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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269314004973
DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2014.07.011
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©2014 by Elsevier. All rights reserved.
DIRETORIA DE TRATAMENTO DA INFORMAÇÃO
Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz Barão Geraldo
CEP 13083-970 – Campinas SP
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Physics
Letters
B
www.elsevier.com/locate/physletbProduction
of
charged
pions,
kaons
and
protons
at
large
transverse
momenta
in
pp
and
Pb–Pb
collisions
at
√
s
NN
=
2
.
76 TeV
.
ALICE
Collaboration
∗
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
n
f
o
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
Article history: Received15May2014
Receivedinrevisedform27June2014 Accepted7July2014
Availableonline15July2014 Editor:L.Rolandi
Keywords:
Identifiedparticleproduction High
p
TParticleratios Baryonanomaly Nuclearmodificationfactor ALICE
LHC
Transversemomentumspectraof
π
±,K±andp(p)¯ uptopT=20 GeV/c atmid-rapidityinpp,peripheral(60–80%)andcentral(0–5%)Pb–Pbcollisions at√sNN=2.76 TeV havebeenmeasuredusingtheALICE
detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinctpeakatpT≈3 GeV/c incentralPb–Pbcollisions.Belowthe peak,pT<3 GeV/c,bothratios
are ingood agreementwithhydrodynamicalcalculations,suggestingthatthepeakitself isdominantly the result of radial flow rather than anomalous hadronization processes. For pT>10 GeV/c particle
ratios in pp and Pb–Pbcollisions are inagreement and the nuclear modification factors for
π
±,K± and p(p)¯ indicatethat,withinthesystematicand statisticaluncertainties,thesuppression isthesame. Thissuggeststhatthechemicalcompositionofleading particlesfromjetsinthemediumissimilarto thatofvacuumjets.©2014TheAuthors.PublishedbyElsevierB.V.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).FundedbySCOAP3.
1. Introduction
Heavy-ioncollisionsatultrarelativisticenergiesproduceanew form of QCD matter characterized by the deconfined state of quarks andgluons (partons).Measurementsof the production of identified particles in Pb–Pb collisions, relative to pp collisions, provideinformationaboutthedynamicsofthisdensematter.Inpp collisions,hightransversemomentum(pT
>
2 GeV/
c)hadronsare producedfromfragmentationofjetsthatcanbecalculatedfolding theperturbativeQCDcalculationsforjetswithuniversal fragmen-tationfunctionsdeterminedfromdatasuchasthosereportedhere. The bulk production of particles atlower pT is non-perturbative and requires phenomenological modeling. In heavy-ion collisions the production can be affected by the medium inseveral differ-ent ways. In particular there is an intermediate transverse mo-mentum regime, 2<
pT<
8 GeV/
c, where the baryon-to-meson ratios, e.g. the proton yield divided by the pion yield, measured byexperimentsatRHICrevealeda,sofar,notwellunderstood en-hancement[1–3].This so-called“baryonanomaly”could indicate the presence of new hadronization mechanisms such as parton recombination [4–6] that could be significantly enhanced and/or extended out tohigher pT atLHC dueto larger mini-jet produc-tion[7].For transversemomenta above 10 GeV/
c oneexpectsto be able to study the pure energy loss (jet quenching) of high pT scattered partons traversing the medium [8–10]. This affects*
alice-publications@cern.ch.the inclusive charged particle pT spectrum as has been seen at RHIC[11,12] andoveranextended pT range,upto 100 GeV
/
c,at the LHC [13,14].The additional informationprovided by particle identification(PID) isoffundamental interest tostudythe differ-encesin thedynamicsoffragmentationbetweenquarks and glu-onstobaryonsandmesons[15],andalsotostudythedifferences intheir interactionwiththemedium consideringthat,duetothe colorCasimirfactor,gluonsloseafactoroftwomoreenergythan quarks [16,17]. Theresults presentedin thisLetter address three openexperimental questions:Arethereindicationsthatthekaons are affected by radialflow atintermediate pT? Doesthe baryon-to-meson ratio return to the pp value for high pT (>
10 GeV/
c) assuggestedbytherecentpublicationoftheΛ/
K0S ratio[18]?Are therelargeparticlespeciesdependentjetquenchingeffectsas pre-dictedinseveralmodels[19–21],wheremeasurementsatRHIC,in particularforbaryons,areinconclusiveduetothelimitedpT-range andthelargesystematicandstatisticaluncertainties[22–24]? 2. DataanalysesIn this Letter we presentthe measurement of the production of pions(kaonsandprotons)froma pT ofa few hundredMeV/c up to pT
=
20 GeV/
c in√
sNN=
2.
