❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❊❙P❊❈■❋■❈❆➬➹❖✱ ❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❊
P❘❖❚❖❚■P❆●❊▼ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❘❖❚❖❈❖▲❖ ❉❊ ❆▲❚❆
❉■❙P❖◆■❇■▲■❉❆❉❊ ❊▼ ❋P●❆
❘Ô▼❊❘❙❖◆ ❉❊■◆❨ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❘Ô▼❊❘❙❖◆ ❉❊■◆❨ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆
❊❙P❊❈■❋■❈❆➬➹❖✱ ❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❊
P❘❖❚❖❚■P❆●❊▼ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❘❖❚❖❈❖▲❖ ❉❊ ❆▲❚❆
❉■❙P❖◆■❇■▲■❉❆❉❊ ❊▼ ❋P●❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ●♦♠❡s ▼❡sq✉✐t❛
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ P❤❉✳ P❡❞r♦ ❋r♦s✐ ❘♦s❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛❝✉❧✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❋P●❆✑ ♣♦r ❘ô♠❡rs♦♥ ❉❡✐♥② ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✶ ❞❡ ❆❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ●♦♠❡s ▼❡sq✉✐t❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ P❤❉✳ P❡❞r♦ ❋r♦s✐ ❘♦s❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏♦ã♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❆❧❣❛r ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ✷✶ ❞❡ ❆❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❆✉t♦r✿ ❘ô♠❡rs♦♥ ❉❡✐♥② ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❋P●❆
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s✱ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ✐r♠ã♦s ❡ s♦❜r✐♥❤♦s✱ ♣♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡r❡♠ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞✐ár✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ●♦♠❡s ▼❡sq✉✐t❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♦r✐✲ ❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ à ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ Pr♦❢✳ P❡❞r♦ ❋r♦s✐ ❘♦s❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❝♦♥✲ s❡❧❤♦s q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❤✉♠❛♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐✉ ♥♦ss♦s ❝❛❢és✳
❆♦ Pr♦❢✳ ▲ás❛r♦ ❏♦♥❛s ❈❛♠❛r❣♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♣r❡st❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆♦s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ q✉❡r ♦♥❞❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ q✉❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❜❛t❛❧❤❛✳ ❆ ❡❧❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❝❡ss❛♥t❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♥♦s ❞❡✐①❛r❛♠ ❞❡s✐st✐r✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❈❧é❜❡r✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧✱ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ ●❡②❝②✱ ❆♥❛ ▼❛r✐❛✱ ❍✐r❛♥✱ ➱❧❞❡r✱ ❋❛❜í♦❧❛✱ ◆❡✇❛r♥❡②✱ ❚❛✛❛r❡❧✱ ▲✉❝✐❛♥❡✱ ❏✉❧✐❡t❡ ❡ ❏♦✐❝②✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s à ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡✉ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛✐s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❊♥✲ tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ s✉❛ ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛r ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ ❛♦s s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ r❡❞❡ ✶✵✵✪ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞✐s♣♦✲ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛❧❣♦rít♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❆❝é❢❛❧♦ ❡ ❈ér❡❜r♦ P❛rt✐❞♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❡r❞❛s ❡ ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ à ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❚❛✐s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♣r♦♣õ❡♠✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ q✉❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♥❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ s❡✉s ❞❡st✐♥♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♣r❡✈✐st♦✳ ❊♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❍✐❣❤ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❘♦✉t❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❍❆❘P✮✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s s❡♠ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦t♦✲ ❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s t❡st❛♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡ ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✜✲ ♥✐t♦s✳ ❆❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡♠ ❚▲❆✰ ❡ s✉❛
✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ r❛t✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❜♦❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✳ ❆ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❋P●❆ ❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❙②st❡♠ ♦♥ ❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❈❤✐♣✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✉s❡rs ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❧❡❞ ✐t t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ ♠❛❥♦r ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ ❢♦r ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ②❡❛rs✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ ✐ts ✉♥❛✈❛✐✲ ❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❝❛♥ r❡s✉❧t ✐♥ ❧♦ss❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ♦♥❡s✱ ❢♦r ✐ts ✉s❡rs✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❡✛♦rts t♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♥❡❛r❡st t♦ ✶✵✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✱ r❡❛s❡❛r❝❤❡s ❤❛✈❡ s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❤❛✈❡ t✇♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✐❝ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ❧♦ss❡s ♦r ❞✐sr✉♣t✐♦♥✱ ♥❛♠❡❞ ✏◆♦ ❇r❛✐♥✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❙♣❧✐t ❇r❛✐♥✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛tt❛❝❦ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❞ ✐t t♦ ❝r❛s❤✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤♦s❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡s ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t❤❛t s✉❝❤ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ♠✉st ❜❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡✲ r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ❧♦ss✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛②✱ t❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ s♣❡❝✐✜❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ts t❤❡ ❍✐❣❤ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❘♦✉t❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❍❆❘P✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ ♥❡✇ ❤✐❣❤ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ t❤❛t ♦♣❡r❛t❡s ✐♥ st❛t❡❧❡ss ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t♦ t❡st ❤✐❣❤ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ s❛❦❡ ♦❢ ❧✐♥❦ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s✳ ❚❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t♦ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s✱ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛r②✱ ❢♦r♠❛t ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ r✉❧❡s s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ❜② ✜♥✐t❡ st❛t❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✱ ♠♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❚▲❆✰ ❢♦r✲
