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gança, Portu n Zamora, Spa y used in lo made with s aterial layer resistance is This investi f view of in tion walls w d the ignitio conditions. e to predict our of gypsum Loadbearıng ce and Techno nternational 4.0/ or send aDER FIRE
ugal ain oadbearing w steel cold fo rs attached t usually prov igation eval nsulation (I) were used int on of combus The loadbea an accurate m panels an ology, aE
walls, ormed to the vided luates ) and to the stible aring e fire nd theignition o A new for Keyword LSF Wal
1. Intro
L used in b normally prescript design o plasterbo normally a compo composit to the as elements D efficiency One of th Shoub(So assembli temperatu Kenneth transmiss partition unexpose and later paramete Sultan, M and expe of combustib rmula is pre ds lls, Fire Resioduction
Loadbearing building ind y determined ion or perfo of this build oards or any y used as a si site solution te panels, wh ssembly of t , installation Different stu y of the insu he first expe on & Shoub es. Authors ure rise in J. Schwartz sion to prev walls, thro ed side of th r J. T. Gerlic ers which af M.A (Sultan, erimental tes ble materials esented to de istance, Num walls made dustry, with d by experim ormed base c ding elemen composite m imple protec n. The steel hich can be f the different n of window dies have b ulation mate erimental fire b, 1973), wh concluded the fire-exp and T. T. L vent ignition oughout exp he standard ch el al in 1 ffect the per 1996) in 19 sts for predic s. The loadb etermine the merical Simu with light st wide applic mental tests a code to desi nt presents material to sl ction materia structure all filled with in t elements o s and service been develop erials, the effe test on LS ho explained from the te posed gypsu Lie in 1985 ( n of the ma perimental t ASTM E11 996 (J. T. G rformance of 996 summari
cting the fire
bearing decr critical aver ulation, Expe teel frame (L cation to bu according to ign this buil cold forme low down th al and may a lows the for nsulation ma of the structu e componen ped to test ficiency of t F walls was d in detail t emperature um board d Schwartz & aterials in c tests to eva 9. J T Hans Gerlich, Coll f loadbearin ized the resu e resistance reases with t rage tempera erimental Te LSF) and pre uilding struc o standards, lding elemen ed steel pro he effect of th also be comb rmation of c aterials. Spec ure, in parti nts. the efficien he LSF, amo s developed two fire-end data of the due to the e Lie, 1985), contact with aluate the t sGerlich in 1 lier, & Buch ng LSF dryw ults obtained of non-insul the increase ature of the ests efabricated p ctures. The without the nt under fire ofiles, dully he fire. The bined with o avities betw cial attention icular the jo ncy of the p ong other de in 1973 by B durance tests second test existence of studied the h the unexpo temperature 1995(J. T. H hanan, 1996) wall systems d from a num lated and un of the load LSF. panels are w fire resistan existence o e conditions y protected plasterboard other materia ween the plat n should be g oints betwee plasterboards esign param B. C. Son an s on double t a much sl f a thicker p effect of the osed side o criteria for H. Gerlich, 1 ) investigate s exposed to merical simul nloaded steel level. widely nce is f any . The with ds are als, as tes or given n the s, the eters. nd H. e-wall lower plate. e heat of the r the 1995) ed the o fire. lation l-stud