76 TeV pp andPb–Pbcollisions withtheALICEdetector[25].TheInnerTrackingSystem(ITS)and the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) are used for vertex finding andtracking.TheITSandTPCalsoprovidePIDthroughthe mea-surement of the specific energy loss, dE/
dx. The PID is furtherhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2014.07.011
0370-2693/©2014TheAuthors.PublishedbyElsevierB.V.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).Fundedby SCOAP3.
Fig. 1. (Coloronline.)DistributionsoftheCherenkovanglemeasuredintheHMPIDforpositivetracksinanarrow pT bin,for0–5%central Pb–Pb(left)andpp(right) collisions.Theslightshiftofthepions,kaonsandprotonspeaksinPb–PbdatacomparedtothepponesisduetodifferentdatatakingconditionsoftheHMPIDCherenkov radiator(liquidC6F14).
Table 1
Theη/y and pTrange(GeV/c)coveredbyeachanalysis.
Analysis η/y range π K p ITS-sa |y| <0.5 0.1–0.7 0.2–0.55 0.3–0.6 TPC–TOF |y| <0.5 0.3–1.2 0.3–1.2 0.45–2.0 TOF |y| <0.5 0.5–2.5 0.5–2.4 0.8–3.8 HMPID |y| <0.5 1.5–4.0 1.5–4.0 1.5–6.0 High pTdE/dx |η| <0.8 2.0–20.0 3.0–20.0 3.0–20.0
improved at low and intermediate pT using the Time-of-Flight (TOF)andtheHighMomentumPID(HMPID)Cherenkovdetectors. InPb–Pbcollisions thespectraatlow pT havealreadybeen pub-lished[26] andthenewaddition hereisthe extensionof the pT range up to 20 GeV
/
c and the improvement at intermediate pT for the 0–40% most central collisions using the HMPID. The pp low pT analysis combining information from ITS, TPC, and TOF follows the same procedures as the ones published by ALICEat√
s
=
900 GeV[27] andin√
sNN=
2.
76 TeV Pb–Pbcollisions [26]. Themainfocusinthefollowingwillthereforebeonexplainingthe analysisdetailsfortheHMPIDandthehighpT dE/
dx analysis.The pp analyses use 40
×
106 and the Pb–Pb minimum bias analysisuses 11×
106 collisionevents.The HMPID analysisused the 2011 centrality triggered Pb–Pb data with around 4.
1×
106 0–5% central collision events. Data were taken during 2010 and 2011underconditionswherepileupeffects werenegligible. Min-imum bias interactions are triggered based on the signals from forwardscintillators(V0)and,inpp collisions,thetwoinnermost siliconpixellayersoftheITS(SPD).Thetriggerefficiencyis88.1% forpp inelastic collisions[28] and97.1%fornon-diffractivePb–Pb collisions [29]. The Pb–Pb collision centrality isdetermined from themeasuredamplitudeintheV0detector[30]whichisrelatedto thenumberofparticipatingnucleonsandthenuclearoverlap func-tion(TAA)throughsimulationsbasedonaGlaubermodel[29].The sameeventandtrackselectionisusedasintheinclusivecharged particleanalysis [31]. Track cutsare optimized inorder toselect primary charged particles in the pseudorapidity range|
η
|
<
0.
8 andallresultspresentedinthispaperarecorrectedforfeed-down fromweakdecays.AslistedinTable 1thelowpTanalysisisdone for|
y|
<
0.
5,while thehigh pT analysisis donefor|
η
|
<
0.
8,to takeadvantageofthefull statistics,andthefinalspectraarethen normalizedtothecorrespondingrapidityintervals,seeEq.(1) be-low.2.1.IdentifiedparticlespectraatlowpT
Thepp lowpTanalysisreliesonthecombinationoffouralmost independentPID techniques, named afterthe detectors involved: ITS-sa,TPC–TOF,TOFandHMPID.Thetechniqueshave complemen-tarypT rangeslistedinTable 1.