♠❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝✉rr❡♥t s②st❡♠s ❝♦♥t❡①t ✐♥t❡♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ r❛t✐❢② t❤❡ ❍❆❘P ❣♦♦❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❍❆❘P ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ✐ts ♣r♦t♦t②♣✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❋P●❆ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❙②st❡♠✲♦♥✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❈❤✐♣ ✭❙❖P❈✮✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✼
✷ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✸✸
✷✳✶ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❆❧t❛ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❆ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❚▲❆✰ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✷ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❆❧t❛ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✺✶
✸✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✷ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✸ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✸✳✸ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❆✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✹ ❍✐❣❤ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❘♦✉t❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❍❆❘P✮ ✻✼
✹✳✶ ❙✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✹✳✷ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ❱♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✸ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❛s ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✹ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❑❡❡♣ ❆❧✐✈❡ ✭❑❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✹✳✷ ■♥❢♦r♠ ◆♦❞❡ ✭■◆❋✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❘❡♠♦✈❡ ◆♦❞❡ ✭❘❊▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✹✳✹ ●r❛♥t ▼❛st❡r ✭●▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✹✳✺ ❈❤❡❝❦ ❇r❛✐♥ ✭❈❇✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹✳✻ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ❋✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✺ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡♠ ❚▲❆✰ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✺✳✷ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✺ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P ✽✼
✺✳✶ ▼❙● ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✷ ❈❤❡❝❦s✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✸ ❚②♣❡ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✹ ▼❡ss❛❣❡ ❆ss❡♠❜❧❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✺ ❋✐❢♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✻ ❍❆❘P ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✻✳✶ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ ❙❧❛✈❡s t♦ ❊❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✻✳✷ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❡ ■P ◆❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✻✳✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❑❆ ■◆❉ ✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✻✳✹ ❘❡q✉❡st ❑❆ ❘❊◗ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✻✳✺ ❆❝t✐✈❡ ❆❞❞r❡ss ❚❛❜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✺✳✻✳✻ ❘❡s♣♦♥❞ ❆❈❚❙ ❘❊◗ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✺✳✻✳✼ ❍❆❘P ❋❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✺✳✼ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✺✳✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✶✶✸
✻✳✶ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✻✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✻✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✻✳✸ Pr♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❋P●❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✐①
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✶✷✾
❆ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❍❆❘P ✶✸✺
❇ ❙♣❡❝ ❍❆❘P ✶✸✼
❈ ❖ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❉▼✾✵✵✵❆ ♥❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❙♦P❈ ✶✹✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❋P●❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✷ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❋P●❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✸ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❋❍❘P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈ér❡❜r♦ P❛rt✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✺ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❝é❢❛❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦✿ ✢✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❡t❛♣❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✸ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✹ ❙♦P❈ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✺ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❙♦P❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✻ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝♦✲❞❡s✐❣♥ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✶ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❍❆❘P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✷ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✸ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ●r❛♥t ▼❛st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❈❤❡❝❦ ❇r❛✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✺ ❍❆❘P ✲ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✻ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r ❞❛ ❙♣❡❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✶ ❍❆❘P ✲ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ■P✈✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ▼❙● ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ▼❙● ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❈❤❡❝❦s✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✺ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❈❤❡❝❦s✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✻ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❚②♣❡ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✼ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❚②♣❡ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✽ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ▼❙● ❆ss❡♠❜❧❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
