❈❛t❛r✐♥❛ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❛ ▲♦♣❡s ❞♦ ❱❛❧❡
▼❖❉❊▲❆➬➹❖ ❊ ❊❙❚■▼❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❘■❙❈❖ ❉❊
❈❘➱❉■❚❖
❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❉❊ ❯▼❆ ❈❆❘❚❊■❘❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ◆♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲✐s❜♦❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✲ ❆❝t✉❛r✐❛❞♦✱ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❈❛t❛r✐♥❛ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❛ ▲♦♣❡s ❞♦ ❱❛❧❡
▼❖❉❊▲❆➬➹❖ ❊ ❊❙❚■▼❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❘■❙❈❖ ❉❊
❈❘➱❉■❚❖
❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❉❊ ❯▼❆ ❈❆❘❚❊■❘❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ◆♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲✐s❜♦❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✲ ❆❝t✉❛r✐❛❞♦✱ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r✿
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉♦✉t♦r❛ ●r❛❝✐♥❞❛ ❘✐t❛ ❉✐♦❣♦ ●✉❡rr❡✐r♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ▼❛♥✉❡❧ ▲❡♦t❡ ❚❛✈❛r❡s ■♥❣❧ês ❊sq✉í✈❡❧
✐
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣♦r s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r ❝♦♠ t❛♥t♦ ❛✜♥❝♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝❡ss❛♥t❡ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ♠❡♥♦s ❢á❝❡✐s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s tã♦ ❧♦♥❣❛s ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛s✳
❆♦ ❏♦ã♦✱ ♣♦r t♦❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❡stí♠✉❧♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♠✐♥á✈❡✐s ❞✐❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛✉s❡♥t❡✐✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❋❈❚✱ ♣❡❧♦s ✈❛❧✐♦s♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r❛♠ ❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❡s Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ▼❛♥✉❡❧ ▲❡♦t❡ ❊sq✉í✈❡❧ ❡ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉♦✉t♦r❛ ●r❛❝✐♥❞❛ ❘✐t❛ ●✉❡rr❡✐r♦ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❡♥❝♦r❛❥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳
P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ♠❛s ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦✳
✐✐✐
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐r ❡ ♣r❡✈❡r ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛✈✉❧t❛❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝❡♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ à ❍❛❜✐t❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣❡❞✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❢❛❝✉❧t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳
❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♠✉❧t✐✈❛r✐✲ ❛❞❛✱ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❘❡❣r❡ssã♦ ▲♦❣íst✐❝❛✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❝✐✈✐❧✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡st❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦ r❡♥❞✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡st❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t✳
▼♦str❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ s♣r❡❛❞ ♠í♥✐♠♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❞✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ é ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ❡ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛✲ çã♦✳ ❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❢❛③✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✱ t❡♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ à ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦✲ ❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t✳
✈
❆❜str❛❝t
❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢t❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t t❤❡ ❝r❡❞✐t r✐s❦✱ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧♦❛t❡❞ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❣r❛♥t✐♥❣ ❝r❡❞✐t✳
❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❤♦✉s✐♥❣ ❧♦❛♥ ♣♦rt❢♦❧✐♦✳
❚❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t ✇❤❡♥ ♠❛❦❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ r❡q✉❡st ❢♦r ❝r❡❞✐t✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ✐t✳
❉❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧♦❛♥ ♣♦rt❢♦❧✐♦ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ❝r❡❞✐t ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐✈❛r✐❛t❡ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❧♦❣✐st✐❝ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❝❧✐❡♥t✬s ❛❣❡✱ ♠❛r✐t❛❧ st❛t✉s✱ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r❡❞✐t ❛♠♦✉♥t✱ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❛②♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ♥❡t ✐♥❝♦♠❡✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s t❤❛t ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ✐♥❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❢✉❧✜❧❧ t❤❡ ♦❜❧✐❣❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❞✐t ✇❤✐❧❡ ♦t❤❡rs ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❛t ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✳
❋♦r t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❝r❡❞✐t ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧✱ ✐t ✐s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✳ ■t ✐s s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ s♣r❡❛❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ❛♣♣❧② t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ❝r❡❞✐t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦✈❡r② r❛t❡✳ ❆♥ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t st✉❞② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ r❡❝♦✈❡r② r❛t❡✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❜r✐❡❢ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r❡❞✐t ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐st✐❝ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✐s ❛❜❧❡ t♦✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ♣♦rt❢♦❧✐♦ ❞❛t❛✱ r❡tr✐❡✈❡ t❤❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡st✐♠❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✳
❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖ ✈✐✐
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✈✐✐
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ◆♦t❛çõ❡s ✐①
