…a new era of interna,onal affairs?
SPIDER WEB, UFRJ: 4 to 15 March 2013
Manuel Heitor Center for InnovaEon, Technology and Policy Research, IN+/IST Portugal
…and about human development through science?
…which new factors for development and growth at local and global scales?
…which impact for public policies?
A Primeira Missa no Brasil, Victor Meireles, 1860 Museu Nacional de Belas Artes (Rio de Janeiro, RJ)
a few recent iniEaEves…
SCIENCE IN PORTUGUESE
UNESCO’s ini,a,ve, together with CNPq, CPLP, Camoes, IP and other partners to develop an interac,ve plaJorm for the science, Technology and innova,on systems of countries with Portuguese as official language to promote scien,fic collabora,on and
for a bePer assessment and update of their na,onal regional
and global performance
11.05% 3.58% 3.01% 2.87% 1.96% 1.92% 1.91% 1.58% 1.08% 0.96% 0.94% 0.84% 0.83% 0.82% 0.76% 0.72% 0.68% 0.67% 0.63% 0.58% 0.55%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Source: GOàSPIN-‐UNESCO (2012)
Brazil: Co-‐publica,on
paPerns (1973-‐2011)
17.47% 15.09% 12.49% 10.95% 10.81% 10.11% 5.40% 5.33% 5.33% 5.26% 5.12% 4.35% 4.21% 4.07% 4.07% 3.44% 2.95% 2.53% 2.04% 2.04% 2.04% 1.97% 1.61% 1.61% 1.54% 1.54% 1.33% 1.05% 0.98%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
USA SPAIN SOUTH AFRICA PORTUGAL ENGLAND SWEDEN TANZANIA FRANCE NETHERLANDS BELGIUM ITALY AUSTRALIA SWITZERLAND BRAZIL NORWAY KENYA DENMARK GERMANY INDIA UGANDA ZIMBABWE MALAWI CANADA NIGERIA GHANA SCOTLAND SOUTH KOREA ZAMBIA ETHIOPIA
Mozambique: Co-‐publica,on paPerns (1973-‐2011)
Source: GOàSPIN-‐UNESCO (2012)
9.93% 9.24% 8.85% 7.87% 6.50% 4.88% 3.76% 3.67% 2.66% 2.58% 2.51% 1.78% 1.71% 1.66% 1.63% 1.63% 1.63% 1.51% 1.39% 1.23% 1.18% 1.13% 1.12% 0.97% 0.89% 0.76% 0.72% 0.66%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
USA SPAIN ENGLAND FRANCE GERMANY ITALY NETHERLANDS BRAZIL BELGIUM SWITZERLAND SWEDEN RUSSIA DENMARK AUSTRIA SCOTLAND CANADA POLAND GREECE FINLAND NORWAY CZECH REPUBLIC PEOPLES R CHINA JAPAN AUSTRALIA HUNGARY INDIA ISRAEL SLOVENIA
Portugal: Co-‐publica,on paPerns (1973-‐2011)
Source: GOàSPIN-‐UNESCO (2012)
The idea: new (distributed) Centre insEtuEonally linked to CPLP (The InternaEonal OrganizaEon of all Portuguese-‐Speaking Countries), providing the steering of doctoral and post-‐doctoral programmes designed to reducing brain drain and fostering sustainable scienEfic internaEonal cooperaEon .
UNESCO Centre for Science and Technology
A recent iniEaEve (launched by Portugal and Brazil in 2010-‐2011):
The context: recently approved by UNESCO, 2012
Opera,on: The secretariat of the new UNESCO Centre will be located in
Lisbon. Its is expected that the Centre acEvity will rely mostly on the scienEfic and technological capaciEes of Brazil and Portugal, and that it will impact scienEfic development and capacity building in Angola and Mozambique as well as in Cape-‐Vert, Guinea (Bissau), S. Tome and
Principe, and East-‐Timor.
The Progress: 40 PhD grants approved in 2012, funded by FCT (Portugal)
…but, a “long-‐lasEng” trend:
“Early drop-‐out” and/or
“brain drain” from developing and emerging regions”
% of internaEonal Students
Jus,fying student outbond flows…
1. Constrained-‐domes,c schooling:
students leave the educaEon system because of lack of study opportuniEes and overall poverty levels.
2. Migra,on-‐for-‐employment: students
leave to obtain higher wages abroad ager they complete their studies
1. Constrained-‐domes,c schooling:
Large differences in societal engament!