1999)ma and analy propertie are prese and stud authors(A numerica formed s also deve 2003) to protectio shielding evaluate work imp walls, de fire ratin (one-dim the wall dimensio Mahendr determin insulation evolution presented thermal p agreemen Kesawan using app loadbeari validated in the gy (Kesawan ade a literatu ytical studie es are also di ented, in par spacing, wh Alfawakhiri al simulation steel studs c eloped by Y evaluate th n layers of p g performanc the structura proved the k eveloped a n ng. In 2013, mensional hea panel is ex onal analysis ran (Keertha ne the therma n layer betw n in the une d a compari performance nt between n and Mahen parent therm ing walls m d with five fu ypsum and n & Mahe ure review a s used for fi iscussed. Oth rticular the e hich can have
& Sultan, ns. The mod cause differe Y. Sakumoto he fire resis plywood, gy ce of the atta al and therm knowledge ab new concept Shahbazian at flow anal xposed to f s using ABA an & Mahe al performan ween them, xposed side ison betwee e of loadbear them. In 2 n Mahendran mal propertie made with ho
ull scale exp in the stee endran, 201
about LSF l ire rating are her importan effect of the e a very stro 2000) pres del demonstr ent structura o el al. in 2 stance of wa ypsum board ached gypsu mal performa bout the fire t for wall sy n et al (Shah
ysis) to calc fire. The res
AQUS. In t endran, 201 nce of the co proposing e. In 2014, P en numerica ring cold-for 2016 Sivaku n, 2016) dev es for the gyp
ollow flange perimental te el frame. In 17) presente loadbearing e presented nt considerat e screw spac ong effect of ented a com rates how d l failure mo 2003 (Sakum alls using g ds, and other um boards. In ance of LSF e behaviour ystem and pr hbazian & W culate the tem
sults agree the same ye 13) develop omposite pa new simple Poologanatha l results an rmed steel w umarKesawa veloped accu psum plaster e channel se ests. The mo 2017 Sivak ed a nume walls under and the temp tions regard cing, orientat f the fire perf mparison st different heat odes. An exp moto, Hiraka alvanized L materials, d n 2010,Prak wall system of both load resented a re Wang, 2013 mperature fi with the re ear, Poologa ed a numer nels, made b e formulas anKeerthan d experimen walls under fi an and Mah urate finite e rboard, invo ection studs. odels predict kumarKesaw erical study r fire. Previo perature dep ing failure o tion of gyps formance. L tudy betwee ting regimes perimental i awa, Masud LSF. Author depend main kashKolarkar ms under fire dbearing and eliable meth ) proposed ield in the st esults obtain anathanKeer rical study by two plast to estimate and Mahen ntal results fire condition hen Mahend element mod olved in the f The numer ted very wel wan and Ma y about the ous experim pendent mate of gypsum bo sum board jo Later on, the
en fire tests s applied in investigation da, & Nakam
s concluded nly on the the r(Kolarkar, 2 e conditions. d non-loadbe hod to predic a simple me teel section w ned from th rthan and M with SAFI terboards wi the temper Mahendran obtained fo ns, showing dran (Sivak dels with SA fire simulati rical results ll the temper ahen Mahen e structural mental erials oards oints, same s and n cold n was mura, d that ermal 2010) This earing ct the ethod when he bi-Mahen IR to ith an rature n [24] or the good kumar AFIR, on of were rature ndran fire
performa previous behaviou walls. T Bragança analysis numerica the fire p Gavilán, walls ma tests dev validation walls, wh
2. Expe
T used on L fire only side. The close to t shortest t any discr the basis the initia location, T investiga have a st U93x43x value of ance of LSF 5 fire expe ur of welded The fire perfo a (Portugal),with fluid al models wi
performance 2017) and p ade with com eloped for n n model and hen using the
erimental t
The main obj LSF walls. T
on one side e heat transf that surface time for whi rete area. Th of the incre al average te limited to 1 The partition ation part of tructure built x1.5 for the the 0.2% of F walls unde eriments (K hollow flan ormance on with the aim