Pr❡❢á❝✐♦ ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✲ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✶✳✷ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ❡ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✶✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✶✳✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❙✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✶✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✶✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❘❛t✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✷ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✷✳✶ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ▲♦ss ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✷✳✷ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✷✳✸ ▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❡ ▼✐❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❈❛rt❡✐r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ▲♦ss ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❈❛rt❡✐r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✶✳✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❈❛rt❡✐r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷ ❘✐s❝♦ ❡ ❙♣r❡❛❞ ✷✺
✷✳✹ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ■♠♣❧í❝✐t❛s ❞❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✲ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✸✾
✸✳✶ ❆ ❈❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❈❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❆s ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶✳✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ▲✐♥❡❛r❡s ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❙❡❧❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❆❥✉st❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ❆tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❘❡❣r❡ssã♦ ▲♦❣íst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ Pr❡❞✐t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✸✳✸✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❘❡sí❞✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✽✺
❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✽✼
❇ ■♥♣✉ts ❡ ❖✉t♣✉ts ❞♦ ❘ ✾✶
●❧♦ssár✐♦ ✶✶✺
❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖ ✐①
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ◆♦t❛çõ❡s
◆❖❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❈❘■➬➹❖
t ■♥st❛♥t❡ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✳
τ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t✳ N(t) ■♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t✳
EAD ❊①♣♦s✉r❡ ❛t ❉❡❢❛✉❧t✳
E(t) ▼♦♥t❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝r❡❞♦r ♣❡r❞❡✱ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ❞❡✈❡❞♦r ❡♥tr❡ ❡♠ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♥♦
t❡♠♣♦ t✳
R(t) ♦✉R ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ✭❘❡❝♦✈❡r② ❘❛t❡✮✳ L(t) ▲♦ss ●✐✈❡♥ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t✲▲●❉✳
T ▼❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡✳
D(T) ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ▲♦ss✳
P Di(t, T) Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡✈❡❞♦r i❞❡st❡ t ❛té T✳
P S(t, T) Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡s❞❡ t ❛té T✳ N ◆➸ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧ts✱ ♥✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
λ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭✶ ❛♥♦✮✳
E[Di(T)] P❡r❞❛ ❊s♣❡r❛❞❛ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✳
U EL P❡r❞❛ ✐♥❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❯♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ▲♦ss✳
r ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❥✉r♦✳
s ❙♣r❡❛❞✳
P ▼❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ◆❛t✉r❛❧✳
p Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✳
Q ▼❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▼❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❛✳
q Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❛✳ Xθ
t Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝♦✳
(Xt)t≥0 ❱❛r✐á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❝t✐✈♦ ✲ Pr♦❝❡ss♦
❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈✳
(Bt)t≥0 Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥♦✳
B(t, T) Pr❡ç♦ ❡♠ t✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t✲❢r❡❡ ③❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞ ❝♦♠ ✈❡♥❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❡♠ T✳
˜
B(t, T) Pr❡ç♦ ❡♠ t✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t❛❜❧❡ ③❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞✮ ❝♦♠ ✈❡♥❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❡♠ T✳
❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖ ①✐
Pr❡❢á❝✐♦
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❢✉♥✲ ❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡❡str✉t✉r❛r ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦✳ ❙ã♦ ✈ár✐❛s ❛s r❛③õ❡s q✉❡ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ✉r❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r✐r ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❡✜❝❛③✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♠❛❝r♦✲❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛✱ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s✱ ❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❥✉r♦ ♦✉ ❛s ♠❛r❣❡♥s ❞❡ s♣r❡❛❞s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s ❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✈♦❧át❡✐s ❞❛s ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s r❡❛✐s✳
P❡r❛♥t❡ ❡st❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s tê♠ ✈✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐✲ ❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛✱ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✱ ❛♣r❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❡♠♣rés✲ t✐♠♦s✱ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❣❛♥❤♦s ❞♦s ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s ❡♠♣r❡st❛❞♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❛♦ ♠♦♥t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ♠❛♥t❡r ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✳
◆✉♠❛ ♥♦tí❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❏♦r♥❛❧ ❞❡ ◆❡❣ó❝✐♦s✱ ❬●✉❡rr❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✶✵❪ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛✿
✏❆ ❝r✐s❡ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❛♥❣❧♦✲s❛①ó♥✐❝♦s ♠❛s ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❡✉r♦♣❡✉s ❢♦r❛♠ ❜♦♥s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❡s ❞♦s ❡rr♦s ❛❧❤❡✐♦s✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ❡rr♦s ❝❧❛♠♦r♦s♦s ❢♦✐ ♦ ❞❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦s s♣r❡❛❞s ③❡r♦ ✈ír❣✉❧❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦✐s❛✱ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❤♦❥❡ ❛ s❛✐r ❝❛r❛✳
❖ s♣r❡❛❞ q✉❡ s❡ s♦♠❛ às t❛①❛s ❊✉r✐❜♦r é s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ♠❡❞✐❞♦r ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❡ ♦ ❧✉❝r♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✳ ❆♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥á✲❧♦ q✉❛s❡ ❛té ❛♦ ③❡r♦✱ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❡st❛✈❛♠✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❛❜❞✐❝❛r ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐r r✐s❝♦ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞❛ s✉❛ ♠❛r❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❧✉❝r♦✳ ◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠ã♦ ✭❛ t❛①❛ ❜❛✐①❛✮ ♦ q✉❡ t✐r❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ ✭❛s ❝♦♠✐ssõ❡s ❛❧t❛s✮✳ ▼❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ❧❤❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦✐❜✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♠✐ssõ❡s ❛❜✉s✐✈❛s✱ ❛s ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛s ❧❡♦♥✐♥❛s✱ ❛ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s✱ ❡ss❛ ❢❛❝❡ ♦❝✉❧t❛ ❞♦ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦ ❢♦✐ s❡♥❞♦ ❡①t✐♥t❛✳
❋♦✐ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r❡❞❛tór✐♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ s✐ ♠❡s♠♦s✿ ❤♦❥❡✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❡stá ❛♠❛rr❛❞♦ ❛ ❝ré❞✐t♦s à ❤❛❜✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❛♥♦s ❝♦♠ ✏s♣r❡❛❞s✑ ❜❛✐✲ ①♦s ✲ ❡ ♥❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐á✲❧♦✳ ❖s ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❡stã♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s sã♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳
❊①❝❡♣t♦ ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝♦♥tr❛t✉❛✐s ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ é ✉♠ ♣r❡t❡①t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✿ ♦ s♣r❡❛❞ s♦❜❡✳ ❖ s♣r❡❛❞ s♦❜❡❄ ❊♥tã♦ ♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❧t❡r❛ ♥❛❞❛✳ ❈❡rt♦❄
①✐✐ ❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖
r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❢❡❝t❛ ❛♦ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣r❡st❛çõ❡s✮ ♣♦❞❡ ❛té ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ❛ s❡r ❝✉♠♣r✐❞❛✱ ♠❛s ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ t❛①❛ s♦❜❡✳ ❆ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐s♠♦✳✑
❆ ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐çã♦ é ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡✱ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✉♠ s♣r❡❛❞ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s✳
❉✐t♦ ✐st♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡rá ❡st✉❞❛r ❡st❛t✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❞❡❢❛✉❧t✮✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t✱ ♠❡❞✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♦ s♣r❡❛❞ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ❡ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③❡♠ ❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rá✈❡✐s✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ à ❍❛❜✐t❛çã♦ ❡ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ▲✐♥❡❛r❡s ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❘❡❣r❡ssã♦ ▲♦❣íst✐❝❛✳ ❋♦✐ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣ré✈✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ♣❡❞✐❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s❡ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❡✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s❡❧❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
❋✐❝❛♠ ❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜❥❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✿
❼ ❊st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♣r❡❛❞ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❞✉③ s❡r ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛ à ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t r❡❝♦rr❡♥❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳
❼ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❱órt✐❝❡s ❊st♦❝ást✐❝♦s✱ ✈❡r ❬●✉❡rr❡✐r♦ ❡ ▼❡①✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✏❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦✑ ✭❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ❡st✐♠❛❞❛✮✱ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐✲ çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❡✱ ❛ss✉♠✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❛❜❡rt❛ ✭♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ s✉❜s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❡ ❛ ❛♥✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✮ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r✱ ♥✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✱ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦✱ ❡st✐♠❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❡s♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖ ①✐✐✐
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙ ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ➪r✈♦r❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲P❡rí♦❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✶✳✷ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❚í♣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ▲♦ss ❞❡ ❯♠❛ ❈❛rt❡✐r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✶✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❚✐♣í❝❛ ❞❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦s ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦s ❞❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✶ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛s ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷ ❈❛✐①❛✲❡✲❇✐❣♦❞❡s✿ ❱❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✸ ❈❛✐①❛✲❡✲❇✐❣♦❞❡s✿ Pr❡st❛çõ❡s ❚♦t❛✐s ❡ Pr❡st❛çõ❡s P❛❣❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✹ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛s ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✺ ❈❛✐①❛✲❡✲❇✐❣♦❞❡s✿ ❱❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ✈s Pr❡st❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✻ ❈❞P❧♦t ✲ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ❡ ❛s ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✼ ❆❥✉st❛♠❡♥t♦ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❋✉♥çã♦ Pr❡❞✐❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✽ ❘❡s✐❞✉♦s ❞❡ P❡❛rs♦♥ P❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦s × ❆❧❛✈❛♥❝❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦
◆❡st❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✲ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s
✶✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦
▼♦❞❡❧♦ é✱ ♣♦r ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✱ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦✉ r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦✉ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s r❡❛✐s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ às s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦ ❡✱ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ s✉❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦✳ ❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❡①❝❡♣çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❬❈❛♦✉❡tt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❪ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❡①✐❣❡✱ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙❡❣✉❡✲s❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s t❡st❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✳
❊♥tã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐③❡r✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ é ✉♠❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛ q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✳ ❉❡st❛s ❢❡r✲ r❛♠❡♥t❛s✱ ❝♦♥✈é♠ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡❝♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ▲♦❣✐t ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ Pr♦❜✐t✱ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r♦♥❛✐s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ♦✉ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❣r❛s✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡❝t❛s✳
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦
❞❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s❤✲✢♦✇s✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦ ♦✉ ✉♠ tít✉❧♦✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐st❛ ♣♦✐s ❣❡r❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛r✐❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦✉ q✉❡ t❡r✐❛ ❝✉st♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s✳
◆❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬❙❛✉♥❞❡rs ❡ ❆❧❧❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❡stã♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❘❛t✐♥❣ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣♦rt❢ó❧✐♦✳ ❖s três ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s✱ ♥♦ s❡✉ t♦❞♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ✭❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ t❡ór✐❝❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✮ ❡ ♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛s✱ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
✶✳✶✳✷ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ❡ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t
❆ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❝ré❞✐t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✴s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✿ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❂ ❝r❡r✱ ❞♦ ❧❛t✐♠ ❝r❡❞✐t✉♠✱ ❝r❡❞❡r❡✳
❈ré❞✐t♦ é t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛ss✉♠✐r ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦s✱ q✉❡r ♣❛r❛ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡r ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦s✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ é ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s✳
❆ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ é ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t✉❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛ q✉❛❧ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s✱ ❛ ❝r❡❞♦r❛✱ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♠♦♥t❛♥t❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❛ ❞❡✈❡❞♦r❛✱ s♦❜ ❛ ♣r♦♠❡ss❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♠ ❞í✈✐❞❛✳
❖ ❝r❡❞♦r é t♦❞❛ ❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ t✐t✉❧❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ♦✉✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❛ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❞❡ ♦✉tr❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦✳ Pr♦t❡❣✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡✐✱ ♦ ❝r❡❞♦r ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ❢❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①✐❣✐r ❞♦ ❞❡✈❡❞♦r ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♦ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❡①✐❣í✈❡❧✱ ✐st♦ é✱ s❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ♥ã♦ é ❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡✈❡❞♦r✳
❖ r✐s❝♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♠❡ss❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❝✉♠♣r✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❞❡✈❡❞♦r✱ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛✲ s❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳ P♦❞❡ ❞✐③❡r✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ s✉r❣❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡st❛r ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❛ ❛ ❛❧❣✉é♠✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ss❛ q✉❛♥t✐❛✳
❉❡❢❛✉❧t é ❛ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❛❝♦r❞♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ é ♥ã♦ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞í✈✐❞❛✳ ❆ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡✱ ■♥❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✶✳✶✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦
✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✲ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✸
