On the type series of Stenosigma humerale Giordani Soika with the description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae)

RevistaBrasileiradeEntomologia60 (2016)123–127

REVISTA

BRASILEIRA

DE

Entomologia

w w w . r b e n t o m o l o g i a . c o m

Systematics,

Morphology

and

Biogeography

On

the

type

series

of

Stenosigma

humerale

Giordani

Soika

with

the

description

of

a

new

species

(Hymenoptera,

Vespidae,

Eumeninae)

Marcel

G.

Hermes

,

Wellington

D.

Ferreira

LaboratoryofSystematicsandHymenopteraBiology,DepartmentofBiology,UniversidadeFederaldeLavras,Lavras,MG,Brazil

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

Received30September2015 Accepted25January2016 Availableonline23February2016 AssociateEditor:RodrigoB.Gonc¸alves Keywords: Neotropical Paratype Potterwasps Taxonomy

a

b

s

t

r

a

c

t

Anewspecies,StenosigmaquechuaHermes&Ferreirasp.nov.,isdescribedfromspecimens previ-ouslyincludedinthetypeseriesofStenosigmahumeraleGiordaniSoika,1990.Detailsonthedifferences betweenthetwospeciesaswellascommentsoftaxonomicimplicationsarepresented.

©2016SociedadeBrasileiradeEntomologia.PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.Thisisanopen accessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Introduction

Stenosigma Giordani Soika, 1978 currently comprises four

Neotropicalspecies.ThegenuswasproposedbyGiordaniSoikato

includeasinglespecies,S.allegrum(Zavattari,1912),previously

placedwithinEumenesLatreille,1802.Later,GiordaniSoika(1990)

includedthreeadditionalspecieswithinStenosigma:S.testaceum

(Fox,1899),S.imitans(Ducke,1911)andS.humeraleGiordaniSoika,

1990.

Zavattari(1912)andGiordaniSoika(1978)comparedEumenes

allegrum to the division Pachymenes de Saussure, 1852, but

despiteconsideringbothverysimilar,arguedthatthese

similar-itieswereonlysuperficial.Recentphylogeneticanalysesrecovered

StenosigmaasmonophyleticandsistertoPararhaphidoglossavon

Schulthess,1910,supportedbythepresenceofapretegularcarina

onthelateralsurfaceofthepronotumandtheshapeoftheapical

lamellaofthelowerposteriorpropodeum(Hermesetal.,2014).

ModernrevisionsofsomeNeotropicaltaxaofeumeninewasps

wererecentlyproduced (e.g.Hermesand Melo, 2008;

Garcete-Barrett,2011;Grandineteetal.,2015),andothersareunderway.

Aspartoftheseupcomingrevisions,wewereabletoexaminethe

typeseriesofStenosigmahumerale,anddetectedconsistent

struc-turaldifferencesamongseriesofincludedspecimens.Ofatotalof

sevenspecimens,fivewereexamined:theholotypefemaleandone

paratypemaleremainastheircurrentstatusasincludedinthetype

∗ Correspondingauthor.

E-mail:marcelhermes@dbi.ufla.br(M.G.Hermes).

seriesofS.humerale;theotherthreespecimens(twofemalesand

onemale),previouslytreatedasputativeparatypesofS.humerale,

arehereconsideredasanewspecies.

Materialandmethods

Theexaminedmaterialbelongstothe“MuseoCivicodiStoria

NaturalediVenezia”(MSNVE),Venice,Italy(Dr.MarcoUliana),and

theNaturalHistoryMuseum(NHM),London,England(Dr.Gavin

Broad).Examinationoftheexternalmorphologywascarriedout

withaLeicaS8APOstereomicroscope.Photographswereobtained

withadigital cameraattachedtoa LeicaDFC295

stereomicro-scope, and then treated with the Auto-Montage Pro 5.03.0040

software.ThemorphologicalterminologyfollowsCarpenterand

Garcete-Barrett(2002[2003])forexternalfeaturesandBohartand Stange(1965)forbodysculpture.Antennalflagellomeresarecited

asF1–F11andmetasomaltergaandsternaasT1–T7andS1–S7,

respectively.

LabelswereliterallytranscribedintheTypeMaterialsection.

Informationofonelabelisgivenbetweenquotationmarks,and

backslashesindicatedifferentlinesinthesamelabel.

