Taxonomic review of Gallio Evans, 1955 (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae): one less monotypic genus of Moncini

ww w . r b e n t o m o l o g i a . c o m

REVISTA

BRASILEIRA

DE

Entomologia

Systematics,

Morphology

and

Biogeography

Taxonomic

review

of

Gallio

Evans,

1955

(Lepidoptera,

Hesperiidae,

Hesperiinae):

one

less

monotypic

genus

of

Moncini

Eduardo

Carneiro

,

Diego

Rodrigo

Dolibaina,

Olaf

Hermann

Hendrik

Mielke,

Mirna

Martins

Casagrande

LaboratóriodeEstudosdeLepidopteraNeotropical,DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadeFederaldoParaná,Curitiba,PR,Brazil

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

Articlehistory: Received29July2015 Accepted14August2015 Availableonline29August2015 AssociateEditor:HectorA.Vargas Keywords: Biodiversity Butterfly Newspecies Skippersystematics Taxonomy

a

b

s

t

r

a

c

t

MonciniisthetribeofHesperiidaethatcomprisesthegreatestdiversityofsmall,brown,hardto iden-tifyskippers.Thegroupispeculiarlyclassifiedashavingmanymonotypicgenera,thusofferinglow informativevaluetoitssystematics.ThisstudypresentsareviewofthegenusGallioEvans,1955,agenus formerlyrecognizedasmonotypic,anddescribesthreenewspecies,Gallioimperatrizsp.nov.from Maran-hão,Brazil,Galliofurtadoisp.nov.fromMatoGrosso,BrazilandGallioetisp.nov.fromMadredeDíos, PeruandAcre,Brazil(typelocality).AlectotypeforVehiliuscarastaSchaus,1902isdesignated.Galliois thereforeredescribedandillustrationsanddiagnosistoitsspeciesareprovided.

©2015SociedadeBrasileiradeEntomologia.PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.Thisisanopen accessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Introduction

Moncini comprises the greatest diversity of small, brown, andunmarkedNeotropicalskippers,whosesystematicsislargely unknown(Burns,1994;Warrenetal.,2009).Inthisgroup,a sub-stantialnumberofgeneraaremonotypic(Evans,1955;Burns,1994; Austin,1997;Turlandetal.,2012),especiallybecausemalegenitalia morphologycanbeverydistinctfromallotherknowngenitalia.

Theseparticularmonospecificcombinationsmayarisefromtwo distinct taxonomicartifacts: (1) although recently investigated, many generaand species still lack figuredgenitalia, thus mak-ing comparisonsmuch more challenging when describing new taxa;(2)someofthesemonospecificgeneramightincludeother species,thoughtheyarenotyetdescribed.Thislastcaseseemsto bethereasonwhyGallioEvans,1955includesonlyasinglespecies Galliocarasta(Schaus, 1902).Inthepresent study,thegenusis redescribedwithremarksonitssystematicsandthreenewspecies aredescribed.

Methods

ThespecimensofGalliousedinthisstudyaredepositedin:DZUP (Colec¸ãoPeJesusSantiagoMoure,DepartamentodeZoologia, Uni-versidadeFederaldoParaná,Curitiba,Brazil),MUSM(Museode

∗ Correspondingauthor.

E-mail:carneiroeduardo@hotmail.com(E.Carneiro).

HistoriaNatural,UniversidadMayordeSanMarcos,Lima,Peru), andOM(OlafMielkecollection,Curitiba,Brazil),theabbreviation DZcorresponds tothecode number ofthe specimens inDZUP collection.Genitaliaofbothsexeswerepreparedwith standard-izedmethodsandillustrated(scalessizes1mm).Morphological terminologyusedfollowsCarneiroetal.(2012,2013).Wings abbre-viationsare:DFW,dorsalforewing;DHW,dorsalhindwing;VFW, ventral forewing; VHW, ventral hindwing. Size is given as the forewinglengthfrombasetoapex.Thelabelsofthetype mate-rialweredescribedseparatelybya“/”andadditionalinformation isgivenbetween“[]”.Romannumbersingeographical distribu-tionandphenologysectionstatethemonthofspecimencapture. Inviewofthesimilarityingeneralmorphologicalpatternbetween allspeciesbelongingtoGallio,adetaileddescriptionisgivenforthe genusandonlyexclusivecharactersarementionedinthe descrip-tionofthenewspecies.

Results

GallioEvans,1955

Typespecies:StomylesgallioMabille,1904,byoriginal designa-tion.

GallioEvans,1955.Cat.Amer.Hesp.4,p.85,111;typespecies: gallioMabille,1904.–Hemming,1967.Bull.Brit.Mus.(Nat.Hist.), Ent.,Suppl.9:195.–Beattie,1976.Rhop.Direct.,p.25.–Okano, 1981.Tokurana1:30.–Bridges,1983.Lep.Hesp.2,p.14.–Bridges, 1988.Cat.Hesp.1,p.23;App.2,p.2.–Bridges,1988.Cat. Fam.-Group & Gen.-Group Nam. 4, p. 52; 5, p. 2. – Mielke, 2004.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2015.07.010

0085-5626/© 2015 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

E.Carneiroetal./RevistaBrasileiradeEntomologia59(2015)294–300 295

Hesperioidea, p. 68, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep.5A.