❯♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s✱ é ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥✲ sá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❡✈✐t❡ ❛ ✐♥s♦❧✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ r❡✉♥✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ t♦♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ❝♦♠ ❛s s✉❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r q✉❛♥t♦ à ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❞♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❞✉❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s✿ ❛ q✉❛❧✐✲ t❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ r❡♠❡t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦s s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t♦♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳ ◆❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s sã♦ ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣✉❡s ❞❡ t♦♠❛r ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦s ❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦s✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦s✳ ◆❡st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛s✳
❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ é ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ é tr❛t❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ é ❛ s✉❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r✱ ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
❆s r❡❣r❛s ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡ às ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s✱ sã♦ ♦ ❢❛❝t♦r ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛✳
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❜❡♠ tr❡✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐✲ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ♦❜r✐❣♦✉ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✜✲ ♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s✳ ❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✱ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
✶✳✶✳✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❙✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈❛
❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝✉❥❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ é ❛♣♦✐❛r ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ r❡❢❡r✐❞❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✲s❡ ♥♦ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦ s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✜s✲ s✐♦♥❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❞❡r ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❛ s✉❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬❙❛✉♥❞❡rs ❡ ❆❧❧❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐st❛✱ ♦ s❡✉ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦ s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦✱ ❡ ❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡s♦s ❛ ❝❡rt♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s✲❝❤❛✈❡ sã♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✿ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖s ❈✬s ❞♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦
❖s ✺ C′s ❞♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✷✱ ♣♦r ❲❡st♦♥ ❡ ❇r✐❣❤❛♠✳ ❬❙✐❧✈❛✱ ✷✵✵✵❪
❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛ ❛♦s ✺ C′s ✉♠ s❡①t♦ C✱ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛♦ ❢❛❝t♦r ✏❈♦♥❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦✑✱ q✉❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s✳
✶✳ ❈❛rá❝t❡r✿ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à í♥❞♦❧❡✱ ✐❞♦♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡❀ ✷✳ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❊st❡ ❈ ❞❡✈❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s❡ ❛s
r❡❝❡✐t❛s ❡ ❞❡s♣❡s❛s ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛ss✉♠✐❞❛s❀
✸✳ ❈❛♣✐t❛❧✿ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✱ ❡♥❞✐✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧✐q✉✐❞❡③✱ ❧✉❝r♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐✈♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡❀
✹✳ ❈♦❧❛t❡r❛❧✿ ➱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♦✉ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❣❛r❛♥✲ t✐❛s ❛♦ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦❀
✺✳ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✿ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❞♦s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛✐s ❞❡ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r❡♠ ❛ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t✉r❛✐s✱ t❡r ❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❡ ❝r✐❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛❀
✻✳ ❈♦♥❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦✿ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s s✐t✉❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ ❛❢❡❝t❛r ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✳
✶✳✶✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣
❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠✱ r❡❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t✉❛çõ❡s às ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡❞✐t♦✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ s❡r ✉♠ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦r ♦✉ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦r✳
❊st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✈✐s❛♠ ♦ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ♦s ❜♦♥s ❝ré❞✐t♦s ❞♦s ♠❛✉s ❝ré❞✐t♦s✳
❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ sã♦ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♦s ❝r❡❞♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ s✉❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ à ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✳
P❛r❛ ❬❈❛♦✉❡tt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❪✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ❛tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❡s♦s✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❡st❛t✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞♦ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ s❝♦r❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✲ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✺
❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬❙❛✉♥❞❡rs ❡ ❆❧❧❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✱ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡t❛♣❛s✿
