n t a l D i s o r d e r s , F o u r t h E d i t i o n . W a s h i n g t o n ,

D C : A m e r i c a n P s y c h i a t r i c A s s o c i a t i o n , 1 9 9 4 .

2 . ' C o f f e y B J , M i g u e l E C , S a v a g e C R , R a u c h S L . T o u r e t t e 's

d i s o r d e r a n d r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s : A r e v i e w a n d u p d a t e . H a r v a r d

R e v i e w P s y c h 1 9 9 4 ; 3 5 : 6 1 5 - 7 4 7 .

3 . L e c k m a n J F , P a u i s D L , P e t e r s o n B S , R i d d l e M A , A n d e r s o n

G M , C o h e n D J . P a t h o g e n e s i s o f T o u r e t t e s y n d r o m e : C l u e s

f r o m t h e c l i n i c a i p h e n o t y p e a n d n a t u r a l h i s t o r y . A d v N e u r o l

1 9 9 2 ; 5 8 : 1 5 - 2 4 .

4 . S i n g e r H , R e i s s A , B r o w n J , e t a I . V o l u m e t r i c M R I c h a n g e s

i n b a s a l g a n g l i a o f c h i l d r e n w i t h T o u r e t t e S y n d r o m e . N e u r o l

1 9 9 3 ; 4 3 : 9 5 0 - 6 .

R O S Á R IO , M .C .; M IG U E ~ , E .C . - O b s e s s iv e -c o m p u ls iv e d is o rd e r a n d to u re tte s y n d ro m e : is th e re a re la tio n s h ip ?

Referências

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