Diagnosis.The genusGallio isdistinguished fromalmostall generaofMoncinibythepresenceofauniquecolorventralwing patterncomposedbyacontinuousyellowishmarginallinewith thin parallel expansionsbetween veinsuntil or beforethe dis-calspotsfromR3–R4 toCuA1–CuA2 inVFWand fromSc+R1 to

M3–CuA1inVHW.Additionally,VFWpresentsarowofsmall

yel-lowishdiscalspotsineachspacefromSctoCuA2(poorlydefined

inDFW)andayellowishdiscalspotintheanteriorhalfofthe dis-calcell(sometimesobservableinDFW)whileinVHWtherowof smallyellowishdiscalspotsispresentfromSc+R1to2A(absentin

DHW)andtheyellowishdiscalspotoccurattheposteriorhalfof thediscalcell(Figs.1–4).

OnlytwospeciesofthegenusVehiliusGodman,1900,plusthe monotypicgenusIngloriusAustin,1997sharetheabove charac-terswithGallio:VehiliusmadiusBell,1941,VehiliusseriatusMabille, 1891andIngloriusmediocrisAustin,1997.ThegenusGalliocanbe easilydistinguishedfromthosespeciesbelongingtoVehiliusbythe absenceofalongpatchofochrehair-likescalesatthebaseofthe malesDFWanalmargin.Ontheotherhand,thewingpatternof GallioismostsimilartoInglorius.However,themalegenitaliain thesegeneradifferinrespecttofourcharacters.Theshorter ante-riorprojectionofsaccusthanthetegumen+uncus,uncuslonger thanwide,withitsmediandistalprojectionaslongastheuncus’ armsandtheharpedistallylonginInglorius(Austin,1997,Fig.12) maybeusedtodistinguishthesetwogenera.

Description:Antennalongerthanonehalfofcosta;antennal club short (equal to¼ of theshaft); shaft ventrally yellowish; nudumfrom10to12segments,onlyonapiculus.Palpusquadrate (inneredgeequaltothetransversewidth),ventrallyyellowishto whitishmixedwithbrownscales,thirdsegmentcylindrical,thin, aroundhalfofthesecondsegmentlength.Wings:forewinglength: 9–13mm.Groundcolorbrown,violetbluishmetallicshadeon sub-apicalareaofVFWandonallVHW,andwithyellowishmarkings. DFWuniformlybrown;yellowishdiscalcellspotintheanterior halfofthediscalcell;arowofsmallyellowishdiscalspotsineach spacefromSctoCuA2,sometimesfaintorabsent;brandabsent.

DHWuniformlybrown.VFWcostalareayellowishfrombaseto Scend;yellowishdiscalcellspotattheanteriorhalfofthediscal cell;arowofsmallyellowishdiscalspotsineachspacefromSc toCuA2;submarginalareawithacontinuousyellowishlinewith

thinexpansionsparalleltotheveinsuntilorbeforereachthediscal spotsfromR3–R4toCuA1–CuA2;awhitishlongspotinCuA2–2A,

alignedwiththediscalcellend.VHWcostalmarginyellowish; yel-lowishdiscalcellspotintheposteriorhalfofthediscalcell;arow ofsmallyellowishdiscalspotsineachspacefromSc+R1 to2A;

submarginalareawithacontinuousyellowishlinewiththin expan-sionsparallelstotheveinsuntilorbeforereachthediscalspotsfrom Sc+R1toM3–CuA1.Legs:laterallyiridescentdarkyellow,mesotibia

coveredbysmallspinesandwithapairofdistalspurs;metatibia withtwopairsofspurs.Abdomendorsallydarkbrown,ventrally cream,centrallongitudinallinethin,weaktoabsent;pleuralspots betweensegmentsIV–VIabsentonfemales.MaleGenitalia: tegu-menwithoutprojection;fenestratriangular,developedtoreduced, widerthanlong.Saccuslobed,longerthantegumen+uncus.Uncus shorterthanwide,withreducedprojectedarms,largelyseparated fromeachotherandwiththedistalmedianprojectionshorterthan theuncusarms’length.Gnathoshooked-like,withamembranous patch.Valvaesymmetrical,withoutposteriormediancleftdividing ampullafromharpe; sacculusrectangular;harpeprojected pos-teriorlyanddorsally,withaninner ventro-posteriorprotruding line;ampullarounded,notprojected.Aedeaguscylindrical;coecum lobed or reduced; dorso-posterior end of aedeagus hollowed; ventro-posteriorend ventrallyprojected;vesicadistallyclothed

byseveralreducedspines.Fulturainferiorthin;bifid;dorsal pro-jectionsextendingonlylaterallyfromaedeagus;ventrallybilobed. FemaleGenitalia:tergiteVIIIwithanellipsoidespiracular open-ing,apartorcontinuoustoexternalmargin.Lamellaantevaginalis projectedbelowostiumbursae,formingatubetogetherwiththe lamellapostvaginalis.Ostiumbursaelocatedmediallyinsterigma. Posteriormarginoflamellapostvaginaliswithlateralprojections, truncated,roundedorpointed.Ductusbursaemembranous, dis-tallysinuousorfoldedintoa&-shape,withthinlateralsigna; prox-imalsclerotizationendssidewardstotheleft;corpusbursaeoval. Galliocarasta(Schaus,1902)

(Figs.1,5,9,13)

VehiliuscarastaSchaus,1902.Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.24:448;male, n◦6.037,Petropolis[RiodeJaneiroState],Brazil;USNM.–Draudt, 1923,inSeitz.Gross-Schmett.Erde5,p.973.–Evans,1955.Cat. Amer.Hesp.4,p.142.–J.Zikán&W.Zikán1968.Pesq.agropec. bras.3:64.–Bridges,1983.Lep.Hesp.1,p.22;2,p.39.–Bridges, 1988.Cat.Hesp.1,p.34;2,p.64.