①①✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✺✳✾ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ▼❙● ❆ss❡♠❜❧❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✶✵ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❋✐❢♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✶✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❋✐❢♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❍❆❘P ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✶✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❍❆❘P ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✺✳✶✹ P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ s✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❋P●❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✺✳✶✺ P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ s✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❋P●❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✻✳✶ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ●r❛♥t ▼❛st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✻✳✷ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❈❤❡❝❦ ❇r❛✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✻✳✸ ❈✉st♦s ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ♥❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▼❙● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✻✳✹ ●rá✜❝♦ ✭t♣r♦t ① ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊s❝r❛✈♦s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❍❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ❱♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✻✳✶ ❈✉st♦ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✻✳✷ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✻✳✸ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❋P●❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ❆✳✶ ◆♦♠❡s ❞❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡ s✉❛s s✐❣❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ❆✳✷ ❋♦r♠❛t❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❍❆❘P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ❈✳✶ ❉▼✾✵✵✵❆ ✲ P✐♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❉❛✈✐❝♦♠ ✭✷✵✵✺❜✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✻ ❈✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛ç❛♦ ❞♦s ♣✐♥♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❉▼✾✵✵✵❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❈❚❙ ❆❝t✐✈❡ ❙❧❛✈❡
❆▲❯❚ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❡ ▲♦♦❦ ❯♣ ❚❛❜❧❡ ❆❘P ❆❞❞r❡ss ❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❆❙■❈ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐t ❆❱❋ ❆❝t✐✈❡ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❋♦r✇❛r❞❡s
❆❱● ❆❝t✐✈❡ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ●❛t❡✇❛②
❇❘❆▼ ❇❧♦❝❦ ❘❛♥❞♦♠✲❆❝❝❡ss ▼❡♠♦r②
❈❆❘P ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❆❞❞r❡ss ❘❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝② Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❈❇ ❈❤❡❝❦ ❇r❛✐♥
❈❘❈ ❈②❝❧✐❝ ❘❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝② ❈❤❡❝❦
❈❙▼❆✴❈❉ ❈❛rr✐❡r ❙❡♥s❡ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❆❝❝❡ss ✇✐t❤ ❈♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❉❊✷ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❇♦❛r❞ ✷
❉❙P ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❉❯❚ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❯♥❞❡r ❚❡st
❊❉❆ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐♦♥ ❋❍❘P ❋✐rst ❍♦♣ ❘❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝② Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❋P●❆ ❋✐❡❧❞✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ●❛t❡ ❆rr❛② ●▲❇P ●❛t❡✇❛② ▲♦❛❞ ❇❛❧❛♥❝✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
●▼ ●r❛♥t ▼❛st❡r
❍❆ ❍✐❣❤ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t②
❍❆▲ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❆❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ▲❛②❡r ❍❆❘P ❍✐❣❤ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❘♦✉t❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❍❈P▲❉ ❍✐❣❤ ❈♦♠♣❧❡① Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❍❉▲ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❍❙❘P ❍♦t ❙t❛♥❞❜② ❘♦✉t❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ■❊❚❋ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❚❛s❦ ❋♦r❝❡
■◆❋ ■♥❢♦r♠ ◆♦❞❡
①①✈✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
■P ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
■P❙ ■♥tr✉s✐♦♥ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠ ■P✈✹ ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✹ ■P✈✻ ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✻ ■❘❉P ■❈▼P ❘♦✉t❡r ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❑❆ ❑❡❡♣ ❆❧✐✈❡
▲❆◆ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
▲❊ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t
▲❯❚ ▲♦♦❦✲❯♣ ❚❛❜❧❡
▼❆❈ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ▼❊❋ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❋✐♥✐t♦s ▼❚❇❋ ▼❡❞✐✉♠ ❚✐♠❡ ❇❡t✇❡❡♥ ❋❛✐❧✉r❡s
◆❊ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t
◆❘❊ ◆♦♥✲❘❡❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ◆❙❘ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❙t❛t✉s ❘❡❣✐st❡r
◆❙❘P ◆❡t❙❝r❡❡♥ ❘❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝② Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
P❍❨ P❤②s✐❝❛❧ ▲❛②❡r
P▲❉ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ P▲▲ P❤❛s❡✲▲♦❝❦❡❞ ▲♦♦♣
❘❊▼ ❘❡♠♦✈❡ ◆♦❞❡
❙♦P❈ ❙②st❡♠✲♦♥✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❈❤✐♣ ❙P▲❉ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❚▲❆ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ▲♦❣✐❝ ♦❢ ❆❝t✐♦♥s
❚▼❘ ❚r✐♣❧❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❛r ❘❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝②
❚❚▼ ❚✐♠❡✲t♦✲♠❛r❦❡t
❯❉P ❯s❡r ❉❛t❛❣r❛♠ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
1