structure i ith experime e of LSF us presenting a mposite pan non-loadbear d a parametr e same geom
tests on no
jective is to The fire resi e, without si fer should b is ignited. T ich the criter he fire perfor ease in avera emperature, 80°C above n walls unde a larger stud t with cold f tracks. Both f proof streng er fire condi Kesawan & ge channel ( LSF walls is m of develop nteraction ( ental tests de sing simplif a sequential els (Piloto, ring walls w ric analysis a metry and maon-loadbe
determine th istance (I) is ignificant he be limited to The classific ria of maxim rmance leve age tempera or, based o the initial av r analysis ar dy of materi formed steel h profiles be gth is 280 G tions. Autho Mahendran, (HFC) cross s also being ping accurat (Piloto, Khe eveloped els fied one dimnumerical m 2018). This ith empty ca able to predi aterials of th
earing wall
he fire resist s the ability eat transfer o avoid that cation (I) of mum or aver el used to de ature on the n the increa verage temp re made of als for LSF l C90x43x15 elong to stee GPa. The geoors validated 2015), wh section type developed a e numerical etata, & Ga sewhere (Kh mensional he model to stud manuscript avity, also pr ict the fire re he partition w
ls
tance (I) of d of the elem from the ex t the unexpo a wall shou rage temperafine the insu unexposed s ase of the m perature. 5 vertical st walls. The 4 5x1.5 for the el grade S28 ometry and d d the numer ere they fou e in the fire r at the Polyte models base avilán., 201 hetata et al., eat flow (Pi dy the fire r presents so resents the t esistance of walls. different com ment to withs xposed side t osed surface uld be attribu ature increas ulation shall side, limited maximum tem tuds and 2 t 4 specimens e studs and c 80GD, whic dimensions a rical models und the sup resistance of echnic Institu ed on the the 17), validate 2017), analy iloto, Khetat resistance of ome experim hree dimens LSF loadbe mposite solu stand exposu to the unexp e or any ma uted based o se are satisfi be calculate d to 140°C a mperature in tracks, being presented h cold formed ch means tha are represent with perior f LSF ute of ermal e the ysing ta, & f LSF mental sional earing utions ure to posed aterial on the ied in ed on above n any g this herein steel at the tative
Polytechn with a c positions a) L S every 15 top) allow edges of adjusted normally the other standard F layer pla layers of filaments gypsum multilaye and with nic Institute cavity thickn s of the main LSF specimen elf-drilling s 2 mm were wing a free f the wall bo to the dime y used for tes
r condition sp fire tests EN our specime ates. Two dif f multilayer p s and duly 2 is normal er paper, wit density of 7 of Bragança ness of 90 n disc thermo with composite Figu screws of di used. The L edge, prope oundary wer ensions of t sting EN 136 pecified in t N1363-1 (CE
ens were tes fferent types paper, with h added with l gypsum, m th high purit 760 kg/m3). a. Figure 1 s mm, the in ocouples, ap e panels. ure 1: LSF w ameter 4.2 a LSF was fixe erly filled w re filled wit the furnace 64-1 (CEN- this standard EN- Europea ted under fi s of plasterb high purity n thermo-exp made with la ty natural gy shows the di sertion of t pplied in the b) LSF w studs (2) walls under i and 4.8 mm ed to the test with ceramic th gypsum. and do not European C d were met a an Committe re condition boards were natural gyps pandable mi aminated gy ypsum inner imensions of he wall into unexposed s wall specimen f ) and layer pla main disc investigation and lengths t frame arou c fibre (righ The dimens t comply wi Committee fo as well as all ee for Standa ns to evaluat used (Gypsu sum inner co nerals with ypsum board core reinfor f the wall un o the testing side.