StomylesgallioMabille,1904,inWytsman.Gen.Ins.17,p.132; 1 specimen [holotype], Brazil. – Draudt, 1923, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett.Erde5,p.943.

Amblyscirtesgallio:Draudt,1924,inSeitz.Gross-Schmett.Erde 5,p.1055.

Galliogallio:Evans,1955.Cat.Amer.Hesp.4,p.111,pl.60(male gen.).–Bridges,1983.Lep.Hesp.1,p.47;2,p.14.–Bridges,1988. Cat.Hesp.1,p.74;2,p.23.

(nogenus)carastaBeattie,1976.Rhop.Direct.,p.104. (nogenus)gallioBeattie,1976.Rhop.Direct.,p.150.

G.carasta:MielkeandCasagrande,2002.Revtabras.Zool.19, Suppl.1:53;_syn.:gallio.–Mielke,2004.Hesperioidea,p. 68,_in Lamas(ed.).Checklist:Part4A,Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea,in Heppner(ed.).AtlasNeotrop.Lep.5A;syn.:gallio.–Mielke,2005. Cat.Amer.Hesperioidea4,p.967;syn.:gallio.–Carneiro;Mielke &Casagrande,2008.ShilapRevtalepid.36(142):266.–Dolibaina, Mielke&Casagrande,2011.BiotaNeotrop.11(1):345.

Diagnose:G.carastahastheantennashaftventrally yellow-ish only onits basal portion;longer forewing, withthe length around11–13mm(Fig.1a–d);forewingsubapicalyellowspotsin R3–M1alignedwitheachother(Fig.1b);submarginalyellowlineof

ventralforewingproximallyprojected(Fig.1b);forewingventral surfacewiththeyellowsubmarginallineinM1–M2notexceeding

proximallythesubapicalyellowspot(Fig.1b).Dorsalprojection ofampulladeveloped,spinedanddistallyinclined.Distalmargin ofaedeagusabruptlythinnedtowardtherightside.Lamella ante-vaginalisbifidasinGallioimperatrizsp.nov.,butwithshorterand roundedprojections.Posteriormarginoflamellapostvaginaliswith lateralfingeredprojections.

Typematerial:ThedescriptionofV.carastaSchaus,1902was basedonthemale,buttheauthoralsomentionsafemale,indicating at least two specimens used todescribe the species. Addition-ally,Schaus(1902)mentionsthetypelocalityasPetropolis(Riode Janeirostate,Brazil)andthetypecodenumber#6037.However, asverifiedbyDolibainaetal.(2014),thecodenumbersmentioned bySchaus(1902)mayincludemorethanonespecimen.Afterthe studyoftheUSNMcollectionasinglesyntypebelongingtothis specieswaslocatedwiththefollowinglabels:/Petropolis[Riode Janeiro]Brazil/CollectionW.Schaus/V.carastaT[y]peSch[au]s/Type No6037U.S.N.M./.Thus,aimingtoprovidestabilitytothename proposedbySchaus(1902),theabovesyntypeisheredesignated as the lectotype of V. carasta and the following labels will be added:/LECTOTYPUS/LectotypusV.carastaSchaus,1902Carneiro, Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrandedet.2015/;theselabelswillbesend tothecuratoroftheUSNM.

Asecondnamewasproposedtothisspecies,S.gallioMabille, 1904,thatwasconsideredasubjectivesynonymjuniorofG.carasta

Figs.1–4.1.Galliocarasta(Schaus,1902);2.GallioimperatrizCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrandesp.nov.,holotype(DZ31.501)andalotype(DZ31.571)respectively; 3.GalliofurtadoiCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrandesp.nov.,holotype(DZ31.651)andalotype(DZ31.641)respectively;4.GallioetiCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke& Casagrandesp.nov.,holotype(OM64.567)andallotype(DZ31.230)respectively.Dorsalviews(a,c);ventralviews(b,d);males(a,b);females(c,d).

byMielkeandCasagrande(2002).Mabille(1904)usedofasingle specimenon thedescriptionof S. gallio, interpreted asa holo-typebysubsequentauthors(Evans,1955;MielkeandCasagrande, 2002;Mielke,2005).AccordingtoEvans(1955), thetype spec-imen is a male deposited at the BMNH having the following labels:/Type/Bresil/StomylesgallioMab[ille]./R.OberthürColl.Brit. Mus.1931-136/.

ImagesofthelectotypeofV.carastaSchaus,1902andthe holo-typeofStomylesgallioMabille,1904areavailableinWarrenetal. (2015).

Distribution:Braziliancoast,fromsouthBahiatoSanta Cata-rina.ScarceinwesternParanástateandParaguay.