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡✐♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛✐s✳ ■ss♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✱ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❛❝❡ss❛♠ ❡ às ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❯♥✐♦♥✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❝r❡s❝❡✉ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✹✺✵✪ ❡♥tr❡ ✷✵✵✸ ❡ ✷✵✶✸✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡✢❡t❡✱ ❡♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛s❝❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✻✵✸✱✺ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✷✱✼✸ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❞❡③ ❛♥♦s ✭■❚❯✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
➱ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♥❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ q✉❡ ❝r❡sç❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦s r✐s❝♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡ r❡❝✉♣❡rá✲❧❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞✐t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ✭❲♦♦❞❜❡r❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ✭❍❛✇❦✐♥s ❡ P✐❡❞❛❞✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❲❡❜ s✐t❡s ❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✱ ❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝✉❥❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♠ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❡ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡✲♠❛✐❧s ❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✳
❊♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❥á ❤á ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♥♦s✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ✈♦❧t❛r❛♠ s❡✉s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✳ ❆ ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♣♦❞❡ tr❛③❡r ♣❡r❞❛s ❡♠ ❛❧tíss✐♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❆❜❡r❞❡❡♥ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐✉ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ✶✸✹ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♥st❛t♦✉ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❞♦✇♥t✐♠❡s✶ ❛t✐♥❣❡♠✱ ❡♠ ♠é❞✐❛✱ ✶✽✶✱✼ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s
❞❡ ❞ó❧❛r❡s ♣♦r ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
◆♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡✈✐❞❛s à ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ■♥t❡r✲ ♥❡t✱ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s r✐❣♦r♦s♦s✳ P♦r ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ ✉♠
✶P❡rí♦❞♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ✐♥❛t✐✈❛✱ q✉❡r s❡❥❛ ♣♦r ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♦✉ ♣♦r ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡
s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❍❆✮✷ é ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦✱ r❡❝✉✲
♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❛s❝❛r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♠❛♥t❡r ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♥♦ ❞❡❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çõ❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛s ✭●r❛② ❡ ❙✐❡✇✐♦r❡❦✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛❝❡ss❛r✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ♦✉ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❙✉♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❛✮✳
■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐❛s sã♦ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❛ ❡st❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✳ ▲♦♣❡s ❋✐❧❤♦ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❝✐t❛ três s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐❛s ❞❡ ❍❆ ♣❛r❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❋✐r❡✇❛❧❧s ❡ ■♥tr✉s✐♦♥ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ✭■P❙✮✳ ❆s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ sã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❈✐s❝♦ ❙②st❡♠s ✭❈✐s❝♦✱ ✷✵✶✸❝✮✱ ❏✉♥✐♣❡r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✭❏✉♥✐♣❡r✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ❡ ❙✉♥ ▼✐❝r♦s②st❡♠s ✭❖r❛❝❧❡✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❊❧❛s s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉t❛❞♦r❡s✸ ❡ r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❲♦♦❞❜❡r❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❊❧❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡st♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❜str❛t♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✳ ❊st❡✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ é r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✳ ❖s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛♠ ♥❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ♠❡str❡✴❡s❝r❛✈♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡str❡ ✭♥ã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ✉♠✮ ❡ q✉❛♥t♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❡st✐✈❡r❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡s❝r❛✈♦s✳
❆ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t❡s s❡ ❞á ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛✈✐s❛r ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡str❡ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡❧❡❣❡r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠❡str❡ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐s✲ ♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❘♦✉t❡r ❘❡❞✉♥❞❛❝② Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❱❘❘P✮ ✭■❊❚❋✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r s❡r ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✳ ❆ ❙✉❜s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✷✳✶ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❛ ❡st❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✳
▲♦♣❡s ❋✐❧❤♦ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s q✉❡ ♦♣❡r❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❱❘❘P✳ ◆❡st❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝✐❛ ✐♥❞✐s✲ ♣♦♥í✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s ♦r❛ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈✐❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❡str❡✱ ♦r❛ s❡ t✐♥❤❛ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ✉♠ ♥❡st❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✳ ◆♦s ❞♦✐s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡r❛ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛❞❛✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♥ã♦ ❡r❛♠ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞❛s ♦✉ ❡r❛♠ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞❛s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛✈❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛✳ ❆♣ós ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s✱ ❍❛s❤✐♠♦t♦ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❛♣♦♥✲