fixed in the tes ates (3) and tra thermocouples n of 19, 38 an und 3 edges ht side with sions of the ith the stand or Standardiz the general ardization, 2 te the insula um 1 is fired ore reinforce density of d consisting rced with fib
nder investig g frame and
ting frame (1), acks, along with
s (DT). nd 50 mm sp (left, bottom 25 mm). Al specimens dard dimens zation, 2015 requiremen 012). ation effect o d proof with ed with fiber 770 kg/m3; of two laye berglass filam gation d the with h the paced m and ll the were sions, ). All ts for of the h two rglass ; and ers of ments
T criterion DT meas have the specimen a compo composit Specime 01 02 04 07 D thermoco plasterbo applied o (hot flan cavities a thermoco thermoco in the tes
The fire resis for the max surement) an same LSF s n 02 is made site solution te solution m n ID Different ther ouples were oard protecti on cold form ge, web and and also the ouples - BT ouples depen sted specime a) Specim stance was d ximum temp nd average t structure, se e with double n with 10 mm made with 10 Ta Material / Layer 1 Gypsum 1/ Gypsum 1/ Cork / 10 Wood OSB rmocouples used in dif ion - DTi f med steel pro
d cold flang e ambient te Ti for tempe nds on the sp ens. men 01. determined i perature (usi temperature ee Table 1. S e layer gypsu m of cork an 0 mm OSB w able 1: Spec thickness [m 12.5 12.5 B / 10 were used i fferent form for unexpose ofiles - WTi
e); PTi plate mperature ( erature mea pecimen to b in complete ing DT mea (using Infra Specimen 01 um 1, both w nd 12.5 mm wood and 12 cimens chara mm] n accordanc ats for temp ed surface t for tempera e for measu 200 mm aw asurement on be tested, see b) T minutes for asurements), a-Red meas 1 is made w with 12.5 mm m of gypsum 2.5 mm gyps acteristics. Materia Layer 2 - Gypsum Gypsum Gypsum ce to standar perature mea temperature ature measur uring the tem way from the n the expos e Figure 2 fo
Thermocouples
all the spec , average tem urement). A with a single m. Specimen 2 and speci um 2. al / thicknes 2 m /12.5 m 2 / 12.5 m 2 / 12.5 rd testing co asurement: c measureme rement in 3 mperature de e unexposed sed surface. or all the the
s used in specim
cimens, usin mperature (u All the speci
layer gypsu n 04 is made imen 07 is a ss [mm] nditions. Ty copper disk ent; welded different reg eveloped in d surface); sh The numb ermocouples men 01. ng the using mens um 1, e with also a ype K with joint gions the 4 heath er of used
A Standard modes an (specime instability located o ignited at other spe c) Specim e) Specim g) Specim Figu
All the specim dization, 199 nd identified en 04 and sp y, related to on the expos t minute 36. ecimens kept men 02. men 04. men 07. ure 2: Speci mens were s 99). Differen d as the ultim pecimen 07 o the ignitio sed side ign Both plates t the real fur
imens and se ubmitted to nt failure mo mate limit st ), the furna on of the com nited at minu s made of OS rnace temper d) T f) T h) T
ensors for tem
standard fire odes were ac tate of the fr ace temperat mbustible m ute 20, whil SB layer star rature close Thermocouples Thermocouples Thermocouples mperature m e ISO834 (In chieved due frame, see Fi ture presente material (cork le the cork rt ignition fo to the ISO8 s used in specim s used in specim s used in specim measurement nternational to local and igure 3. For ed two mom k and OSB) layer on the or the same t 834. The ave men 02. men 04. men 07. t Organizatio d global buc some speci ments with ). The cork e unexposed time instants erage temper on for ckling mens some layer d side s. All rature
is depict evolution was mea thermal c such as: interface a) ave c) ave g) ave
ted for each n on the hot asured with camera, UN the average temperature erage temperatu erage temperatu erage temperatu specimen, flange (HF) standalone EXP (IR). S e temperatur e between th
ure results for
ure results for
ure results for
using the re ), web (WEB disc thermo Special meas re of the ca he composite specimen 01. specimen 02. specimen 04. esults of ind B) and cold ocouples UN surements w avity (CAV) e layers (PBi b d h dividual me flange (CF). NEXP (DT) were also dev , the room i-PBj). b) Final state of d) Final state of h) Final state of asurements, . The unexp ) and with veloped for temperature of the LSF wall of the LSF wall of the LSF wall to represen osed temper a FLIR inf some specim e (AMB) an l specimen 01. l specimen 02. l specimen 04. nt the rature frared mens, d the
i) aver T fire resist taking in standard average calculatio methods Specime 01 02 04 07 rage temperatu Figu The temperat tance time, u nto consider method, use temperature on of the a agree very w n ID
ure results for
ure 3:Tempe
ture over the used for fire
ation all the ed disk therm e measurem average tem well with res