Examinedmaterial:BRAZIL–Bahia:Amargosa,6-8.IV.2002, O.-C.Mielkeleg.7♂and5♀(OM48.089,OM48.489,OM51.487,OM 55.845,OM55.887,OM56.128,OM56.143,OM56.180,OM56.187, OM 56.194, OM 56.215, OM 56.220, OM 56.243, OM 56.290); Camacan,I.1992,Beckerleg.,1♂(OM50.778).EspíritoSanto:Santa Teresa,24.IX.1966,C.&C.T.Eliasleg.,2♂(DZ31.233,DZ31.352), 25-29.III.1970,Ebert leg.,1♂(DZ31.452), (ParqueSanta Lúcia), 12.II.1991,Tangerinileg.,1♂(DZ31.783),(SãoJoãode Petrópo-lis),10.IV.1967,C.&C. T.Elias leg.,1♂(DZ31.224);Sooretama, (ReservaBiológicaSooretama),21-25.I.2014,Mielke&Casagrande leg.,1♂(DZ31.363).MinasGerais:CatasAltas(Carac¸a),1-5.II.1985, Mielke & Casagrande leg., 1♂ (DZ 31.353); Itaipé, 29.VI.1969, Ebert leg., 1_♂ (DZ31.743); Poc¸os de Caldas, 17.XII.1966,Ebert leg.,1♀ (DZ31.372). Rio deJaneiro: Cachoeira deMacacu(Boca do Mato),16.VI.2001, Tangerini leg.,1♂(DZ31.332), 1.VI.2003, Tangerinileg.,1♂(DZ31.722), 4.III.2006,Tangerini leg.,1♂(DZ 31.642), 31.III.2008, Tangerini leg., 1♂ (DZ 31.523); Petrópolis (AltodaSerra),15.IV.1962,Mielkeleg.,1♂(OM4.286),5.XII.1965, Mielkeleg.,2♀(OM7.592,OM7.593);RiodeJaneiro(Camorim),

18.IV.1965,Mielkeleg.,3♂(OM6.578,OM6.579,OM6.580).São Paulo:Cananéia,23.IV.1999,Mielke&Casagrandeleg.,1♂and1♀ (OM50.028,OM50.056);Ubatuba,28.VII.1963,Ebertleg.,1♂(DZ 31.502), 14.XII.1965,Ebert leg.,1♂(DZ31.242). Paraná: Anton-ina(Cacatú),16.IV.1977,Mielkeleg.,1♂(DZ31.554),21.IV.1998, Mielkeleg.,1♀(OM49.089),(Cedro),6.IV.2013,Mielke&Siewert leg.,1♂(OM74.403),18.IV.2013,Mielke,Siewert&Zaccaleg.,1♂ (DZ31.472);BalsaNova(SãoLuizdoPurunã),28.X.1986,Mielke& Casagrandeleg.,1♀(DZ31.603);CampinaGrandedoSul(6kmNW deJaguatirica),1.III.2003,Mielke&Casagrandeleg.,1♀(OM59.852), 5.IV.2003,Mielke&Casagrandeleg.,1♂(OM59.621);CampoLargo (16kmNOdeBateias),11.III.2000,Mielkeleg.,2_♂(OM51.534,OM 51.646),(TrêsCórregos),7.III.1998,O.-C.Mielke&Bizarroleg.,1♀ (OM48.264);Guaratuba(Limeira),21.IV.2001,Mielkeleg.,1♂and 1♀(OM51.550,OM51.771),15.IV.2003,Mielkeleg.,4♂and1♀(OM 51.699,OM51.706,OM51.713,OM51.720,OM51.727); Jaguar-iaíva(ParqueEstadualdoCerrado),20.XI.2009,Mielke,Carneiro, Maia,Ribeiro&Dolibainaleg.,1♀(DZ31.222);Morretes,19.IV.1997, Mielkeleg.,1♂and1♀(OM45.843,OM45.851),12.III.1997,Mielke leg.,3♂and2♀(OM45.842,OM45.914,OM45.922,OM45.930, OM45.938),(AltodaSerra),28.I.1993,Mielkeleg.,1♂(OM33.718), (MorroAlto),31.III.2001,Mielkeleg.,1♀(OM53.290),11.IV.2001, Mielkeleg.1♂(OM 51.550),14.IV.2001, Mielkeleg.,1♂and 1♀ (OM51.532,OM51.798),12.IV.2003,Mielkeleg.,1♂and3♀(OM 60.605,OM60.640,OM60.647,OM60.654),9.IV.2005,Mielkeleg., 1♀(DZ31.792),4.IV.2009,Mielkeleg.,1♂(DZ31.503);Paranaguá, 16.IV.1995,Mielkeleg.,3♂and 2♀ (OM40.653,OM40.661,OM 40.725,OM40.757,OM40.781),(Alexandra),27.IV.1968,Mielke leg., 1♂and 1♀ (DZ 31.272,DZ 31.612), 6.IX.1968,Mielke leg., 1♀ (DZ 31.703); Pontal do Paraná, 26.XII.2001, Mielke leg., 1♂ (OM 55.409), (Atami),31.III.1991, Mielke leg., 1♀ (OM 26.679),

E.Carneiroetal./RevistaBrasileiradeEntomologia59(2015)294–300 297

Figs.5–8.MalegenialiaofGalliospecies.5.Galliocarasta(Schaus,1902),OM30.007;6.GallioimperatrizCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrandesp.nov.DZ922;7.Gallio

furtadoiCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrandesp.nov.DZ31.641;8.GallioetiCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrandesp.nov.OM64.567.a.lateralviewofgenitalia withoutaedeagus;b.dorsalviewoftegumenanduncus;c.innerviewoftherightvalva;d,eandf.aedeagusdorsal,ventralandlateralviewsrespectively.