❼ P❧❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✿ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡rá ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦❀ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉s♦❀ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s❀ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ s❡r ❛❞♦♣t❛❞♦❀ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦❀
❼ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✿ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦❀ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✲ çã♦ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦❀ s❡❧❡❝çã♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦❀ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s❀
❼ P❧❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧ ❡ ❝♦❧❡❝t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✿ s❡❧❡❝çã♦ ❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦s✲ tr❛❀ ❝♦❧❡❝t❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s❀ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s❀
❼ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s✿ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♦✉ ❛ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛❀
❼ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ é ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦r ♦✉ ❜♦♠ ♣❛❣❛❞♦r❀ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛r ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦❀
❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦s ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ r❡s✐❞❡ ♥♦ ❢❛❝t♦ ❞❡✱ ♥❡ss❡ ú❧t✐♠♦✱ s❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ s❡❧❡❝çã♦ ❞♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❡ ❞♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♣❡s♦s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ♦❜té♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥t✉❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ♣♦♥t✉❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦s ❞❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛✳ ❊st❛ ♣♦♥t✉❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥t✉❛çã♦ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❛♣r♦✈❛ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
❬▲❡✇✐s✱ ✶✾✾✷❪ r❡❢❡r❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ r❡♠♦♥t❛ ❛♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✺✳ ❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ❞❡st✐♥❛✈❛♠✲s❡ ❛♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦✳ ❆ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♠❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♦❜r✐❣♦✉ ♦s ❛♥❛❧✐st❛s ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r r❛♣✐❞❡③ ❡ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s❡✉s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ✉♠ ❛✉✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✳ ❆ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❛ ❡ss❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
❆✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ s❡❥❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ✉s❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♠♦♥t❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡r❡ ❬❈❛♦✉❡tt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❪✳
✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦
♣♦♥t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ t❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ s♣r❡❛❞ q✉❡ s❡rá ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❞❡ ♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ s❡r✈❡ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛s✳
◆♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ s✉♣õ❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✲ tr❛rã♦ ❡♠ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ sã♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s às ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡♥tr❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ♥♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✳ ❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❡st❡ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ❛♠♦s✲ tr❛s ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦r❡s ❡ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❢❡r✐r s♦❜r❡ ♦s ✐♥❞í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳
❊♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
◆♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❡ ✐♥s♦❧✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s sã♦ ♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡♥t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❧✐q✉✐❞❡③ ❡ ♦ ❡♥❞✐✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❬❈❛♦✉❡tt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❪ r❡❢❡r❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❩✲❙❝♦r❡ é ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s♦❧✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳
❩✲❙❝♦r❡
❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❬❲✐❦✐♣é❞✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✾❞❪✱ s❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❩✲❙❝♦r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡r ❛ ❢❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✽ ♣♦r ❊❞✇❛r❞ ■✳ ❆❧t♠❛♥✱ q✉❡ ❡r❛✱ ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛❞❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋✐♥❛♥ç❛s ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ◆♦✈❛ ❨♦r❦✳ ❆ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ✐r à ❢❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s✳
❖ ❩✲❙❝♦r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ♣❛✲ tr✐♠♦♥✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐r ❛ s❛ú❞❡ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳
❖ ❩✲❙❝♦r❡ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♦✉ ❝✐♥❝♦ rá❝✐♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s✱ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ t✐♥❤❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦ ❢❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡r❛♠✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ ✭❛❝t✐✈♦s✮✳
◆♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❩✲❙❝♦r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡✿
❼ X1✿ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ❈❛♣✐t❛❧✴❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❆❝t✐✈♦s