Table T max=200 [min] 70 119 55 77 specimen 07. erature histo e unexposed e rating (I). T e possible c mocouples ( ment. The i mperature (IR spect to the d 2:Fire resist 0 (DT) j)
ory and limit
d surface wa The critical t riteria and m (DT) and all nfrared ther R) in a wid definition of tance for insu
T ave=1 [min] 71 118 51 75 j) Final state of t state for th s monitored time was det measuring m lowed for th
rmal camer de predefine f the fire resi
ulation criter 60 (DT) f the LSF wall e specimens d and allows termined for methods. Th e maximum ra method ed area. Bo istance, see T ria. T ave= [min] 62 117 50 77 specimen 07. s to determin r every speci he traditiona m temperature allowed for oth measure Table 2. =160 (IR) ne the imen, l and e and r the ement
3. Num
T fire effec type. Th functions In the critic according restrainin The web normally interface surface o Block La eigenvalu The max update th a) Loadmerical ana
The numerica ct, duly valid he finite elems and full int n the first ste cal load and
g to Figure ng some scr
of the uppe y used on ex will be res of the top tra anczos meth ue was selec ximum displa he geometric dbearing LSF w Figure
alysis
al model us dated, to allo ment model tegration sch ep, a three d the correspo 4, fixing th ew position r track was m xperimental t sponsible fo ack and coin hod was use cted, corresp acement valu c imperfectio wall specimen panels. e 4: Loadbea es the therm ow for the de l uses shell hemes from A dimensional onding mode he bottom s s in the para modelled wi tests to distr r the distrib ncident with ed to extract ponding to a ue was also ons of the str with composit aring LSF wamal and the etermination and solid f ANSYS. Th linear elasti e of instabili surface of th allel directio ith a bigger ribute the lo bution of 3 the directio t the first m a local instab recorded for ructure(Scha te b) Fi all. Geometr structural an n of the loadb finite elemen he simulation ic stability m ity. The bou he wall (we on to the ba
thickness to oad over the
vertical forc on of the thre modes of inst
bility mode r the definiti afer & Peköz
inite element m ry and finite nalysis, repr bearing capa nts with lin n is divided i model is defi undary condi eb of the bo ase of the w simulate th top surface ces (FZ) ap ee central ve tability. In t (local buck ion of the sc z, 1998).
mesh and bound
element mo resentative o acity of each near interpol in 4 steps. ined to deter itions are de ottom track) all (direction e interface b of the wall pplied on th ertical studs this case the kling of the w ale factor us dary condition odel of the h wall lating rmine efined ) and n X). beam, . The e top . The e first web). sed to ns.
In geometri also defin for the lo and colla for the ca applied t load incr load poin zero refe potential a) str Figu T is capabl deformed stud and the mater T multilaye plate laye to the do Committ convectio cavity re n the secon ic imperfecti ned for room oadbearing c apse mode of alculation of o determine rement of 80 nts (FZ). The erence value mode of col
ess strain unde
ure 5: Mecha
This results a le of suppor d mode shap also a distor rial was reac The thermal
er shell were ers. The app
cument on a tee for Stand on and radia egion is det
nd step, the ion. The mec m temperatu capacity of t f the structur f the loadbea the loadbea 00 N and wi e convergen and with a llapse of the er compression anical prope allow to defin rting a maxi pe confirms rtional buckl ched in some part model e used to mo propriate bou actions in str dardization, 2 ation were i termined by geometry ( chanical pro ure, see Figu the wall. All re (Petrone, aring capacit aring capacit ith a minimu nce criterion tolerance o e wall structu n and tension erties of cold ne the maxim imum point the existenc ling mode in e parts of the of the wal odel the LSF undary condi ructures subm 2002). For a included ins y the averag (position of operties of co ure 5. The L l other mate Magliulo, & ty. An increm ty. The arc-le
um load inc for the solut f 5%. This s ure and its lo
b) red d formed ste mum loadbe load of FZ ce of local b n the upper p e LSF structu ll is validate F and solid fi itions were u mitted to sta all the finite side the emp ge value of f the nodes) old formed s LSF is the on rials, that m & Manfredi, 2 mental and i ength metho crement of 8 tion was def solution met oadbearing c duction coeffici 0.2% el at room a earing capaci Z = 78612 N buckling mod part of the ot ure. ed in the th finite elemen used accordi andard fire E element mo pty cavity. T f the measu ) is updated steel at room nly material may contribut 2016), will n iterative solu od was used 8 N, applied fined for disp
thod allows capacity.