The ITS-sa analysis exploits stand-alone (sa) tracks recon-structed intheITStobeableto goaslowin pT aspossible.The identification is done based on dE
/
dx measurements in up to 4 ofthe6siliconlayers.ThisinformationiscombinedinaBayesian approach usinga set of priorsdetermined withan iterative pro-cedure,andthetrackidentityisassignedaccordingtothehighest probability.The minorresidual contamination dueto misidentifi-cation is less than 10% in the pT-rangereported in Table 1 and correctedforusingMC.The otherthree analysesall useglobaltracksreconstructed in both the ITS and the TPC. The TPC–TOF analysis is optimized to combinetheinformationfromtheTPCandTOF.Theidentification is based on a three standard deviations agreement with the ex-pecteddetector signalandresolution (3
σ
) intheTPC dE/
dx and forpT>
0.
6 GeV/
c a3σ
requirementisalsoappliedforthe time-of-flightprovidedby theTOFdetector.TheTOFanalysisidentifies particlescomparingthemeasuredtime-of-flightfromtheprimary vertex to the TOF detector, ttof, and the time expected under a givenmasshypothesis,texpi (i=
π,
K,
p).TheTOFstandalone analy-sisisoptimizedforhandlingmomentumregionswherethe separa-tionischallenging.Theprecisesignalshapeforttof−
texp
i ,including anexponentialtail,isused,andtheyieldinagiven pT intervalis obtainedbyfitting.
The HMPID [32,33] is designed as a single-arm proximity-focusingRingImagingCHerenkov(RICH)detectorwherethe radi-atorisa15 mmthicklayerofliquidC6F14(perfluorohexane).Itis locatedatabout5 mfromthebeamaxis,coveringalimited accep-tanceof
|
η
|
<
0.
55 and1.
2◦<
ϕ
<
58.
5◦.ThePIDintheHMPIDis donebymeasuringtheCherenkovangle,θ
ch.Inthereconstruction, the tracks are propagated to the HMPID detector and associated withaMIPsignal.AHoughTransformMethod(HTM)[34]isused todiscriminatethesignalfromthebackground.Foragiventrack, themeanCherenkovangleiscomputedastheweightedaverageof thesinglephotonanglesselectedbytheHTM.TheCherenkov an-gledistributionisthenfittedtoobtaintheyields,seeFig. 1foran exampleoffitsinthePb–Pbandpp analysis.The raw yields measured by each analysis are corrected for the reconstruction, selection, PID efficiency,and misidentification probability.Thecontamination duetoparticles fromweak decays oflight flavor hadronsandinteractions withthe material is sub-tractedusingMC-templatefitsofthedistance-of-closestapproach distributions[26].Finallytherawspectraarecorrectedforthe de-tectoracceptance,triggerselection,vertexandtrackreconstruction efficiency.
ThesystematicuncertaintiesfortheITS,TPC,andTOFanalyses are obtained in essentially the same wayas reported in [27,26]. The systematic uncertaintyfor the HMPID analysishas contribu-tions from tracking andPID. These uncertainties have been esti-mated by changing individually the track selection cuts andthe
Fig. 2. (Coloronline.)dE/dx distributionsmeasuredfor|η|<0.2 andnormalizedtotheintegratedyields.ThesignalsarefittedtoasumoffourGaussianfunctions(solid line).Two
p intervals
areshownforcentral(left)andperipheral(center)Pb–Pb;andpp (right)collisions.Inallmomentumintervalstheelectronfractionisbelow1%(not visible).Individualyieldsareshownasdashedcurves;protonsinblue(left),kaonsingreen,andpionsinred(right).parameters of the fit function used to extract the raw yields by
±
10%. Inaddition,the uncertaintyoftheassociation ofthe track totheMIPsignal isobtainedbyvarying thevalue ofthedistance cutrequiredforthematch.TheHMPIDanalysisinPb–Pbcollisions isanalogoustothepp analysis except for the treatment of the background. In central Pb–Pb collisions, where the total number of hits in the HMPID chambers is large, it is possible that a Cherenkov ring is con-structedbasedonhitsincorrectlyassociatedwiththetrack.Fig. 1 givesexamplesofthereconstructedCherenkovangledistributions ina narrow pT interval. In pp collisions(right panel) the recon-structed angle distribution is fitted by a sum of three Gaussian distributions, corresponding tothe signalsfrompions, kaons and protons.InthecaseofPb–Pb collisions (leftpanel)theadditional backgrounddistribution is modeled with a 6th orderpolynomial foundtominimize thereduced
χ
2 ofthefit.Theshoulderinthe backgrounddistributionstartingat0.7 radisaboundaryeffectdue tothefinitechambergeometricalacceptancethatisalsoobserved in MC simulations. The fitting is done in two steps, where the widthandthemeanofeachGaussiandistributionarefree param-etersinthefirststepandarethenusedtoobtaina pTdependent parameterization. This parameterization is used to constrain the parameters in the second final fit. The means and widths con-strained in this way are found to be independent of centrality. FinallywenotethatthebackgroundincreaseswiththeCherenkov anglebecausethefiducialareausedinthereconstructionbecomes larger, making it more likely to associate spurious hits withthe signal.ThePIDefficiencyhasbeenevaluatedfromaMonteCarlo sim-ulationthat reproduces well the backgroundinthe data.A data-driven cross check of the efficiency has been performedusing a cleansample ofprotonsandpions from
Λ
andK0S decays identi-fiedintheTPCbasedontheirtopologicaldecay.Toestimate the uncertaintydueto the incompleteknowledge ofthe shape of thebackground distribution, an alternative back-groundfunction,depending ontan
(θ
ch)
andderivedfrom geomet-rical considerations in case of orthogonal tracks [32], has been used.Thecorresponding systematicuncertaintyreachesthe maxi-mumvalueatlowmomentaforthemostcentralcollisions(∼
15% for pions, and∼
8% for kaons and protons). The systematic un-certainty decreases with pT asthe track inclination angle inthe bendingplanedecreasessothatthefiducialareafortheCherenkov patternsearchissmaller.2.2. IdentifiedparticlespectraathighpT
Particleidentificationisperformedintherelativisticriseregime of the Bethe–Bloch(BB) curve where the
dE/
dx separation be-tween particleswithdifferentmassesisnearly constant[35].The dE/
dx is obtained as the truncated mean of the 0–60% lowest charge samples associated with the track in the TPC [36]. The dE/
dx response depends on the track length so the analysis is done in fourequally sized|
η
|
-intervals, anda geometrical cut to removetracksenteringthegapinbetweentheTPCreadout cham-bersisappliedtoselecttrackswiththebestdE/
dx resolution.The separation in number of standard deviations (σ
) between pions andkaons(pionsandprotons)inpp andperipheralPb–Pbcollision isaround 3.2(4.6) atmomentum p≈
6 GeV/
c for0.
6<
|
η
|
<
0.
8 where the separation is largest. In central Pb–Pb collisions one findsaseparationof2.
4σ
(3.
5σ
).Intheworstcase,|
η
|
<
0.
2,the separationis11–15%smaller.Fig. 2showsexamplesofthedE
/
dx spectraobtainedforpp and Pb–Pb (central and peripheral)collisions for two momentum, p, intervalsand|
η
|
<
0.
2 where p≈
pT.The pion,kaon,andproton yields are extracted by fitting a sum of four Gaussian functions (including electrons) to the dE/
dx spectra.1 To reduce the de-grees of freedom in the fits from 12 to 4, parameterizations of the BB (dE/
dx) and resolution (σ
) curves asa function ofβγ
are extracted first using tracksfrom identified particles. Samples ofsecondary pions(30
< βγ
<
50) andprotons(3< βγ
<
7) are obtained through the reconstruction of the weak-decay topology of K0S and
Λ
, respectively; a similar algorithm is used to iden-tifyelectronsresultingfromphotonconversions(fixingthedE/
dx plateau:βγ
>
1000). Finally, using information from the time-of-flight detector the relative pion content can be enhanced for sub-samplesofthefulldatasets(16< βγ
<
50).The
dE/
dx separation between kaons and protons in the high pT analysis is smallest for p≈
3 GeV/
c and increaseswithp until both species are on the relativistic rise [35]. In central collisions the
dE/
dx separation is the lowest and the system-aticuncertaintiesontheextractedyieldsarecorrespondinglylarge asdiscussedlater, seeTable 2.Hence,to improvethecentralval-1 Wenotethatmuonsfromheavyflavordecaysaresubtractedfromthepions basedonthemeasuredelectronyieldsandthatcontaminationfromdeuteronsand tritonsarenegligible( 1%).
Table 2
Systematicuncertainties,separatedintothe
N
ch,PID,and efficiencypart, onthe invariantyieldsfrom3<pT<4 GeV/c (left quotedvalue)to10<pT<20 GeV/c (rightquotedvalue).System Pb–Pb 0–5% Pb–Pb 60–80% pp Ncha 8.3–8.2% 9.9–9.8% 7.4–7.6% π++π−b 1.7–2.4% 1.5–2.2% 1.2–1.7% K++K− 19–7.9% 17–8.7% 16–5.7% p+ ¯p 9.9–21% 20–24% 24–20% Efficiency ratiosc 3%
a Takendirectlyfrom[31].
b Additionalcontributionduetoμ±contaminationis≤1%. c Sameforallcentralitiesandallparticlespecies.
uesfor the kaons and protons, the K0
S yields [18] are used as a proxyforthechargedkaons to furtherconstrain theBB curve in Pb–Pbcollisions inaprocedurewhich usesatwo dimensionalfit ofdE
/
dx vsmomentum.TheeffectoftheK0S biasisonlyrelevant incentral collisions atlow pT (<
4 GeV/
c).At 3 GeV/
c theeffect ontheextractedkaonyieldisanincrease of10%(<
1%)for0–5% (60–80%)collisioncentrality.Withthe above informationthe BB and the resolutioncurves aredeterminedforkaonsandprotonsinthefullmomentum inter-valreportedhereandforpionswithp
<
7 GeV/
c.Forp>
7 GeV/
c the pion dE/
dx is restricted by the logarithmic rise until the dE/
dxstartstoapproachtheplateau.Thislackofadditional con-straintcurrentlylimitsthepTreachoftheanalysisto∼
20 GeV/
c. Fromthe fitsinFig. 2 theparticlefractions, fπ/K/p(
p)
are ex-tracted. The fraction in a pT bin, fπ/K/p(
pT)
, is obtained as the weighted average of the contributing momentum (p) bins. The pT-dependentfractions arefound to be independentofη
andso allfourη
regionsareaveraged.Finally,theinvariantyieldsareobtainedusingthepT spectrum forinclusivechargedparticles[31], d2Nch
dpTdη ,inthefollowingway: d2Nπ/K/p dpTd y
=
Jπ/K/p d2N ch dpTdη
ch
π/K/p fπ/K/p
(
pT),
(1)where(
ch)
π/K/p istheefficiencyfor(un)identifiedparticlesand Jπ/K/p istheJacobiancorrection(from
η
to y).NormalizingtothepTspectrumofinclusivechargedparticlesguaranteesthatonlythe systematicuncertaintyduetoPIDisrelevantwhencomparingthe modificationofthe pT spectraof
π
/
K/
p tothose forthe uniden-tifiedparticles. The pT resolution isaround 5% at pT=
20 GeV/
c andthe pT spectra have beencorrected forthis resolutionusing anunfoldingprocedureforpT>
10 GeV/
c[31,37].Thiscorrection islessthan 2%at pT=
20 GeV/
c.2.2.1. Systematicuncertainties
The systematic uncertainty on the invariant yields has three maincomponents:eventandtrackselection,efficiencycorrection of the fractions, and the fraction extraction. Contributions from the event and track selection are taken directly from the inclu-sive charged particle analysis [31]. Efficiency ratios (
ch
/
π/K/p) are found to be nearly independent of pT (a small dependence is only observed for kaons), similar for all systems, and model independentwithin 3%. The largestsystematicuncertainty inthe extractionofthefractionscomesfromtheuncertaintyinthe con-strainedparameters:themeans(dE/
dx)andthewidths(σ
)used inthefits.Theuncertaintyontheseparametersareestimatedfrom theaveragedifferencebetweenthefinalparameterizationsandthe datapoints obtained fromthe enhanced samples with identified particles. In addition, the statisticaluncertainty on the extracted BBparameterization inperipheralPb–Pb collisions isfoundto be ofasimilarmagnitudeandalsotakenintoaccountinthefollowingFig. 3. (Coloronline.)Theratioofindividualspectratothecombinedspectrumas afunctionof
p
T for pions(top),kaons(center),and protons(bottom). Onlythe pT-rangewheretheanalysesoverlapisshown.TheITS+TPC+TOFspectraarethe resultspublishedin[26].Thestatisticalandindependentsystematicuncertainties areshownasverticalerrorbarsandasaband,respectively,andonlyincludethose ontheindividualspectra.variations.ThedE
/
dx spectraarethenrefitted,varyingthemeans andthewidthswithintheestimateduncertainties,andthe varia-tionofthefractionsareassignedassystematicerrors.Inthisway the correlationsinthe systematicuncertaintyfor theparticle ra-tios can be directly included. A summary of the PID systematic uncertaintiesisshowninTable 2.TheNchsystematicuncertainties cancelintheparticleratios.3. Resultsanddiscussion
The measurement of charged pion, kaon and (anti-)proton transversemomentumspectrahasbeenperformedviaseveral in-dependentanalyses,eachonefocusingonasub-rangeofthetotal pT distribution, with emphasis on the individual detectors and specific techniques to optimize the signal extraction.The results werecombinedusingtheindependentsystematicuncertaintiesas weights in theoverlapping ranges (a3% common systematic un-certainty duetothe TPCtrackingis notin theweight butadded directly to the combined spectrum). The statistical uncertainties are much smaller and therefore neglected in the combination weights. For pT
>
4 GeV/
c only the high pT analysis is used for allspecies.Fig. 3showstheratioofindividualspectratothe com-bined spectrum for the 0–5% central Pb–Pb data,illustrating the compatibilitybetweenthedifferentanalyses.Fig. 4showstheinvariant yields measuredin Pb–Pbcollisions compared to those in pp collisions scaled by the number of bi-narycollisions, Ncoll[29] obtainedforthemeasuredpp cross sec-tion[28].ForperipheralPb–Pbcollisions theshapesofthe invari-antyieldsaresimilartothoseobservedinpp collisions.Forcentral Pb–Pbcollisions,thespectraexhibit areductionintheproduction ofhigh-pT particleswithrespecttothereferencewhichis charac-teristicofjetquenching.
Fig. 5 showsthe proton-to-pion ratio,
(
p+ ¯
p)/(π
++
π
−)
, as a functionof pT.Forcentral (peripheral, notshown) Pb–Pb colli-sions it reaches∼
0.83 (∼
0.35)atthe maximumaround 3 GeV/
cFig. 4. (Coloronline.)Solidmarkersshowtheinvariantyieldsofidentifiedparticlesincentral(circles)andperipheral(squares)Pb–Pbcollisions.Openpointsshowthepp referenceyieldsscaledbytheaveragenumberofbinarycollisionsfor0–5%(circles)and60–80%(squares)[29].Thestatisticalandsystematicuncertaintiesareshownas verticalerrorbarsandboxes,respectively.
Fig. 5. (Coloronline.)Particleratiosasafunctionof
p
Tmeasuredinpp andthemostcentral,0–5%,Pb–Pbcollisions.Statisticalandsystematicuncertaintiesaredisplayedas verticalerrorbarsandboxes,respectively.ThetheoreticalpredictionsrefertoPb–Pbcollisions,seetextforreferences.andthendecreases withincreasing pT.Thesevaluesare approxi-mately 20%above thepeak valuesmeasuredby PHENIX[24] and STAR[22],whenp
/π
+andp¯
/π
− ratiosareaveragedanddataare correctedforfeed-down.At LHC energies the mini-jet activity isexpected to be larger than at RHIC energies, which motivated ratio predictions in the framework of recombination models where shower partons in neighboringjetscanrecombinetobeanorderofmagnitudelarger thanthemeasurementsreportedhere[7].Otherpredictionswhere recombination only occurs for soft thermal radially flowing par-tonsare,asshowninthefigure,moreconsistentwiththedata[4]. The surprising new result is that in central Pb–Pb collisions the
(
K++
K−)/(π
++
π
−)
ratioalsoexhibitsabumpatpT≈
3 GeV/
c. This has not been observed at RHIC (this could be due to lim-itations in precision in this pT region) but is also observed in the soft coalescence model [4]. The Kraków [38] hydrodynam-ical model captures the rise of both ratios quantitatively well, whilea similarmodel,HKM[39] thatis notshown, doesslightly worse. The EPOS [40] eventgenerator which has both hydrody-namics, but also the high pT physics and special hadronization processes for quenched jets [41] qualitatively well describes the data buttends to overestimate the peaks.The recentresult [42] that for pT<
3 GeV/
c the shape of the phi-to-pionratio is con-sistentwiththeproton-to-pionratio,reportedhere,takentogether withthemodelcomparisonsshowninFig. 5indicatethatthepeak ismainlydominatedbyradialflow(themassesofthehadrons).For higher pT (
>
10 GeV/
c) both particle ratios behave like thosein pp,suggestingthat fragmentationdominates thehadronproduction. In this pT regime, the particle ratios in pp are not well described by the pQCD calculations in [43].It was recently shown[44]thatingeneralthefragmentationfunctionsforgluons are badly constrained, leading to disagreement of up to a factor 2with Nch spectrameasuredatLHC.Furthermoreit waspointed out that data with pT
>
10 GeV/
c, as reported here, are needed toreducethescaledependencethatseemstobetheoriginofthe disagreement.Fig. 6showsthenuclear modificationfactor RAA asa function of pT definedastheratioofthePb–Pb spectratothe Ncoll scaled pp spectra shown in Fig. 4. The RAA for the sum of kaons and protonsisincludedasitallowsthemostprecisequantitative com-parison to the RAA of pions. For pT
<
10 GeV/
c protons appear to be lesssuppressed than kaons andpions, consistent with the particle ratiosshown inFig. 5. Atlarger pT (>
10 GeV/
c) all par-ticlespeciesare equallysuppressed;so despitethestrongenergy lossobservedinthemostcentralheavy-ioncollisions,theparticle compositionandratiosathighpT aresimilartothoseinvacuum.The models cited in the introduction all suggest large dif-ferences, of 50% or more, between the suppression of different species that are either related to mass ordering or baryon-vs-meson effects. The differences are naturally large in these sce-narios because they are directlyrelated tothe large suppression. To quantify the similarityof the suppression the double RAA ra-tios, e.g. RpAA+¯p
/
RπAA++π−, are inspected. Fig. 7 shows the double ratios constructed using the particle ratios to properly handle thatthedominantcorrelatedsystematicuncertaintiesarebetween particle species and not betweendifferent collision systems. WeFig. 6. (Coloronline.)Thenuclearmodificationfactor
R
AAasafunctionofp
Tfordifferentparticlespecies.Resultsfor0–5%(left)and60–80%(right)collisioncentralities areshown.Statisticalandsystematicuncertaintiesareplottedasverticalerrorbarsandboxesaroundthepoints,respectively.Thetotalnormalizationuncertainty(pp and Pb–Pb)isindicatedbytheblackboxesinthetoppanels[31].Fig. 7. (Coloronline.)
R
AAdoubleratiosasafunctionofp
Tforp
T>4 GeV/c. Sta-tisticalandPIDsystematicuncertaintiesareplottedasverticalerrorbarsandboxes aroundthepoints,respectively.note that a similar ratio for protons and pions made with the STARdata [22,23]wouldgivea flatratiofor pT
>
3 GeV/
c of ap-proximately3±
2.Theresultsdisfavorsignificantmodificationsof hadro-chemistrywithin thehard core ofjets, aspredictedbased onmediummodifiedcolorflowwhichintroducesamassordering ofthe fragmentation[19], or dueto changes in the color struc-tureofthe quenchedprobewhichcouldenhance baryon produc-tion[20].Thedataalsocontradictpredictionswherefragmentation intocolorneutral hadrons, assumedtohave noenergy lossafter formation, occurs in the medium andthe formation time scales directlywiththehadronmass[21].4. Conclusions
Theproductionofpions,kaonsandprotonshasbeenmeasured inpp andcentral andperipheral Pb–Pb collisions up to high pT. From the invariant yields we derived the particle ratios and the RAA asa function of pT.We observethatthe proton-to-pion and thekaon-to-pionratiosbothexhibit apeakandthatatlow pTthe riseofbothratioscanbewelldescribedbyhydrodynamic calcula-tions.Thisrulesoutmodelswhereshowerpartonsrecombineand setsstrongconstraintsforsoftrecombinationmodels.Athigher-pT, both ratiosare compatible withthose measured in pp collisions. From the nuclear modification factor RAA, we conclude that for
pT
>
10 GeV/
c withinthesystematicandstatisticaluncertainties, pions, kaons and protons are suppressed equally. This rules out ideasinwhichthelargeenergylossleadingtothesuppressionis associatedwith strong massordering or large fragmentation dif-ferencesbetweenbaryonsandmesons.Theresultspresentedhereestablishstrongconstraintsontheoreticalmodelingfor fragmenta-tionandenergylossmechanisms.
Acknowledgements
The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers andtechniciansfortheir invaluablecontributions tothe construc-tion of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstandingperformanceoftheLHCcomplex.
The ALICECollaboration gratefullyacknowledges theresources andsupportprovidedby allGridcentresandtheWorldwide LHC ComputingGrid(WLCG)Collaboration.
The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies fortheir supportin buildingandrunning theALICE de-tector: StateCommitteeofScience,World FederationofScientists (WFS) andSwiss Fonds Kidagan, Armenia; Conselho Nacional de DesenvolvimentoCientífico eTecnológico (CNPq),Financiadorade EstudoseProjetos(FINEP),FundaçãodeAmparoàPesquisado Es-tado de São Paulo (FAPESP);National NaturalScience Foundation of China (NSFC), the Chinese Ministry of Education (CMOE) and theMinistryofScienceandTechnologyofChina(MSTC);Ministry ofEducationandYouthoftheCzechRepublic;DanishNatural Sci-ence Research Council, the Carlsberg Foundation andthe Danish NationalResearchFoundation;TheEuropeanResearchCouncil un-der the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme; Helsinki Institute of Physics andthe Academy of Finland; French CNRS-IN2P3,the‘RegionPaysdeLoire’,‘RegionAlsace’,‘Region Au-vergne’andCEA,France;GermanBMBFandtheHelmholtz Associ-ation;GeneralSecretariatforResearchandTechnology,Ministryof Development,Greece;HungarianOTKAandNationalOfficefor Re-searchandTechnology (NKTH);DepartmentofAtomicEnergyand Departmentof Science andTechnology ofthe Governmentof In-dia;IstitutoNazionalediFisicaNucleare(INFN)andCentroFermi– MuseoStoricodellaFisicaeCentroStudieRicerche“EnricoFermi”, Italy; MEXT Grant-in-Aid forSpecially PromotedResearch, Japan; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); CONACYT, DGAPA, México, ALFA-EC andtheEPLANETProgram(EuropeanParticlePhysicsLatin Ameri-canNetwork);StichtingvoorFundamenteelOnderzoekderMaterie (FOM)andtheNederlandseOrganisatievoorWetenschappelijk On-derzoek (NWO), Netherlands; Research Council ofNorway (NFR); PolishMinistryofScienceandHigher Education;NationalScience Centre,Poland;MinistryofNationalEducation/InstituteforAtomic PhysicsandCNCS-UEFISCDI–Romania;MinistryofEducationand Science ofRussian Federation, RussianAcademy ofSciences, Rus-sianFederal AgencyofAtomicEnergy,RussianFederal Agencyfor
Science and Innovations and The Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Ministry of Education of Slovakia; Department of Sci-ence and Technology, South Africa; CIEMAT, EELA, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad(MINECO) of Spain, Xuntade Galicia (Consellería deEducación), CEADEN,Cubaenergía, Cuba,andIAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency); Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW); Ukraine Ministry of Education and Science; United Kingdom Science and TechnologyFacilitiesCouncil(STFC);TheUnitedStatesDepartment ofEnergy,theUnitedStatesNationalScienceFoundation,theState ofTexas,andtheStateofOhio.
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ALICECollaboration