Ratio of total students enrolled at Tertiary Education by 20-29 year-old population (2004)
0,45
0,41
0,25
0,06
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5
Finland Ne
w Zealand US (2006)
US Sw
eden Norw
ay Ru
ssia
Russia (2006) Greece
Au stralia
Iceland Denmark
Po land UK
UK (2006) Be
lgium Ca
nada Israel
Ire land
Sp ain Netherlands
Italy Hungary
France Po
rtugal Japan Japan (2
006) EU
-25 Germ
any
Germ any (2006)
Ch ile
Au stria Sw
itzerland Cz
ech Republic Slovak Republic
Turkey Me
xico Bra
zil Ko
rea
China (2006) Ch
ina India India (2006) Source: OECD and Eurostat (w/ approximations of population)
2. Migra,on-‐for-‐employment:
Trends in students enrolled outside their country of ciEzenship
Regional origins of internaEonal students
Trends in share of all internaEonal students:
2000-‐2009
Stay rate of internaEonal students (2009)
…but, lack of data and systemaEc analysis for
internaEonal flows of skilled labor force and
researchers!
…and a great challenge for public policy (and science and innova,on policies):
Portugal:
a case study of policies oriented towards alracEng skilled human resources!
Some data: New PhDs by 10.000 labor force
Fontes: NSF/NIH/USED/USDA/NEH/NASA, 2008 Survey of Earned Doctorates; Eurostat; GPEARI/MCTES
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Reconhecimentos/equivalências/Registos Realizados em Universidades Portuguesas Total
Portugal: New PhDs (1970-‐2009)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Percentage of PhDs obtained in the 4 oldest universities vs total PhDs obtained
Number of PhD degrees obtained
% of the 4 oldest universities vs total Degrees obtained in Portugal Degrees obtained abroad
Doctoral degrees concluded in Portugal and abroad for 1970-‐2010, and percentage of those obtained from the four oldest universiEes in
Portugal (Porto, Coimbra, Lisbon and Technical of Lisbon)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Number of FCT direct PhD fellowships
Ratio PhDs obtained abroad vs Portugal
Ratio PhDs obtained abroad vs obtained in Portugal FCT Direct PhD fellowships -‐ periods spent in Portugal and abroad
RaEo of PhDs obtained abroad in relaEon to PhDs obtained in Portugal,
by quinquenia, 1970-‐2010
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009p
GERD as a percentage of GDP
JNICT / FCT Doctoral fellowships
FCT Post-‐ doctoral fellowships Assessment R&D units
Associate Laboratories
International partnerships with US universities
Doctoral research contract program
Sponsored Chairs Chronology of public policy instruments
Sc ie nc e po lic y in P or tu gal : Eme e voluEon…
Portugal: total PhDs (1970-‐2009)
No. doctorates who obtained their degree in Portuguese Universi,es: 1970 -‐ 2008 14 147
Doctorates working in R&D acEviEes in Portugal (2009) 12 277
Doctorates working in non-‐related R&D acEviEes in Portugal , or in other situaEons 988
Doctorates working abroad (2009) 521
Doctorates with non-‐idenEfied professional situaEon 361
No. doctorates who obtained their degree abroad and registered their degree in Portugal:
1970-‐2008 4 206
Portuguese naEonality 3491 Foreign naEonality 313
Doctorates working in R&D acEviEes in Portugal (2009) 3210
Doctorates working in non-‐related R&D acEviEes in Portugal , or in other situaEons 555
Doctorates working abroad (2009) 148
Doctorates with non-‐idenEfied professional situaEon 293
No. doctorates who obtained their degree abroad and working in Portugal (2009) 1 836 Doctorates with foreign naEonality working in R&D acEviEes in Portugal (2009) 1523
Doctorates with foreign naEonality working in non-‐related R&D acEviEes in Portugal (2009) 313
No. doctorates who obtained or registered their degree in Portugal and are working abroad 669
Main findings:
• Public investment in science associated to policies facilitaEng the co-‐evoluEon of human capital formaEon and insEtuEonal capacity building can lead to a situa,on of brain gain.
• In the specific case of Portugal, it took almost four decades to achieve reasonable internaEonal levels of investment in science and technology and to overcome a situaEon of conEnuous lagging behind the internaEonal scene.
• This is shown to be associated with paPerns of rela,vely sluggish or fluctua,ng investments in R&D for many years, reaching unprecedented levels of
development only ager 2008.
• Other regions worldwide may accelerate this process, if adequate policy measures are systemaEcally taken to facilitate the co-‐evoluEon idenEfied in this paper.
• In the case of Portugal, the number of researchers grew with rela,vely low levels
of R&D funding per researcher, but at a level alracEve enough to foster brain-‐gain.