ients for the ela % proof streng and elevated ity of the wa N, at room t de of the we ther studs. T hird step. Fi nts were used ng to each te EN1991-1-2 odels, bound The bulk te urements ma d, to include m temperatur to be consid te to the stre not be consid ution method with a maxi d at each of placement w to determin astic modulus gth temperature
all. This stru temperature. eb for the ce The yield stre inite elemen d to represen est and acco
(CEN- Euro dary conditio mperature in ade by the e the re are dered ength dered d was imum the 3 with a ne the and e ucture . The entral ess of nts of nt the rding opean ons of n the plate
thermoco other typ and heat applied t exposed with an e considere flow wa radiation temperatu convectio and a fla average v propertie propertie propertie Committ temperatu variation EN1993-the gypsu ouples, from pe of failure release rate to the expose surface usin emissivity of ed to rise ac s considered n. The temp ure (20 °C) on and radia ame emissiv value of the es of the ma es of the co es of the wo
tee for Stand ure by the h n of the the -1-2 (CEN- um were con m TP1 to TP4 of the plast e of the com ed side and ng a heat tra f the flames ccording to t d, with a h perature out ). In the in ation were c vity value o e measureme aterials were ork were as ood with th dardization, hot disk met ermal proper European C nsidered from a) steel 4. In this wa terboards is mbustible mat unexposed s ansfer coeffi equal to 1. the ISO834. heat transfer tside the fu nternal regio considered, a of 1. The ca ents made by e considered ssumed as c he temperatu 2004), but hod (Interna rties for the Committee fo m Mohamed ay and with h considered, terial. The o side. Heat fl ficient of 25 In both case On the unex r coefficient urnace was on of the c assuming a avity temper y the plate t d temperatur closed as po ure using da duly adjust ational Orga e steel wer or Standardi d A. Sultan ( high accurac including a other commo low by conv W/m2K an es the tempe xposed surfa t of 9 W/m considered cavity, the heat transfer rature was d thermocoupl re dependent ossible to t ata from EN ted with the anization for re assumed zation, 2005 Sultan, 1996
cy, the effec also the effe on boundary vection was c
d the heat f rature inside ace, only the m2K to inclu equal to t conditions o r coefficient determined les TP1 to T t, see Figure the variation N1995-1-2 ( e values dete r Standardiza in accordan 5). The therm 6). b) gypsum t of the crac ct of the ign y conditions considered i flow by radi e the furnace e convective ude the effe the initial m of heat flow t of 17.5 W/ according to TP4. The the e 6. The the n of the the (CEN- Euro ermined at ation, 2015) nce to Euro mal properti cks or nition were in the iation e was e heat ect of mean w by /m2K o the ermal ermal ermal opean room . The ocode ies of
F T procedur temperatu structure a) Time tem c) Ti c Figure 6: Th The thermal re with a tim ure field fo . mperature histo ime temperatur c) Wood hermal prop solution w me step of 60 or the critic
ory for specim
re history for sp
erties for all
was consider 0 s, with the al time of en 01. pecimen 02. l the materia red transien e possibility the complet b) Temp d) Temp als involved nt and nonli to be reduc te model of perature in the ti perature in the tim d) cork in heat flow inear, using ce to 1 s. Fig f the wall a LSF, at half he ime of 45 min. LSF, at half he me of 105 min. analysis g an increm gure 7 show and for the
eight, for the c
eight, for the c
mental ws the LSF critical critical
e) Ti g) Ti T differenc The com each con ime temperatur ime temperatur Figure 7 Table 3 pres ce between t mparison was dition, in co re history for sp re history for sp : Numerical sents a com the results d s made betw ompleted min pecimen 04. pecimen 07. l results for t mparison betw etermined fo ween the crite
nutes. f) Temp h) Temp the thermal a ween the nu or the fire re eria applied perature in the ti perature in the ti analysis for umerical an esistance are for DT, usin LSF, at half he ime of 54 min. LSF, at half he ime of 82 min.
all the speci
nd experime e in between
ng the small
eight, for the cr
eight, for the c
imens ntal results. n 9.7% and lest time to r ritical critical . The 35%. reach
Specime ID 01 02 04 07 In levels, co 4. This l structure analysis, the possi converge modifica restraints structura contribut considere model is European Tab n T ma (DT) [min Expe 70 119 55 77 n the fourth orresponding load level is at room tem based on a ibility to be ence criterio ation of finit s for the di l step (first te to the ca ed during th also assum n Committee
ble 3:Fire res ax=200 ) n] erimental step, an es g to differen s calculated mperature (FZ nonlinear an reduced to on with a ze te shell elem isplacements and second alculation of he thermal e med at elevat e for Standar sistance dete T ave=160 (DT) [min] Experiment 71 118 51 75 timate of th nt degrees of with respec Z = 78612 N nd geometric 0.1 s. The N ero referenc ment, while s are exact step). It is a f the mecha effect of the ted temperat rdization, 20 ermined usin T ave= (IR) [min] tal Experi 62 117 50 77 he fire resist f utilization, ct to the max N). The mod c material m Newton Rap e value and solid eleme ly the same assumed tha nical loadbe e fire. A per ture, see Fig 006). ng the insula =160 T (D [m imental Nu 54 10 54 82 tance (R) is variable bet ximum load el uses an in model. The ti phson metho d a tolerance
ents are rem e as those at gypsum, c earing capac rfectly elasti gure 5, acco ation criteria max=200 DT) min] umerical 4 05 4 2 presented f tween 40 and dbearing cap ncremental a ime step is e od uses a dis e of 5%. Th moved from considered cork and OS city, but the ic-plastic m rding to EN a T ave=16 (DT) [min] Numeric 45 106 55 83 for different d 80%, see T pacity of the nd iterative equal to 60 s splacement-b
his step forc m the model. in the prev SB boards d ese material aterial beha N1993-1-5 (C 60 cal t load Table LSF static s with based ces a . The vious o not ls are aviour CEN-
Specime ID 01 02 04 07 R structure this type Figure 8 each load a) Figu Tabl en Load level [%] 40 50 60 70 80 40 50 60 70 80 40 50 60 70 80 40 50 60 70 80 Results inclu . Local buck e of LSF wa . The averag d level. ) Fire resistanc ure 8: Fire r e 4:Fire Res Steel min. temperatur 527 484 412 307 199 536 485 429 334 251 513 445 406 333 238 506 467 423 324 258
ude the time kling of the w alls. The fir
ge critical te
ce for all the sp
resistance an
sistance Dete re[ºC] Stetem
584 548 491 414 341 592 547 495 414 344 612 557 519 433 341 588 556 522 434 367 in complet web and dis re resistance emperature pecimens. nd average c ermined usin el max. mperature[ºC 4 8 1 4 1 2 7 5 4 4 2 7 9 3 1 8 6 2 4 7 te minutes a tortional buc e decreases w of all the sp b) Criti critical temp ng the Insula C] Steel atemper 556 516 452 361 270 564 516 462 374 298 563 501 463 383 290 547 512 473 379 313 and the criti
ckling are th with the inc pecimens is ical temperatur perature for ation Criteri verage rature[ºC] cal tempera he potential f crease of th approximat re of the LSF s all simulated ia Fire resistance (R)[min] 65 57 46 34 25 90 86 81 69 60 41 39 38 36 32 63 61 59 55 52
ature for the failure mode e load level tely the sam
tructure (avera d specimens e LSF es for l, see me for age). s
T approxim solutions T Eurocode the fire re is not mo conserva than 70%
4. Conc
T loadbeari type of evolution measurem experime T same LS 04, demo comparis almost re T develope also the m imperfec calculatio gypsum, linear theThe fire resi mated by Eq s presented h This critical e EN1993-1 esistance cou ore than 350 ative for the %.