❼ X2✿ ▲✉❝r♦ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞♦ ✴ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❆❝t✐✈♦s
❼ X3✿ ❊❇■❚ ✴ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❆❝t✐✈♦s
❼ X4✿ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ✴ ❉í✈✐❞❛
❼ X5✿ ❱❡♥❞❛s ✴ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❆❝t✐✈♦s
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✏❙❝♦r❡✑ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❡✈❡❞♦r✿
✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✲ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✼
❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❛s ③♦♥❛s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✿ ❼ Z >2.99 ✲❩♦♥❛ ✏❙❡❣✉r❛✑
❼ 1.8< Z <2.99 ✲ ❩♦♥❛ ✏■♥t❡r♠é❞✐❛✑
❼ Z <1.80 ✲❩♦♥❛ ❞❡ ✏❙tr❡ss✑
❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ❞✐✈✐❞❡♠✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿ ♦s ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ✭❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦✮ ❡ ♦s ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡st❡s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r❛❧ s❝♦r✐♥❣✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❬❈❛♦✉❡tt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❪✳
❇❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r❛❧ ❙❝♦r✐♥❣
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬❆r❛ú❥♦✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ♦ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r❛❧ s❝♦r✐♥❣ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦s ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r❛❧ s❝♦r✐♥❣ t❡♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❛s ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦s ❝ré❞✐t♦s ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❥á ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝ré❞✐t♦s ♥❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✳
◆♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r❛❧ s❝♦r✐♥❣ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❊st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✈✐s❛♠ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❥á ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♦✉ ✉♠ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦s ♥♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛♥♦ ❡ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛❝çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✳
❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ sã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✈✐s❛♠ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❛s ❝♦❜r❛♥ç❛s ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❛s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❡str❛✲ té❣✐❛s✳
❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡✱ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ♣♦❞❡r♦s♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣✳ ◆♦s ❛♥♦s ✽✵ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❡ q✉❡ sã♦✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ❞✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✳ ▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r♦♥❛✐s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦✳
❱❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣
✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❘✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦
❼ ❈♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛✿ sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❡♠ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥s✲ t✐t✉✐çã♦✱ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛♠ ♥❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦s ❝ré❞✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛♥t❡s❀
❼ ❋❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡✲ t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢á❝✐❧❀
❼ ▼❡❧❤♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✿ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦❀ ❼ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈❛✿ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❣r❛s
❝❧❛r❛s ❡ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦❀
❼ ▼❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✿ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥❛ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞♦s ❛♥❛❧✐st❛s✱ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
❉❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣
P❛r❛ ❬❙✐❧✈❛✱ ✷✵✵✵❪ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ é ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✿
✏❖ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❛ é♣♦❝❛✮ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s q✉❛♥t♦ s❡✉s ♣❡s♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s s♦❢r❡♠ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s✳ ❆s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s q✉❡✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐✲ ♥❛♥t❡✱ sã♦ ❛s q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛♠ s♦❜ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t✉r❛ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ ♦ s❡r ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✳✑
❬❈❛♦✉❡tt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❪ t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❢❡r❡♠ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❧✐♠✐✲ t❛çã♦✿
✏❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣♦ s❡ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✑✳
❬❈❤❛✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✸❪ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛❧❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦✲ r✐♥❣✿
❼ ❈✉st♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✿ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈r❡❞✐t ❙❝♦r✐♥❣ ❛❝❛r✲ r❡t❛ ❝✉st♦s ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✳
❼ ❊①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✿ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st✐♠❛r ♣♦r ✈❛✲ ❧♦r❡s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♥♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ♠❡♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠✲♥♦s ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣õ❡♠ ❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛ ♦ s❡✉ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦❀
