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2019
BOOK
OF
BOOK
OF
PROCEEDINGS
solutions treatments opportunities
2 01
Costa da Caparica
4>6
september
ternational
Conference
CVR - Centra para a Valorlz~o de Reslduos Campus de Azurem da Universidade do Minho
4800-058 Guimaries PORTUGAL Telef.: +351 253 510 020 Fax: +351 253 510 029 http://www.cvreSiduos.pt e-mall: [email protected]
Book of proceedings -
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International Confetence WASTES: Solutions, Treatments and OpportunitiesEDillON
CVR - Centra para a Valorizacan de Resfduos
EDITORS
Fernando Castro, candida Vilarinho, Joana Carvalho COVER DESIGN Rui Ferreira ISSN 2183-0568 september 2019
37 STANDARDIZED INFORMATION FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT RELATED TO DECONSTRUCTION PHASE Couto, P 111 38 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES EMPLOYING MAGNE"nC RESPONSE - SMART TOOLS FOR Posplskova, K 114
ENVIRONMENTAL APPUCAllONS
39 ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTETOSYNGAS Adefeso,AA 117 40 ANALYSIS OF THE END-OF-LIFE COSTS OF PUBLIC-SCHOOL BUILDINGS STRUCTURES Margarldo, R 121 41 SOLID WASTE VALORISATION FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES Cartaxo, MAM 125 42 Tl-IE ROLE OF PLASTIC WASTE IN THE ROUTE TOWARDS CIRCULARITY IN THE BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION Almelda, F 128
SECTOR
43 EVALUATION OF ARECA PALM RENEWABLE OPTIONS TO REPLACE DISPOSABLE PLASTIC CONTAINERS USING LIFE Gautam,A 131
CYCLE ASSESSMENT
44 ESTI MAllVE OF THE POTENTIAL GEN ERAllON OF ELECTRICITY AND BIOMETHANE BY BIOGAS FROM SUGARCANE Mattos, AP 134
VINASSE IN BRAZIL
45 FRACTIONATION OF RED WINE GRAPE POMACE BY SUBCRmCAL WATER EXTRACTION/HYDROLYSIS Pedras, B 138 46 PRODUCTION OF LOW-COST HYDROCHARS BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF COMPOST: KINETIC Roman, FF 140
MODELING AND TREATMENT OF THE GENERATED LIQUID EFFLUENT BY FENTON
47 WET PEROXIDE OXIDATION OF PARACETAMOL USING Fe/Co PILLARED CLAY CATALYSTS PREPARED FROM Santos Silva, A 143
NATURAL CLAYS
48 BRAKE PAD PERFORMANCE USING END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES, ALUMINA AND STEEL WASTES Atalde, R 146 49 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC MATTER AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF A COMPOSTING PROCESS Silva, AC 149 50 Tl-IE CHARCLEAN PROJECT: FOSTERING EXISTING BIOMASS CARBONIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN PORTUGUESE Neves, D 152
RURAL AREAS
51 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT {LCA} OF RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT [RAP} RECYCLING IN SOLUTIONS FOR Vandewalle, D 155
CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF ROAD PAVEMENTS- PORTUGUESE EXPERIENCE
52 USE OF RECYCLED AGGREGATES IN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURES: THE ROLE PLAYED BY MECHANICAL AND Frelre,AC 158
ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATIONS
53 REMOVAL OF CIPROFLOXACIN USING ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM TANNING INDUSTRY RESIDUES Freitas, MM 161 54 SUSTAINABLE VALUE CREATION THROUGH INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS Vladimirova, D 164 55 BIOWASTE-BASEDAMENDMENTS IN AGROECOSYSTEMS: WHEN THE INCREASE IN SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND Alvarenga, P 167
OVERALL SOl L QUALITY FACE SOME THREATS
56 PREDICTION OF LOWER HEATING VALUE {LHV} USING THE PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID Jeong. D 170
WASTE [MSW} IN KOREA
57 INFLUENCE OFTHE FEEDSTOCK MATERIAL ON Tl-IE COMPOST MATURITY, STABILITY AND REACTIVITY Silva, AC 173 58 REMEDIATION OF MINE-<:ONTAMINATED SOILS USING BIOMASS ASH AND SLUDGE FROM PULP AND PAPER Mourlnha, C 176
INDUSTRY: EVALUATION OF NUTRIENTS' AVAILABILITY, ENZVMATIC ACTIVITY AND SOIL ECOTOXICITY
59 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT APPLIED TO PHYSICAL PROCESS USED TO RECOVER COPPER FROM PRINTED CIRCUIT Dias,JO 179
BOARD
60 POTENTIAL USE OF LEACHATES FROM A MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT Cardoso, J 182
PLANT AS FERTILIZERS
61 HEAVY METALS REMOVAL OF LEACHATES FROM A MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Cardoso, J 185
TREATMENT PLANT FOR USE AS FERll LIZERS
62 VALORIZATION OF CORK USING SUBCRITICAL WATER Cunha, M 188 63 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PLASTIC PACKAGING RECYCLING IN PORTUGAL AND SWEDEN Freitas, AL 191 64 VALORIZATION OFTOMATO WASTE USING SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES Marques, M 194 65 EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION Carvalho, R 197 66 BENEFICIATION OF IRON FROM A SMELTER SLAG IN BOTSWANA Maolosi, T 201 67 PRETREATM ENTS APPLIED TO MICROALGAE RES I DUES TO ENHANCE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION Rodrlgues, MP 204 68 COMPARISON OF CADMIUM BINDING BY HUMIC AND FULVIC ACIDS EXTRACTED FROM TWO COMPOSTS OF Silva, AC 207
DIFFERENT ORIGIN
69 DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF CIRCULAR RECONSTRUCTION - ENVIRONMENTAL AND Matlas, D 210
ECONOMIC IMPACT OFA CASE STUDY
70 ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY FOR THE PORTUGUSE MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR Mii-Homens, FJ 213 71 CHARACTERIZATION OF YOUNG LEACHATES AND OPTIMIZAllON STUDY OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION USING BIO- Moujanni, A-E 216
METHANE POTENTIAL TESTS (BMP}
72 COULD WASTED FOOD BE USEFUL TO CONTROL PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI? EFFECT OF HUMIC AND FULVIC Santos, c 219
WASTES: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities
5th International Conference September 4th - 6th, 2019
HEAVY METALS REMOVAL OF LEACHATES FROM A MECHANICAL
BIOLOGICAL MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT PLANT FOR USE AS
FERTILIZERS
J. Carcloso1, M.T. Vertonha2, F. F. Roman3, A. Santos Silva4, J.L Diaz de Tuesta5, P. Brito6 and H.T. Gomes7
1 Centro de lnvestigayao de Montanha (CIMO), Institute Politecnico de Braganya, Campus de Santa Apol6nia, 5300-253, Braganya, Portugal, [email protected]
2 Centro de lnvestigaoao da Montanha (CIMO), Institute Politecnico de Braganoa, Campus de Santa Apol6nia, 5300-253, Braganya, Portugal, [email protected]
3 Centro de lnvestigayao da Montanha (CIMO), Institute Politecnico de Braganya, 5300-253 Braganya, Portugal, and Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering- Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal, [email protected]
4 Centro de lnvestigayao da Montanha (CIMO), Institute Politecnico de Braganya, 5300-253 Braganya, Portugal, and Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal, [email protected]
5 Centro de lnvestigayao da Montanha (CIMO), Institute Politecnico de Braganya, Campus de Santa Apol6nia, 5300-253, Braganya, Portugal, [email protected]
6 Centro de lnvestigaoao da Montanha (CIMO), Institute Politecnico de Braganoa, Campus de Santa Apol6nia, 5300-253, Braganya, Portugal, [email protected]
7 Centro de lnvestigayao da Montanha (CIMO), Institute Politl!cnico de Braganoa. 5300-253 Braganya, Portugal, and Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal, [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Leachates produced from treatment plants contains carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements. This work aims to develop heavy metals removal processes using solid adsorbents synthetized at CIMO and LSRE-LCM laboratories at Polytechnic Institute of Bragam;a, such as activated carbon produced from a compost material from the same treatment plant and modified clays obtained through a partnership with a Kazakhstan institution, to adequate the leachate from the composting line of a mechanical and biological treatment facility, into commercial fertilizers which fit the requirements of the European Legislation. Preliminary results show that the adsoption materials promoted a reduction in the heavy metals content, but this reduction also affected the organic carbon content. However, the activated carbons presented a better potencial for heavy metals removal.
Keywords: Heavy metals removal, adsorption process, leachate treatment, fertilizers.
INTRODUCTION
Leachate is a waste product, which means that no direct production costs are associated, instead it implies expensive treatment processes to be discarded. The use of leachates in agriculture also means that the costs at waste treatment plants can be reduced. However, due to the nature of the leachates, they may contain heavy metals, phytotoxic substances such as ammonia, organic compounds of low molecular weight and high salt content [1], [2]. The content of organic carbon, nutrients and contaminants depends on the nature of the raw material, the conversion processes applied, the operational conditions [3], [4]. The characteristics of landfill leachate differ by many factors such as the composition of waste, elapsed time of the landfill, geochemical properties of the site and climate of the region. Municipal landfill leachates typically contain high ammonium and organic concentration [5]-{7].
The aim of this work is the testing of heavy metals removal processes using solid adsorbents synthetized at CIMO and LSRE-LCM laboratories at Polytechnic Institute of Braganc;a such as activated carbon produced from the compost residue generated in the same treatment plant and modified clays obtained from a partnership with a Kazakhstan institution, to adequate a leachate from the composting line of a mechanical and biological treatment facility, into commercial fertilizers which fit the requirements of the European Legislation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The samples were obtained from the leachate storage tank from a composting line of a mechanical and biological treatment plant of organic wastes at the company Resrduos do Nordeste, ElM (Mirandela, Portugal). The samples were collected in February 2019, and then were stored at 4°C in 5 L PET bottles. The samples were centrifugated, filtered and the supernatant was taken to analysis. The adsorbent materials were active carbon produced from the compost material generated in the treatment plant and acid activated clays obtained in a partnership with a Kazakhstan institution. The activated carbon is produced from the compost provided by Residuos do Nordeste, which is washed with distilled water, dried for 12h at 11
ooc,
powdered and sifted, for homogenization. Different amounts of the compost were mixed with 30 ml of distilled water to obtain different initial concentrations and heated to targeted temperature as presented in Table 1. Then, the solids were separated by vacuum filtration (pore size 0.45 IJ.m), washed and dried for 15h at 1oooc.
Tabl 1 e • Co mpos1t1on an treatments use 1n t e act1ve ea d d. h rbo n pro uc d edf rem t e comp1 h est. Sample Reaction time (h) Compost mass (g) Reaction temperature (°C)
AC10 4 3.00908 230 AC 11 2 3.00037 230 AC12 2 2.00591 150
The natural clays, obtained from 4 diferent locations at Kazakhstan named ASA, KAA, AKA and KOA, were purified with a mixture of sodium acetate and acetic acid. Acid activated clays samples were prepared by adding 3 g of the natural clay into a 250 ml three necked round bottom flask, and 150 ml of 4 M solution of H2S04. The resulting suspenion was stirred at 80
oc
during 3 h. The supernatant was discharged and the activated clay was repeatedly washed until neutral pH. The activated clay was recovered and then dried in air static oven at 60oc
overnight.1 OmL of the leachate for the active carbon and 20mL for the clays are mixed with 0.1 g or 0.2g of each one of the solid adsorbents samples for 48 hours at room temperature, centrifugated at 9000rpm and the supernatant is reserved at 411C. The samples were characterized using TOC
analysis, performed with 1 :500 dilution, in a Shimadzu TOC-L equipment. Heavy metals quantification was performed by digesting the samples with HNOa/HCI during 48 h at 60°C, then filtrated using a 0.451J.m syringe filter in a 50 mL volumetric flask, completed with a 5% HN03 solution, and afterwards analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy using a Varian SpectrAA 220 apparatus. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and heavy metals content of original and filtered leachates are summarized in Table 2 for samples collected in February 2019 from the compost leachate storage facility.
Table 2. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and heavy metals content of orit inalleachates and adsorbed leachates. Samples %TOC Zn (mglkg) Cu (mglkg) Cd (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) NI (mglkg) Cr (mglkg) EU 2016 3 1500 600 3 120 50 2 Original 2.81 468.6 101.6 0.37 4.76 116.33 10.74 Original Filtered 2.79 252.78 241.15 0.91 4.11 148.93 9.83 AC 10-0.1 2.03 505.55 263.07 0.81 4.11 11.71 6.67 AC 11-0.1 1.98 252.78 21.92 1.31 1.03 128.85 6.32 AC 12-0.1 2.02 252.78 241.15 1.01 1.03 125.5 6.67 AC 10-0.2 2.30 505.55 284.99 0.60 1.03 147.26 6.32 AC 11-0.2 2.36 252.78 306.91 1.01 1.03 3.35 7.37 AC 12-0.2 2.07 252.78 21.92 0.50 1.03 95.38 8.43 186
ASA 0.1 2.48 252.78 197.3 0.70 4.11 61.91 8.43 KAA 0.1 2.39 1011.10 131.53 0.81 1.03 18.41 13.70 AKA 0.1 2.39 1263.88 197.30 0.60 2.06 170.68 10.18 KOA0.1 2.37 758.33 438.45 0.30 2.06 199.13 13.35 ASA0.2 2.41 1263.88 372.68 1.51 1.03 103.75 9.83 KAA0.2 2.51 1263.88 43.84 1.31 5.14 63.59 11.24 AKA0.2 2.38 758.33 438.45 0.70 1.03 162.32 11.59 KOA0.2 2.52 1 011.1 87.69 0.70 6.17 87.01 12.99
The original leachate obtained at February 2019 presents a organic carbon content lower than the requirements of the EU fertilizers legislation (3% of TOC) for liquid organo-mineral fertilizers
The adsorption processes were tested using the filtered leachate samples removing the effect of the suspended solids and to ensure better separation after the adsorption process. Each treated leachate sample was identified by the adsorption solid used, as presented in Table 2.
The adsorption materials showed interactions with the organic carbon present in the leachate, which promoted visible removal of this carbon material from the liquid phase. The activated carbon promoted greater TOC removal in comparison with the active clays, which could affect the heavy metals removal since it is possible that the organic carbon would occupy the adsorption centers blocking the suppression of heavy metals. The adsorption materials showed interaction with the heavy metals present in the leachates, although it is notorious that the leachate heterogeneity affects greatly the results. Nevertheless Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb contents always fullfil the requirements. On the other hand, Ni and Cr still present higher content than the minimum allowed in the legislation. The samples treated with activated carbons produced from compost show lower heavy metals content. CONCLUSION
The concentrated leachate cannot be used, at this point, as a fertilizer because it does not fit all the legislation requirements, but it still displays potential for future use. lt shows high TOC contents. Although the adsorption materials promoted a reduction in the heavy metals content, this reduction also affected the organic carbon content, which is not an intented effect since it can affect negatively the fulfillment of the TOC requirements. Overall the activated carbons produced from the compost presented a better potencial for heavy metals removal. Nevertheless ion-exchage resins will
be
now tested for a more efficient heavy metals removal in order to minimize possible secondary elimination of usefull components such as nutrients or organic carbon.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was financially supported by: Project VALORCOMP, funded by FEDER through Programme INTERREG V-A Spain - Portugal (POCTEP) 2014-2020 and Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM- UID/EQU/50020/2019- funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). REFERENCES
[1] R. Moreno, T. Garcia, J. M. Storch, and E. Arellano, "Fertilization and correction of agricultural soils with organic products. Use of organic waste and by-products as fertilizers. Characterization of leachates," CONAMA 10 Congr. Nac. Del Medio Ambient. Madrid 22-26 Novemb., pp. 1-1 0, 2010. [2] L. S. Clescer1, A. E. Greenber, and A. D. Eaten, "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater," vol. 2oth ed., 1999.
[3] Ministl§rio da Economia de Portugal, Ministerio da economia- Decreto-Lei n.0 10312015. 2015, pp.
3756-3788.
[4] A. Azimi, A. Azari, M. Rezakazemi, and M. Ansarpour, "Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewaters: A Review," ChemBioEng Rev., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37-59, 2017.
[5] European Comission, European Parliament and European Council Proposal for the Regulation of
fertilizers products with the CE marking and amending Regulations (EC) No 106912009 and (EC) No 1107/2009.2016.
[6] J. Cardoso, H. Games, and P. Brito, "Viability ofthe Use of Leachates from a Mechanical Biological Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant as Fertilizers," Recycling, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 8, 2019.
[7] M. Zhao, Y. Xu, C. Zhang, H. Rong, and G. Zeng, "New trends in removing heavy metals from wastewater: Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol., vol. 100, no. 15, pp. 6509-6518,2016.