✷❉♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❍✐❣❤ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ❚❡r♠♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦
♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♦ ❝r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❤❛✈❡r ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ✭❍❛✇❦✐♥s ❡ P✐❡❞❛❞✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
✸◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦s ❝♦♠✉t❛❞♦r❡s r❡❢❡r❡♠✲s❡ ❛ s✇✐t❝❤❡s ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ✷ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❚❛♥❡♥✲
✷✾
t♦✉ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✏❆❝é❢❛❧♦✑ ❡ ✏❈ér❡❜r♦ P❛rt✐❞♦✑ ✭❙✉❜s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✷✳✷✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝❛✉s❛s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛✈❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❱❘❘P ❡ ❡st❡♥❞❡✉ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❍❆ ✭❙✉❜s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✷✳✷✮✳
❊♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❍❛s❤✐♠♦t♦ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❱❘❘P ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t♦r♥❛r ❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✭❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ✭❍❛s❤✐♠♦t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✮✳ ❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✭P❡tr✐✱ ✶✾✻✷✮ ❡ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✳ ❊♥tr❡✲ t❛♥❞♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡ é ✉♠❛ ❛ss❡rçã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✳ ❊❧❛ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡✱ t❛♠✲ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ❆❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ♣♦r t❡r s✐❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ s❡✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐✲s❡ ❞❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✜♥✐t♦s ✭▼❊❋✮ ✭❍♦♣❝r♦❢t ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ❡ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ ❞✐t❛♠ s✉❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❍♦❧③♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✶✮ ✭❙❤❛r♣✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐ss♦✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ r❡q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✐①❡ ❝❧❛r❛ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ à r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳
❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❑✉✲ r♦s❡ ❡ ❘♦ss✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ✭❇r♦✇♥ ❡ ❘♦s❡✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❋✐❧❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❡❧ ●❛t❡ ❆rr❛② ✭❋P●❆✮✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❛✳ ■ss♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❛t✐♥❣❡ t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦✲❞❛✲❛rt❡ ❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✉♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❡ rá♣✐❞♦✳
❯t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❛❞♦t❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ rá♣✐❞❛✳ ❖ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣♦r♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ❛t✐♥❣❡ ❛❧t❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ é ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ à ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝r✐❛r ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ♣❛r❛ t❡st❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
✸✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❙②st❡♠s✲❖♥✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❈❤✐♣ ✭❙♦P❈✮ ✭❋❡✐✲②✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❛❞❡q✉❛✲s❡ à ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❍❆❘P✳ ❖s ❙♦P❈s ✈❛❧❡♠✲s❡ ❞❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❍❛s❤✐♠♦t♦ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r s✉❛s ❜♦❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥tá✲❧♦ ❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣á✲❧♦ ❡♠ ❋P●❆✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈❛✲s❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s r♦❜✉st❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦ ❱❘❘P✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❆ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s q✉❡ ❡s❝❛♣❛♠ ❛♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋P●❆ ❛❣✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦✳
P❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✐♥❝♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦✲ t♦❝♦❧♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡✱ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ♦ s❡✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❍♦❧③♠❛♥♥ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❡❧❡ é ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❛ ❞❡✜♥❡ q✉❛✐s ❛çõ❡s sã♦ ♣❡r✲ ♠✐t✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ q✉❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡❧❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡rá ❛ ❡st❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳
❊♠ s✉♠❛✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✱ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡✲ ♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❆❝é❢❛❧♦ ❡ ❈ér❡❜r♦ P❛rt✐❞♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛♠ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❣✉✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❡stã♦ ❡❧❡♥❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ s❡ s❡❣✉❡✿
✶✳ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❆❝é❢❛❧♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❈ér❡❜r♦ P❛rt✐❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❛s ❛❢❡t❛♠ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❍❆❀
✷✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❋P●❆ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ t❡st❛r ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❥á ♥❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦❀ ✸✳ Pr♦t♦t✐♣❛r ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦❀ ❡
✹✳ ❱❛❧✐❞❛r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✳