Results

StenosigmahumeraleGiordaniSoika,1990(Figs.1–9)

StenosigmahumeraleGiordaniSoika,1990:148(key),155.Type

data:holotypefemale(MSNVE).Typelocality:Mapiri,Bolivia.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.01.003

0085-5626/© 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Figs.1–9.Stenosigmahumeraleholotypefemale.1,habitus;2,lowerheadinlateralview;3,lateralsurfaceofpronotuminlateralview;4,mesepisternum;5,mesoscutum andscutellumindorsalview;6,metanotumindorsalview;7,T1indorsalview;8,T1inlateralview;9,S1inventralview.ScalebarsforFig.1=2mm,Figs.2–4=0.5mm, andFigs.5–9=1mm.

Stenosigma humerale resembles some wasps of the genus

Pachymenes(e.g.,P.aterdeSaussure,1852andP.ghilianii(Spinola,

1851))in bothshape/sizeandcolor.It islikelythatthis species

ispartofamimeticringthatincludesothergenerasuchas

Mon-tezumiadeSaussure,1852(e.g.,M.cortesiadeSaussure,1852and

M.cortesioidesWillink,1982)andAgelaiaLepeletier,1836(e.g.,A.

angulata(Fabricius,1804)),besidesPachymenes,whichmaypresent

agreat deal ofvariation in thedistributionof yellowmarkings

uponabrownishbackgroundbodycoloration.Thesemimeticrings

arecommonamongeumeninesandpolistines,andotherexamples

maybefoundinHermes(2010)andGarcete-Barrett(2014).

Thetype materialofS.humeralehousedattheMuseoCivico

diStoriaNaturalediVeneziaandattheNaturalHistoryMuseum

ofLondonwasstudied.Itwaspreviouslycomposedbythe

holo-typefemaleandtheallotypemale,bothfromBolivia,two male

paratypesalsofromBolivia,twofemaleparatypesfromPeruand

onemaleparatypefromColombia.Oneofthefemaleparatypes

from Peru was identified by Bequaert (Fig. 10) as Pachymenes

velutinaDucke,1911.Later,thisspecimenwasexaminedbyvan

derVecht,whoattachedalabeltoit (Fig.11)and contradicted

Bequaert’sconclusion,consideringP.velutinasimilartoP.ghilianii.

Finally,whenrevisingaseriesofNeotropicalgenera,GiordaniSoika

(1990)placedthisspecimenwithinStenosigmaandattributedittoa

newspecies,includingitinitstypeseries(Fig.12).Clearly,the

spec-imenisnotaPachymenesforitbearsthelateralpronotalcarinaand

apre-apicalfossaonT1(bothfeaturesareabsentinPachymenes).

This female specimen (MSNVE), as well as one additional

femaleandonemaleparatypes(NHM),however,showconsistent

structuraldifferenceswhencompared totheholotypeand

allo-type, which is evidence to treat them as a separate species.

ThementionedmalefromColombiaattheNHMislabeledasa

paratype,butitisnotmentionedinGiordaniSoika’s(1990)paper.

AccordingtoArticle72.4ofTheInternationalCodeofZoological

Nomenclature,this specimenistobeconsidered aspartofthe

type series,for it wasknowntoand labeledbyGiordani Soika

himself.

TherearetwoadditionalmaleparatypesfromBoliviamentioned

byGiordaniSoika(1990),buttheywerenotfoundamongthetype

seriesofS.humerale.GiordaniSoikawasknowntoretainspecimens

inhisprivatecollection,ascitedinhisownpapers(e.g.,Giordani

Soika,1990:158),andcommondepositoriesarethetwopresently

studiedcollections.Untilthesetwospecimensarefoundand

prop-erlystudied,theyremainasparatypesofS.humerale,whosetype

seriesiscurrentlycomposedbyfourspecimens.

Examined Type Material. Bolivia, Mapiri: holotype female

(MSNVE),‘Mapiri\Bolivia’‘60’‘64’‘velutinum\Ducke’‘Holotypus\

Stenosigma\humerale’ (red label) ‘clipeo’ (handwriten label).

Bolívia, Coroico: allotype male (MSNVE), ‘Coroico\Bolivia’ ‘♂’

‘Allotypus\Stenosigma\humerale’ (red label)‘clipeo’ (handwriten

label).

Stenosigma quechua Hermes and Ferreira, new species

(Figs.13–21)

StenosigmahumeraleGiordaniSoika,1990:158

(misidentifica-tion).Typedata: holotypefemale(MSNVE).Typelocality: exact

M.G.Hermes,W.D.Ferreira/RevistaBrasileiradeEntomologia60(2016)123–127 125

Figs. 10–12. Labelsattachedto the putative femaleparatype of S.humerale, presentlyattributedtoanewspecies.

Diagnosis

Stenosigmaquechuais similartoS. humerale,sharingwithit

anddifferingfromtheremainingStenosigmaby:(i)clypeuslonger

thanwide;(ii)basal filiformportionofT1longerthan the

api-calhalf;(iii)lateralsurfaceofpronotumdepressed,withhumerus

somewhatprojectedindorsalview;(iv)puncturesonthelateral

surfaceofpronotumandmesoscutumsparser.Stenosigmaquechua

differs particularly from S. humerale by: (i) distance between

eyeand occipitalcarinanearmandiblewider(verynarrowinS.

humerale;compareFigs.2and14);(ii)pronotalfoveanarrow,

slit-like(roundedinS.humerale;compareFigs.3and15);(iii)scrobal

sculpturationcoarser(lessevidentinS.humerale;compareFigs.4

and16);(iv)puncturesonpronotum,mesoscutumandscutellum

lesscoarse(compareFigs.5and17);(v)apicalmarginof

metan-otumrounded(somewhatangledinS.humerale;compareFigs.6

and18);(vi)pre-apicalfossaofT1narrow,slitlike(roundedinS.

humerale;compareFigs.7and 19);(vii)T1inlateralviewwith

basalfiliformportionshorter(longerinS.humerale;compareFigs.

8and20);and(viii)S1apicalscleritetriangular(semi-circularinS.

humerale;compareFigs.9and21).

Description.Holotypefemale.Approximatebodylength15mm;

approximateforewinglength12mm.Color:Integument

blackish-brown. Antenna with pedicel and scape reddish brown. Head

withlightbrownmarksasfollows:alongmandibles;stripeson

inner orbits of compound eyes at emargination; gena entirely.

Mesosomadarkbrown, withlightbrownmarksasfollows:

lat-eral surfaceof pronotum; humeral region; pronotallobe; band

along the apicalmargin of pronotumadjacentto mesoscutum;

largemaculaeonmesepisternum;tegulaeandparategulae;

mac-ulae on metapleura right above hind coxa; large maculae on

posteriorsurfaceofpropodeum.Forelegslightbrown;midand

hind legs reddish brown. Metasoma blackish brown; T1 with

darkreddishbrownmaculae;apicallightbrownstripesonT2-6.

Pubescence:golden,covering mostofthebody. Longand erect

pilosity onlateralmargins of clypeus, vertex, dorsal surface of

pronotum, tegulae, alar sclerites, mesepisternum and posterior

surfaceofpropodeum.Metasomawithconspicuouspubescence,

withlonganderectpilosityonapexofT2-6andS2-6.

Integumen-talsurface:clypeusmicropunctate;frons,pronotum,mesoscutum,

scutellum,metanotumandposteriorsurfaceofpropodeumwith

sparseand shallowmacropuncation; mesepisternumvery

shal-lowlyandsparselypunctate,puncturesalmostobsolete;metasoma

closemicropunctate,withoutmacropunctures.Scrobal

sculptura-tioncoarse.Structure:clypeuslongerthanwide,withapexlittle

emarginated, almost truncate; clypeal teeth rounded and

cari-nate, withcarinae welldeveloped and extendingas far asone

thirdofclypeuslength;distancebetweeneyeandoccipitalcarina

near mandible wide; pronotal carina well developed along its

entire length; pronotalfovea narrow,slitlike; lateralsurface of

pronotumdepressed,withhumeroussomewhatprojectedin

dor-salview;pretegularcarinawelldeveloped;parategulaenarrowed,

digitiform;metanotumwithapicalmarginrounded;longitudinal

median carina of posterior surface of propodeum conspicuous;

basalfiliformportionofT1longerthantheapicalhalf;pre-apical

fossaofT1narrow,slitlike;T2widerthanlongindorsalview.

Paratypemale.Differsfromthefemaleonlybytheusualsexual

dimorphismfeatures,suchasnumber ofantennalflagellomeres

andnumberofmetasomalsclerites.

Etymology. The specific epithet, Quechua, refers to thefirst

indigenousgroupstoinhabittheProvinceofDosdeMayoinPeru,

wheretheholotypewascollected.

Examined TypeMaterial. Peru, Dosde Mayoto ElPorvenir:

holotype female (MSNVE), ‘Dos de Mayo to\El Porvenir\Cam,

del Pichis\PERU July6, 1920’ ‘414’ ‘P. velutinus Duc\det. Beq.

MCZ’ ‘not identical\with velutina Duke\which is prob. a\form

of P. ghilianii\(pubesc. of propodeum?)\J. v. d. Vecht 5.1.79’

(handwriten lable) ‘Paratypus\ Stenosigma\umerale’ (red

label) ‘AGS’. Peru, Chanchamayo: paratype female (NHM),

‘Peru\Chanchamayo\27.III.1949\J.M.Schunke\B.M. 1952-645’

‘PARATYPUS\Stenosigma\humerale’.Colombia, Narino: paratype

male, ‘COLOMBIA: Narino,\Barbacoas\2-6.v.1976\M.Cooper\B.M.

1976-290’.

Remarks

AntonioGiordaniSoika(1913–1997)wasanItalian

entomol-ogistwho greatly contributed tothe knowledge of Neotropical

Eumeninae(e.g.,GiordaniSoika,1978,1990).Manytaxonomickeys

currentlyemployedintheidentificationoftheseorganismswere

produced byhim,includingmostofthetaxa placed withinthe

EumeninisensuHermesetal.(2014).

Inhispapers,GiordaniSoika(1978,1990)proposedkeysfor

Figs.13–21.Stenosigmaquechuaholotypefemale.13,habitus;14,lowerheadinlateralview;15,lateralsurfaceofpronotuminlateralview;16,mesepisternum;17, mesoscutumandscutellumindorsalview;18,metanotumindorsalview;19,T1indorsalview;20,T1inlateralview;21,S1inventralview.ScalebarsforFig.13=2mm, Figs.14–17=0.5mm,andFigs.18–21=1mm.

onhiscoupletsinordertoverifywhichfeatureswereemployed

inthesetaxonomickeys.Ofatotalof126couplets,thethree

fea-turesusedmoreoftenwereintegumentsculpture(punctation)(64

couplets–50.79%),coloration(48couplets–38.1%),andclypeal

morphology(38couplets –30.16%).It isa remarkablefact that

GiordaniSoikareliedmainlyoncharactersthatshowagreatdeal

ofvariationamongvespids,namelypunctationandcoloration(for

discussiononcolorvariationamongvespidsseeCarpenter,1987

andCarpenter,2002[2003]andreferencestherein),andneglected

much more evident aspectsof body structure asshown in the

presentcontribution.

Carefulexaminationofexternalmorphologyarerevealing

sev-eralfeaturesofbothtaxonomicandphylogeneticimportancethat

wereignored by GiordaniSoika in his papers. Oneremarkable

example is the differences in the expansion and retraction of

thescleritesrelatedtotheaxillaryregionofeumeninewasps,as

exemplifiedbyGarcete-Barrett(2011)forthegenusStenonartonia

GiordaniSoika,1973.GiordaniSoika’sapproachtovespid

taxon-omymaybearesultofthedifferentconceptsadoptedbyhimat

thattime,suchasacceptanceofvariationtoestablishsubspecies,

forexample.Nevertheless,thisalonedoesnotdiminishtheimpact

ofhiswork,whichincludessomemonographicpapers,onvespid

systematics.

Conflictsofinterest

Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsofinterest.

Acknowledgements

TheauthorsthankDr.MarcoUlianaandDr.GavinBroad for

loaningthespecimens usedin thepresent contribution.Letícia

A.Oliveiraandtwoanonymousreviewersareacknowledgedfor

commentingandimprovinganearlierversionofthemanuscript.

FAPEMIG(process number CRA-APQ-01573-13)provided

finan-cialsupportandaBICscholarshiptoWDF.MGHwasprovidedby

ProjectPACCSS(fundedbyCAPESandFAPEMIG,processnumber

CAG30042/12)duringhisvisittotheNHM.

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