…diasporas:
other great challenges for public policy
(and science and innova,on policies)
ProfiEng from the “ Diasporas ” abroad…
Switzerland:
• Swissnex - Switzerland’s Knowledge Network
• GIAN - The Geneva International Academic Network
Germany:
• GAIN – German Academic International Network
Canada:
• ISTP Canada – Intl. S & T Partnerships Canada Inc.
Portugal:
• PAPS; ParsUK (Doctoral and post-doctoral networks)
…building “Knowledge Networks” between research students
and scientists abroad and national R&D institutions and industry
…but, how to frame related public policies in emerging countries
(and science and innova,on policies)?:
“endogenous development with knowledge”,
avoiding brain drain from developing and emerging regions
AND
aPrac,ng skilled human resources for those regions!
The context: The Future of Science, Technology & Innovation?
Is there room for a common vision of the future of S,T&I?
Such a future would require to:
• Multiply global R&D and HE networks
• Better understanding of “policy mix”:
– Exploration and exploitation
– Extended BERD across small, medium and large companies
– The key role of local productive arrangements for global markets
• Develop international R&D organisations and programmes
• Invent jointly new economic drivers
• Diversify and combine funding sources
• Promote the transatlantic debate for new research agendas
A potenEal idea for policy ac-on and policy research:
Looking at government-‐industry-‐higher
educaEon relaEonships
in a new era of internaEonal affairs
Frameworkconditions Supportschemes
Education policy
Labourmarket policy
Specificregulations (e.g.IPRs)
Regionalandurban planningpolicies Publicprocurement Financialpolicies
Competitionpolicy
Promotionofresearchers' mobility(e.g.TCSinthe UnitedKingdom)
Thematicresearch networks(e.g.RNRTin France)
Financialincentivesto co-operativeresearch (e.g.Framework ProgrammeintheEU)
Publiclyfunded intermediaries(e.g. FraunhoferinGermany) Publicseedcapitalfunds (e.g.I-SourceinFrance)
Government policy
i n c u b a t o r s , s c i e n c e p a r k s ,
c l u s t e r s , i n t e r m e d i a r i e s
Conferences, expos
& specialised media Informal contacts within
professional networks Flow of graduates toindustry
Co-publications Mobility of researchers
Joint labs Spin-offs Licensing Researchcontracts
Co-operativeResearch Centres(e.g.CRCsin Australia)
Formal mechanisms for Industry-‐Science Rela,onships:
the 2p of an iceberg
• Codified knowledge easier to use and manipulate (IT)
• Codified knowledge easier to divulge
(telecommunicaEons)
THE DYNAMICS OF THE
KNOWLEDGE-‐BASED ECONOMY
Technological Change
Globalization and innovation of markets
Reduction in costs of
communication, promoting the globalization of production and of financial
markets Intensification
of competition and
acceleration of the process of diffusion of technology
Can it foster new factors for development and growth
at local and global scales?
Government-‐industry-‐higher educaEon relaEonships in a new era of internaEonal affairs:
Interna,onalizing Higher Educa,on
Students enrolled outside their home country:
long term growth
…a new hypothesis:
The “organized” internaEonalizaEon of universiEes should be understood as a key element in a new era of interna,onal affairs, as driven by poliEcal and economic objecEves, but:
• It considers acEviEes that are fundamentally different
from the tradi,onal role of universi,es, involving, most of the Emes, capacity building and insEtuEon building.
• It act as a new narra,ve in university-‐government-‐
industry relaEonships and claims for the need of naEonal policies to go beyond “naEonal systems of innovaEon”.
• It does not seem to be a hostage of tradi,onal forms of
services’ interna,onal commerce, deriving its uniqueness
from the very nature of the academic communiEes.
Sino-‐Danish Center for Educa,on and Research (Beijing)
ParEcipaEng insEtuEons: University of Copenhagen | Roskilde University | Copenhagen Business School | Aalborg University | University of Southern Denmark | University of Aarhus | Technical University of Denmark | IT University of Copenhagen
A joint project on educaEon and research between the eight Danish universiEes, the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and InnovaEon, the Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (GUCAS) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).
The Center will be located at GUCAS’ future Yanqihu Campus. The Sino-‐
Danish Center will be fully operaEonal in March 2013. It will accommodate 100 researchers from both countries. Moreover, the Center will offer high quality master programmes to 300 master students as well as PhD training programmes to 75 PhD students..
Bri,sh University of Dubai (BUiD)
ParEcipaEng insEtuEons: University of Edinburgh | University of Birmingham | University of Manchester | Cardiff University | King's College London
Established in 2004 to facilitate access to world class educaEon, training and research in the Middle East. It is the Middle East region's first,
research based, postgraduate university.