Figs.9–12.FemalegenitaliaofGalliospeciesinventralview.9.Galliocarasta(Schaus,1902)DZ31.270;10.GallioimperatrizCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrandesp.

Fig.13. GeographicaldistributionofGalliospecies.

20.IV.1992,Mielkeleg.,1♀(OM32.846),10.IV.1993,Mielkeleg.,1♂ (OM34.899),7.IX.1997,Mielkeleg.,3♀(OM45.549,OM45.557,OM 45.658),26.XII.2009,Mielkeleg.,1♂(DZ31.772),26-31.XII.2009, Mielke leg., 3♂ and 1♀ (DZ 31.572, DZ 31.673, DZ 31.762, DZ 31.773),(RioGuaraguatá),27.III.2011,Mielkeleg.,3♂(DZ31.303, DZ 31.672, DZ 31.742), 3.V.2014, Mielke leg., 1♂ (DZ 31.312); SãoJosédosPinhais(Castelhanos),24.II.1994,Mielkeleg.,1♀(OM 37.541);TijucasdoSul(Vossoroca),IV-1971,Moure&Mielkeleg., 3♀(DZ31.623,DZ31.713,DZ31.793),7.IV.1971,Moure&Mielke leg.,8♂and3♀(DZ31.270,DZ31.292,DZ31.423,DZ31.443,DZ 31.453,DZ31.493,DZ31.573,DZ31.613,DZ31.682,DZ31.702,DZ 31.763),8.III.1972,Mielkeleg.,1♂and1♀(DZ31.232,DZ31.740), 24.II.1980,Mielkeleg.,1_♂(DZ31.354);Turvo(Britador),15.II.2010, Dolibainaleg.,1♂(DZ31.413);Ventania(12KmNO),30.XI.2008, Mielkeleg.,1♀(DZ31.622).SantaCatarina:Blumenau,2.III.1973, Lauterjungleg.,1♂(DZ31.373);Camboriú,27.I.1984,Mielkeleg., 1♂(DZ31.583);Florianópolis (Naufragados),16.IV.2005,Santos leg.,1♂(DZ31.552);Garuva,22.I.1987,Mielke&Casagrandeleg., 1♂(OM13.356);Joinville,10.X.1967,Miersleg.,1♂(DZ31.262), 12.III.1967, Mielke leg.,1♀ (DZ31.782), 27.III.1970, Mielke leg., 1♂(DZ31.323),20.XI.1970,Mielkeleg.,1♂(DZ31.662),7.II.1971, Mielke&Miersleg.,1♂(DZ31.342),21.IV.1971, Miersleg.,3♂ (DZ31.243,DZ31.422,DZ31.482),24.IV.1971,Mielkeleg.,1♂(DZ 31.553),6.XI.1971,Mielke&Miersleg.,1♂(DZ31.383),28.IV.1973, Mielke& Miersleg.,1♂ (DZ31.393), 18.I.1976,Mielke leg.,1♂ and1_♀, (DZ31.723,DZ31.614), 27.III.1980, Mielkeleg.,1_♂and 1♀(DZ31.492,DZ31.732),23.I.1984,Miers&Mielkeleg.,1♂(DZ

31.462), 7.I.1987,Mielkeleg., 1♂(OM 13.365),16.I.1989, Miers leg.,1♂(OM21.537),22.XI.1982,Miersleg.,1♂(OM30.007);Rio dos Cedros(Alto Rio dos Cedros),4.II.1972, Lauterjung leg.,1♂ (DZ31.692),15.II.1972,Lauterjungleg.,1♂(DZ31.302);SãoBento do Sul(MorrodaIgreja), 17.V.2003,Moser &Rankleg.,1♂(DZ 31.473),(RioNatal),13.III.1987,Mielke&Rankleg.,2♀(OM14.379, OM 25.089), 23.IV.2002, Rank leg., 1♂(OM 58.591), 5.IV.2011, Rankleg.,1♀ (DZ31.764), (RioVermelho), 1.IV.1974,Rankleg., 1♀ (DZ31.681), 11.III.1984, Mielke &Rank leg.,2♂and 2♀ (DZ 31.223,DZ31.293,DZ31.442,DZ31.663),7.III.1987,Rankleg.,1♂ (OM17.129);Seara(NovaTeutônia),I.1971,Plaumannleg.,1♀(DZ 31.720),III.1971,Plaumannleg.,1♀(DZ31.252),VIII.1977, Plau-mannleg.,1_♀(DZ31.513);Taió,24.I.1982,Mielke&Westleg.,1_♂ (DZ31.563).PARAGUAY–AltoParaná:Itakyry,15-20.I.1980,Mielke &Miersleg.,2♂and1♀(DZ31.432,DZ31.392,DZ31.683). GallioimperatrizCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrande,sp.nov.