❊st❡ ❡♥❝❛❞❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ é ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❛çõ❡s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ é ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳
✸✶
❆ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ❡♠ ❋P●❆ ❡ s✉❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ é ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❙♦P❈✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡✐①❛r ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❍❆❘P ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧♦❣♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡s♣❡r❛r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦r✐✉♥❞♦s ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ q✉❛♥t♦ à ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ♠❛♥tê✲❧♦ ❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ é ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ♦ ❍❆❘P ❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞á✲❧♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ à ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❡st❛ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ▼❊❋ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P✱ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡♠ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ▲♦❣✐❝ ♦❢ ❆❝t✐♦♥s ✭❚▲❆✰✮ ✭▲❛♠♣♦rt✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s
♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❚▲❆✰ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❍❆❘P é ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❡ ❜❡♠
❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠ à ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ✭❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❙♣❡❝✮✹ sã♦ ♦s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛
❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s❛t✐s❢❛ç❛ à ❙♣❡❝ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❙♣❡❝ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✳ ❱❛❧❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❙♣❡❝✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛r ❛s ❜♦❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✳
P♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ sã♦ ❛ ✭✐✮ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✭✐✐✮ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ s❡r ✐♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞❡❧❛s✱ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦✱ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦✱ ♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦✱ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❍❆❘P✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐ss♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❡①♣õ❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❍❆❘P ❡ tr❛③ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❋P●❆✳
❖ ❍❆❘P é ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ s♦❜r❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❞♦ ❋✉t✉r♦✱ ❧✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ▼❊❍❆❘ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❆s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ s❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡♠ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢r❡♥t❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❡ tít✉❧♦s ✭P❡r❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ r❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❙❛♥t♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ✭P❡r❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❋✐❧❤♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✭❍❛s❤✐✲ ♠♦t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ➱ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✈❡rt❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛✳
❖ ❍❆❘P é ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ■P✈✹✳ ❆s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ■P✈✻ ❡ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❈❧❡❛♥ ❙❧❛t❡✮ ♥ã♦ sã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛s✱ ♠❛s sã♦ ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❍❆❘P✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♥♦✈❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ❍❆❘P s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ t♦r♥á✲❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧
✹❉♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❡r♠♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r✐r✲s❡ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠ ❚▲❆✰
✸✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ✭❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✮ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ♦✉ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✳
❖ t❡①t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱
♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❡st❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❆❝é❢❛❧♦ ❡ ❈ér❡❜r♦ P❛rt✐❞♦✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ tr❛③ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❚▲❆✰✳ P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ❡ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊❧❡
❛❜♦r❞❛ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❍❆❘P✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛✲ ❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❡✱ ♣♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❍❆❘P✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ s❡r✈✐✲
ç♦s✱ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛t♦✱ ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❡ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐t❛♠✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡✲ ❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✳
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦
♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❛ ❡stá ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✳ ❙ã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s s❡✉s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s✱ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❋P●❆✳
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ❞✐s❝♦rr❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❆s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s
❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s ❛♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❋P●❆✳
• P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ r❡ss❛❧t❛♥❞♦