It is organized around specialized InsEtutes, each linked to a leading UK partner university. Each InsEtute offers a disEncEve discipline based on their excellence in research and teaching:
University of Edinburgh Faculty of Engineering and IT (MSc InformaEcs (Knowledge and Data Management) and MSc in IT Management);
Cardiff University Faculty of Engineering and IT (MSc in the Sustainable Design of the Built Environment and MSc in Intelligent Buildings Design and AutomaEon);
King's College London Faculty of Business (MSc in ConstrucEon Law and Dispute ResoluEon).
Songdo Global Univ. Campus, South Korea
Aims to have 10 different foreign universiEes operaEng on a single campus. It is under construcEon on land reclaimed from the Yellow Sea in the Incheon Free Economic Zone.
ParEcipaEng foreign universiEes have each received a $1 million planning grant to study the feasibility of opening a campus in Songdo, and generous subsidies to support a campus in its first five years of operaEon.
The State University of New York at Stony Brook was the first – and so far only – university to move in. Stony Brook’s Songdo locaEon began operaEng in March 2012 with an enrollment of 35 students in four master’s and Ph.D. programs in two fields -‐-‐ computer science and
technology and society.
George Mason University’s Board of Visitors has authorized the university to move forward in establishing a campus in Songdo in October 2012. This will be the Virginia university’s second alempt to establish an overseas branch: its first, in the United Arab Emirates, ended in failure.
The university devoted three years to developing a degree-‐granEng campus in the Ras-‐Al-‐
Khaimah province only to withdraw in 2009 due to slow enrollment growth, funding difficulEes, and disagreements with the U.A.E. government body that was financing the campus.
Other universiEes that are moving ahead with planned campuses in Songdo are Ghent University, in Belgium, and the University of Utah (conducEng a feasibility study).
MIT – Portugal joint venture
Carla Pepe
Posi,on: Technical Assistant -‐ Director of Engineering &
Technology at Rolls Royce, UK
MIT Portugal: Graduate of Leaders for Technical Industries PhD PhD thesis: A framework to analyze and improve engineering processes
Background
MSc in Engineering Design, IST, Technical University of Lisbon Internship as part of her PhD work at Rolls Royce
Hired by Rolls Royce as Design System Technologist and Lean Sigma Black Belt Trainee
Research
Lean design in product development, complex design processes
Daniela Couto
Posi,on: CEO and co-‐founder of Cell2b, biotechnology start up
MIT Portugal: Graduate of Bioengineering Systems PhD
PhD Thesis: Emergence of Tissue Engineering and DisrupEon of Product Development in Healthcare
Background
MSc in Biomedical Engineering, University of Minho Stay at MIT: 18 months
Research: Technological InnovaEon, Tissue engineering and regeneraEve medicine
Carlos Silva
Posi,on: Assistant Professor at IST, Technical University of Lisbon MIT Portugal: Director of ExecuEve Masters in Sustainable Energy Systems
Teaches in the Sustainable Energy Systems PhD Background
Industry: Siemens CT – R&D department in Münich
PhD in Mechanical Engineering, OperaEons Research, Technical University of Lisbon
Research
Sustainable Energy Systems: energy planning (GreenIslands Project, Azores) and energy efficiency.
Stay at MIT (Program Teach the teachers): 2 months
Entrepreneurial ac,vity: Co-‐founder of Wal-‐IS – energy efficiency spinn-‐off Na,onal coordinator for interna,onal joint doctoral programs
-‐ Select + PhD Program Erasmus-‐Mundus
-‐ EIT-‐KIC InnoEnergy PhD – Sustainable Energy Systems for Renewables
The “Green Islands” test bed
Renewables Integra,on
Hourly dynamics of supply and demand in energy systems planning tools
Grid management for large renewable penetraEon
Electric Vehicles
Economic and
environmental impact of EV in Electric Systems
Impact of V2G in grid operaEon
Buildings Retrofit
MulE-‐objecEve opEmizaEon of retrofit strategies
Energy Efficient Retrofit in Lisbon
Nuno Clímaco
Buildings Design
Decentralized Energy
ProducEon for sustainable built environmet
Design of Carbon Neutral Buildings
Energy as a Service -‐ DSM
Locally automated control of residenEal energy use
Demand response in residenEal sector
The local context embeds a set of social and technical challenges that stimulates systems thinking and promotes new learning practices…
Systems thinking, through experien,al learning:
The “Green Islands” test bed
MIT – Portugal: main challenges
• Con,nuous improvements in the paPerns of teaching and learning:
• Introduce forms of "design thinking".
• Promote “systems thinking”.
• Establish rouEnes of entrepreneurial culture.
• Strengthen “test beds” for collabora,ve research:
• “Green Island”, at Azores, leading to new approaches for islands worldwide.
• New therapies in regeneraEve medicine, involving hospitals.
• Urban metabolism, fostering comparaEve urban studies at internaEonal level.
• “Foz Tua”: revisiEng regional development in a remote and isolated area.
• Promote modern industrial strategies and policies:
• New industrialisaEon palerns.
• New therapies, leading to bio-‐industries.
An evolving experiment: ins,tu,onal partnerships
1950: Ins,tute of Aeronau,c Technologies (ITA, Brazil) -‐ MIT
1963: Harvard Business School IESE Business School (University of Navarra)
... (see, e.g., R.P. Morgan, 1979, “S&T for Development – the role of US UniversiEes”, Pergamon Press)
1998: The Singapore -‐ MIT Alliance
1999: The Cambridge -‐ MIT Ins,tute (CMI)
2000: Malaysia -‐ MIT Biotechnology Partnership Programme
2002: CMU, Carnegie Mellon -‐ Athens Informa,on Networking Ins,tute 2005: MIT -‐ Zaragoza – Interna,onal Logis,cs Program
2005: CMU, Carnegie Mellon CyLab Japan Inf. Technology – Informa,on Security Program 2006: MIT -‐ Portugal Program – Engineering Systems
CMU -‐ Portugal Program – Informa2on and Communica2onTechnologies Ins2tute UT Aus,n – Portugal Program – CoLab on Emerging Technologies
Harvard Medical School – Portugal – transla2onal research and Informa2on
InternaEonal ConsorEa: typologies
Intl. ConsorEa: necessary condi2ons
Argument -‐1:
a new narra,ve in the rela,on between universi,es, governments and industry is
emerging based on three interrelated themes:
• Beyond “naEonal systems of innovaEon”
• The emerging percepEon of the “academic divide” at world level
• The complexity of an increasingly dynamic and globally distributed geography of innovaEon
Trends in the share of R&D expenditure under foreign control
business sector
The new paradigms in internaEonal academic cooperaEon consider the
affilia,on of private companies to academic and research programs, which can be used to foster the access of
those companies to new markets and skills, contribuEng to economic
development .
ISTP Canada -‐ Interna,onal Science and Technology Partnerships Canada Inc.
hlp://www.istpcanada.ca/
• It was incorporated with the primary objecEve of strengthening Canada’s science and technology,
business to business relaEons and ulEmately overall economic, trade and poliEcal relaEons.
• It provides networking opportuniEes and funding to support Canadian parEcipaEon in collaboraEve
research projects with counterparts globally starEng with China and India.
• Emphasis is placed on research projects with the potenEal for commercial applicaEon.
UTEN: University Technology Enterprise Network
• A network of +/- 30 technology transfer offices, across Portuguese Universities and R&D Centres, together
with the University of Texas at Austin;
• Aimed to create and foster a “body of knowledge” in international technology transfer and
commercialization;
• 3 main activities:
– People: “On-job” training of experts, with international interns hips
– Networking: series of specialized workshops;
– Commercialization: identification of new ventures and access to new markets
PromoEng global Systems of Innova2on and Competence Building:
…with diversified partnerships
Chain Linked Model of Innovation
Kline & Rosenberg
Technology pla3orms
Potential Markets
Invention/
analytical design
Detailed design & Test
Re-design
& Production
Distribution & market
Knowledge Research
Research Agendas
Thema,c Mobiliza,on Programmes
Networks of Scien,fic Coopera,on
Knowledge diffusion Post-‐Grad Training
Individual Mobility
NTBF´s
The university, even in mass higher-‐educaEon systems and under new internaEonal contexts, con,nues to fulfil two basic func,ons that
depend on it being a relaEvely stable insEtuEon:
2. generating and promoting “cultural norms”, in both substantive and procedural terms
No other institution is so well equipped to undertake these tasks in modern societies!
• the need to secure and explore “University-Industry” relationships:
Among the most precious and valuable roles of the universities, is the supply and training of talented young people.
• Researchers, and this do require effective “University-Science”
relationships
1. It remains the most important incubator of the next generation of people:
Argument -2:
Slow dancing @ Harvard´s Widener Library
…a Work of Art by David Michalek, April 2012
The Painters´Academy (1615), Pietro Francesco Alberti (1584-1638)