clusions
This investig ing walls, af geometry. T n in the ca ment is of e ental tests (cr The results o F structure. onstrating th son with a c eached the fi The numerica ed with a line main instabi tion of the L on of the lo cork and O ermal analys istance depe q. 1, for this herein. temperature -2 (CEN- Eu uld be verifi 0 ºC, when majority of gation presen fter the deve This solution avity and th extreme imp racks and ig of four exper Specimen 0 he worst fire composite so ire rating of al simulation ear elastic bu ility mode sh LSF structur oadbearing OSB was negsis, with all
ends on the s type of LS
e demonstrat uropean Com ied, for a spe
applied to th the tested c nts a hybrid elopment of n method r he selection portance to gnition of com rimental test 07 presents h e performan olution using 2 hours. n model incl uckling anal hape. The fir re. The seco
capacity of glected. The materials in load level SF frame st 0 CRI T
tes that the mmittee for ecific time, w his type of e ases and un d solution m f experiment equires an n of the ap account for mbustible m ts are presen higher fire re ce of the co g OSB. The ludes a four lysis to find rst mode of ond step of t f the LSF w e third stepo ncluded, to p and the tructure and 0997 . 0 2 simple calc Standardizat when the tem
elements (cl safe for the
method to p tal tests on p extra tempe ppropriate h all the maj materials).
nted. All spe esistance wh omposite sol LSF wall w step solutio the critical l instability is the numerica wall. The m of the nume predict the th critical tem d for all the
0935 . 4 culation meth tion, 2005), mperature of lass 4 cross case of the predict the f partition wal erature meas heat flow c jor events th ecimens wer hen compare lution using with double on method. T load of the L s normally u al simulation mechanical r rical simula hermal effec mperature ca composite 35 . 506 hod present which states f the cross se sections) is load level h fire resistanc lls with the surement fo oefficients. hat occur d re made wit ed with spec cork materi layer of gyp The first step LSF structur used to defin n allowed fo resistance o ation used a ct of the fire an be layer (1) ed in s that ection over higher ce of same or the This during th the cimen ial in psum p was e and ne the or the of the non-e into
the LSF rating (I) each exp of combu radiation (CAV). T analysis ones test average c A new fo E temperatu
Acknow
Special t building Alfawakh In L s2 Alfawakh st ht CEN- Eu st E S CEN- Eu structure. T ) of the LSF erimental te ustible mate n and convec The fourth to predict th ed without l critical temp ormula is pro Experimental ure of the LSwledgmen
thanks are du Materials an hiri, F., & S nternational Louis, MO, 2.0-3042660 hiri, F., Sult tud walls pr ttps://doi.org uropean Com tructures – P European C Standardizati uropean Com his analysis F wall struct est (cracks, fl erials) that w ction, assum stepof the n he fire resist load. The fir perature of th oposed for th l tests are SF structurets
ue to the co nd Normago Sultan, M. A l Specialty C U.S.A. Re 0153&partnean, M. A., & rotected with g/10.1023/A mmittee for Part 1-2: G ommittee f ion. Brussels mmittee for was validat ture. These r flaws of mate were taken in ming the bul
numerical si tance of load re resistance he steel stru he definition being prep under differ mpanies: Am .
Re
A. (2000). Fir Conference o etrieved from erID=40&md & MacKinno h gypsum b A:101540102 Standardiza General actio for Standar s: CEN- Eur Standardizatted with exp results depe erials and co nto account lk temperatu mulation us dbearing wa decreases w ucture is app n of the critic ared with rent load lev
morim Com
eferences
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