(Figs.2,6,10,13)

Diagnose:Thisnewspeciescanbeimmediatelydistinguished fromG.carastabyitssmallersize,withtheforewinglengtharound 9–10mm(Fig.2),andbytheunalignedforewingsubapicalyellow spotsin R3–M1 duetotheproximalpositionof thespotR4–R5

(Fig.2).However,thecharacterslistedabovearealsopresentin G.furtadoisp.nov.andG.etisp.nov.Thus,G.imperatrizsp.nov.is rightlyseparatedfromG.furtadoisp.nov.andG.etisp.nov.byits distributiononlyknowntosouthwesternMaranhão,consequently allopatricfromtheremaintwospecies,andbythecharactersfrom

E.Carneiroetal./RevistaBrasileiradeEntomologia59(2015)294–300 299

bothmaleandfemalegenitaliaincludingtheampullawithadorsal hook-shapedprojectionproximallyinclined;distalmarginofharpe mediallyrounded;aedeagusdistalopeningmediallylongerand larger;vesicabilobed,producingtwolongprojectionscoveredby severalreducedspinesofdifferentsizes;lamellaantevaginalisbifid fromthebaseproducingtwolongdistallydivergentarms;ostium bursaeproximal;lamellapostvaginalislongerthanwide,without adistalbroaddeepindentation,additionallywithtwoshortand curvedlateralprojections;ductusbursaeshorterthanGalliocarasta withasclerotizationpatchwithinthesinuouspart;corpusbursae wider.

Description:Forewinglength:9–10mm.Antenna:nudum11to 12.Malegenitalia:fenestrareduced.Harpedorsalprojection devel-oped,pointed,posteriorprojectiontruncatedwithareducedspine. Coecumofaedeagusshort,lobed,dorsallystraight,slightlycurved totheleft;distalopeningofaedeaguselongated,V-shaped;distal ventralmarginofaedeagusmediallyprojectedandpointed;vesica bilobed,distallyclothedbyseveralreducedspinesofdifferentsizes ineachlobe.Femalegenitalia:spiracularopeningofeighthtergite closedandellipsoid.Lamellaantevaginalisdeeplybifid,withthin andlongarms.Distalmarginofthelamellapostvaginaliswithtwo lateral,shortandcurvedprocesses.Ductussinuousandshort,with adistinctsclerotizationpatchwithinthesinuouspart.

Types: Holotype male with the following labels:/HOLOTYPUS/Imperatriz, MA[ranhão, Brazil] 3-VII-1974 Exc[ursão].Dep[ar]t[ament]o.Zool[ogia]./DZ 31.501/HOLOTYPUS Gallio imperatriz Carneiro, Dolibaina,Mielke & Casagrande det. 2015/.DZUP.

Allotype with the following labels:/ALLOTYPUS/Imperatriz, MA[ranhão, Brazil] 25-VIII-1974 Exc[ursão]. Dep[ar]t[ament]o. Zool[ogia]./DZ 31.571/ALLOTYPUS Gallio imperatriz Carneiro, Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrandedet.2015/.DZUP.

Paratypes:BRAZIL–Maranhão:Imperatriz,1.VII.1974,1macho (DZ31.671),2.VII.1974,1♀(DZ31.631),3.VII.1974,1♂(DZ31.491), 4.VII.1974,1_♂(DZ31.701),29.VII.1974,1_♀(DZ31.581),5.VIII.1974, 1♂(DZ31.280),19.VIII.1974,1♂(DZ922),25.VIII.1974,1♀(DZ 31.571)allcollectedbyExcursãodoDepartamentodeZoologiada UFPR.

Distribution: Knownfromasinglelocation insouthwestern Maranhão,closetotheeasternlimitsofAmazonforest.

Etymology:Thenameisareferencetothetypelocality,theonly placeknownfortheoccurrenceofthisspecies.

GalliofurtadoiCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrande,sp.nov. (Figs3,7,11,13)

Diagnose: Gallio furtadoi sp. nov. is distinguished from G. carastabyitssmallersize,withforewinglengtharound9.5–10mm (Fig.3a–d);unalignedforewingsubapicalyellowspotsinR3–M1

due to theproximal position of thespot R4–R5 (Fig. 3b);

sub-marginalyellowlineofventralforewing(Fig.3b);theforewing ventralsurfacewiththeyellowsubmarginallineinM1–M2

exceed-ingproximallythesubapicalyellowspots(Fig.3b).However,as mentioned onthe diagnosisof G.imperatriz sp. nov., the char-acters listed aboveare sharedwith both G. imperatriz sp. nov. andG.etisp.nov.,thusG.furtadoisp.nov.canbedistinguished fromthesespecies bythetrapezoidtegumen;developed fenes-tra;distalmarginofharpethinnerandpointed;dorsalprojection ofampullareduced;aedeaguslongerthantheanteriorprojection ofsaccus+valva;ejaculatorybulbopeningontheanteriormargin ofthecoecum;distalopeningofaedeagusshort,proximallynot projectedindorsalview;distalmarginofaedeagustruncatedand withaminorroundedprojectionontherightside;vesicalobed, end covered withseveralreduced spines;lamellaantevaginalis shorter,distalmarginwiththreeshortprojections,twolateralsand oneatthecenter;distalmarginofthelamellapostvaginaliswitha developedV-shapedindentation.

Description: Forewing length 9.5–10mm. Antenna: nudum 11.Malegenitalia:fenestradeveloped.Harpe’sdorsalprojection as small reduced spine; posterior projection aculeate. Aedea-guslongerthanvalva+saccuslength,coecumreduced,elbowed, slightlycurvedtotheleft;dorso-distalendofaedeagushollowed, hollowwide,short,notextendedanteriorlyonaedeagus; ventro-distalendofaedeagustruncated,withaminorroundedprojection ontherightside;vesicadistallyclothedbyseveralreducedspines. Femalegenitalia:lamellaantevaginalisprojectionwide,with lat-eralandmedian,ratherreducedroundedprojections.Distalmargin oflamellapostvaginaliswithlateraltriangularprocessesseparated byaV-shapedline.Ductusbursaefoldedin&-shape.

Types: Holotype with the following labels:/HOLOTYPUS/Rio Vermelho,C[oron]el.RioBranco,CáceresM[a]T[oGrosso,Brazil], 400m,3-VII-1972Mielke&Brownleg./GEN.PREP.E.CARNEIRO 2014/DZ 31.651/HOLOTYPUS Galliofurtadoi Carneiro, Dolibaina, Mielke&Casagrandedet.2015/.DZUP.

Allotypewiththefollowinglabels:/ALLOTYPUS/RioVermelho, C[oron]el.Rio Branco,CáceresM[a]T[o Grosso,Brazil],400m, 3-VII-1972Mielke&Brownleg./GEN.PREP.E.CARNEIRO2014/DZ 31.641/ALLOTYPUS Galliofurtadoi Carneiro, Dolibaina,Mielke & Casagrandedet.2015/.DZUP.

Distribution:Knownfromasinglelocalityinsouthern Mato Grosso,Brazil.

Etymology: This species honors thebutterfly specialist and friendEuridesFurtado,givenhisvaluablecontributiontothe Brazil-ianlepidopteranbiodiversity.

GallioetiCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke&Casagrande,sp.nov. (Figs.4,8,12,13)

Galliosp.Lamas,1994,inFosteretal.RAPWorkingPapers6: 175.–Robbinsetal.,1996,InWilson&Sandoval.Manu,p.249.

Diagnose:Asinpreviousnewspecies,Gallioetisp.nov.is dis-tinguishedfromG.carastaalsobyitssmallersize,withforewing lengtharound9.5–10mm(Fig.4a–d);unalignedforewing subapi-calyellowspotsinR3–M1duetotheproximalpositionofthespot

inR4–R5(Fig.4b);submarginalyellowlineofventralforewingon

theoutermargin(Fig.4b);andtheforewingventralsurfacewith theyellowsubmarginallineinM1–M2 exceedingproximallythe

subapicalyellowspot(Fig.4b).Ontheotherhand,these charac-tersalsooccurinG.imperatrizsp.nov.andG.furtadoisp.nov.,thus G.etisp.nov.isseparatedfromthesetwospeciesbytherounded dorsalprojectionofampulla,notexceedingthedorsalmarginof costa;distalmarginofaedeagusthinandpointed,withthe dis-talopeningnotprojectedproximallyasinG.imperatrizsp.nov.; lamellaantevaginalisdistalmarginwithasinglemedian projec-tion;lamellapostvaginalisrounded,withitsdistalmarginwitha developedU-shapedindentation.

Description: Forewinglength: 9.5–10mm. Antenna: nudum 11to12.Malegenitalia:fenestrareduced.Harpe’sdistal projec-tionshortandrounded,slightlyturneddorsally.Ampulla’sdorsal projectionshortand rounded.Coecumof aedeagusshort, later-allystraight;dorso-posterior endof aedeagushollowed;hollow wideandelongated;ventro-distalendofaedeagusmedially pro-jected,pointedinapex;vesicabilobed,distallyclothedbyseveral reduced spinesofdifferentsizesineach lobe.Female genitalia: eighthtergitewithanellipsoidspiracularopeningseparatedfrom theexternalmargin.Lamellaantevaginaliswithamedian,rounded projection.Distalmarginoflamellapostvaginaliswithlateral trun-catedprocessesseparatedbyaU-shapedmargin.Ductusbursae membranousfoldedin&-shape.

Types:Holotypemalewiththefollowinglabels:/HOLOTYPUS/ 20-23-VII-2004 50 KM NO DE BUJARI, BUJARI, ACRE [BRAZIL] 200m, O.-C. MIELKE LEG./GEN. PREP. E. CARNEIRO 2014/OM 64.567/HOLOTYPUS Gallio eti Carneiro, Dolibaina, Mielke & Casagrandedet.2015/.DZUP.

TheAllotypefemalehasthefollowinglabels:/ALLOTYPUS/PERU, M[adre] de Dios, Parque Manu, Pakitza 340m, 11◦5548S 71◦1518W13Oct1991Leg.O.Mielke/GEN.PREP.E.CARNEIRO 2014/DZ31.230/ALLOTYPUSGallioetiCarneiro,Dolibaina,Mielke &Casagrandedet.2015/.DZUP.

Paratype:PERU–MadredeDíos:ParqueNacionalManu (Pak-itza),340m,29.IX.1991,G.Lamasleg.1♂(MUSM).

Distribution:Knownfromtwo localitiesfromwestern Ama-zoninInambariendemismarea:Bujari(Acre,Brazil)andParque NacionalManu(MadredeDíos,Peru).

Etymology:Thenamecomesfromtheresemblancebetween theshapeoftheductusbursaeandthe“&”symbol.

Systematicremarks

ThenameV.carastawasfirstdescribedinthisgenusprobably duetothepresenceofyellowishdiscalspotsandlinesinbothwings ventralsurface(Schaus,1902).Later,Mabille(1904)described Sto-mylesgallio,whosegenusisconsideredasynonymofAmblyscirtes Scudder,1872since Watson(1893). Inthecatalogof American skippers,Evans(1955)transferredStomylesgalliofromAmblyscirtes Scudder,1872tohisnewproposedgenusGallio,withoutobserving V.carasta,otherwise bothnameswouldnot bementioned sep-aratelyinhiscatalog.Theoldestnamewasthereafterproposed (MielkeandCasagrande,2002;Mielke,2005),andalsohere main-tainedasaseniorsynonymofStomylesgallio.

CombinationofEvans(1955)wasprobablyinfluenced byits classificationsystem,usinginthiscasetheabsenceofnuduminthe antennalclubasacharactertoplaceGalliocarastainthe“Phanes subgroup”ofthe“Apaustusgroup”.Giventhedisparatewing pat-ternandmalegenitaliabetweenGallioandallothergeneraascribed to“Phanessubgroup”,Evans(1955),createdthegenustoincludea singlespeciesbasedonitsshorterantennaeandabsenceofnudum inclub,absenceofstigmaandby“thefaciesandtheformof gen-italia”.“Phanessubgroup”however,hasbeenshowedtogroupa miscellaneousofunrelatedMonciniandAnthoptinispeciesgiven theabsenceofmorphologicalcharactersthatsupportsit(Carneiro etal., 2015).Furthermore,Gallio presentsmore similar charac-terswithsomeVehiliusspecies, thanallotherspeciesclassified in“Phanessubgroup”.Forexample,VehiliusseriatusandV.madius bothpresentbasicallythesameventralsurfacewingpattern,which includes:yellowishmarkedlinesbetweenveins,presenceofthe sameyellowishdiscalandcellspots,andthegroundcolorbrown withbluish metallicshade.Additionally, Vehilius’snudumin 12 segmentsagreeinnumbertothevariationfoundinGallio(10–12 segments),althoughitdiffersinitsextensiontotheclub.

Nevertheless,althoughthecharacters usedtodescribeGallio areactuallymisleading(e.g.antennaelengthisratherlongerthan halfofcosta;nudumvariesfrom10to12)orambiguous(absence ofstigmaandbroaduncusarepresentinseveralsimilargenera), thereisnoreasonuntilnowtoincludeitsspeciesinanothergenus. Theuncus,projectionofharpe,fultura,andprojectionoflamella postvaginalishave quitedistinctformats, configuringwhat tax-onomistsusuallycalls “genitaliapattern orgenitaliaform”(e.g.

Lindsey,1921;Evans,1955;Freeman,1973).AllVehiliusspecies presentadistinctmodificationinallthosecharacters,plusthelong aedeagus,cornutishapeandsclerotizedductusbursaeclosetothe ostium,whicharecharacterssharedwithspeciesofCymaenes(E.C. pers.obs.).

LessthantwodecadesagoanewgenusnamedIngloriusAustin, 1997wasdescribedfromCentralAmericatoincludeasinglespecies I.mediocrisAustin,1997.Thisspeciesregardsmanyressemblance withGallio.Noexternaldifferencescanbeobservedamongthem mainlyinthewingscolorpattern.Eventhough,Austin(1997)did notexplicitlyproposeanyrelationshipbetweenIngloriusandGallio,

hechoosetoplaceIngloriusinthe“Apaustussubgroup”.However, accordingtoAustin(1997)thenuduminIngloriusextendstothe club,whileinGallioitoccursonlyonapiculus.Therecognitionof thischaracterhoweverisquitedifficult,andcanbeconsideredasa “subjectivejudgment”(Steinhauser,1989).Theplacementof Inglo-riusclosetoGallioappearstobecorrect.Neverthelesstherarityof I.mediocrisincollections(thisspecieswasonlyexaminedbyus throughitsoriginaldescriptionandamaleillustratedbyWarren etal.,2015),andthefactthatthefemaleremainsunknwondoes notallowamoreaccuratetaxonomictreatmentforInglorius.

Although the phylogenetic information of Moncini lineages remainsunexplored,Galliocurrentlyrepresentsaninformative tax-onomicgroup,supportedbyuniquemorphologicalcharactersin maleandfemalegenitalia.Itishowever,morelikelythatitismore closelyrelatedtogeneraincluded“Cymaenessubgroup”thantoall taxalistedin“Phanessubgroup”.

Conflictofinterest

Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsofinterest. Acknowledgments

WewouldliketothankDr.GerardoLamasforgentlyproviding informationaboutthespecimenofG.etidepositedattheMUSM. TheauthorsaregrantedbyConselhoNacionaldeDesenvolvimento CientíficoeTecnológico(CNPq).

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