❈❊❱■❆◆❆❙ ❊ P❖◆❚❖❙ ❆❙❙❖❈■❆❉❖❙ ❆ ❯▼
❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖✿ ❯▼❆ ❆❇❖❘❉❆●❊▼ ❈❖▼
■◆❚❊❘❋❆❈❊ ◆❖ ❊◆❙■◆❖ ❇➪❙■❈❖
†♣♦r
●❡♥❛❧❞♦ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦
s♦❜ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❊❧✐s❛♥❞r❛ ❞❡ ❋át✐♠❛ ●❧♦ss ❞❡ ▼♦r❛❡s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈♦r♣♦ ❉♦❝❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✲❈❈❊◆✲❯❋P❇✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❆❣♦st♦✴✷✵✶✹ ❏♦ã♦ P❡ss♦❛ ✲ P❇
† ❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❈❆P❊❙✱ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
A663c Araújo, Genaldo Oliveira de.
Cevianas e pontos associados a um triângulo: uma abordagem com interface no ensino básico / Genaldo Oliveira de Araújo.- João Pessoa, 2014.
116f. : il.
Orientadora: Elisandra de Fátima Gloss de Moraes Dissertação (Mestrado) - UFPB/CCEN
1. Matemática. 2. Geometria - ensino. 3. Teorema de Menelaus. 4. Teorema de Ceva. 5. Teorema de Stewart.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❞♦♠ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♣♦r ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ♠❛✐s ❡ss❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡✱ ✐♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛♠✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❏♦sé ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❣r❡❣♦✉ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❝♦❧❤❡r ♦s ❢r✉t♦s q✉❡ ❡✉ ❡st♦✉ ❝♦❧❤❡♥❞♦ ❛❣♦r❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ❲❞✐♥❡✐❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❡✈❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❡ss❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛♥❞♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳
❆♦s ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✱ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❡♥s❛ ✈❛❧✐❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡✉✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♠❡✉s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r❡♠ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ s✉❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❊❧✐s❛♥❞r❛ ❞❡ ❋át✐♠❛ ●❧♦ss ❞❡ ▼♦r❛❡s✳
❊♠ ✜♠✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❛♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
➚ ❈❛♣❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ❏♦sé ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦✱ ✐♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛♠✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❡ss❡ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡❥❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡❧❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❞❡s♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡❧❡✱ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❡ ✉♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ à s✐t✉❛çã♦✳ ❋✐③❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ s✐♥❣❡❧❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❡ss❛ ❢❛s❡✳ ◆♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❛r ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✱ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❝r✐❛♠♦s ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ q✉❛❧✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛❧❣✉♥s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ P❧❛♥❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♥s ❞❡❧❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✱ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ♥❡♠ t❛♥t♦✳ ❙ã♦ ❡❧❡s✿ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥❡❧❛✉s✱ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❡✈❛✱ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt✱ ♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✭♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✮✱ ❘❡t❛ ❞❡ ❊✉❧❡r✱ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ◆♦✈❡ P♦♥t♦s✱ P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❊✉❧❡r✱ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❣♦♥♥❡✱ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ◆❛❣❡❧✱ ♦s P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❋❡✉❡r❜❛❝❤✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r❡♠♦s ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ✐s♦tô♠✐❝♦s✱ r❡t❛s ✐s♦tô♠✐❝❛s ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s r❡❝í♣r♦❝♦s✳ ◆♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s
❛♣❡♥❛s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❙✐♥tét✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❜❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✳ ❆❝r❡❞✐t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s ❡♥❢♦q✉❡s ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❜✉sq✉❡♠ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r s❡✉s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s✱ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s
❆❜str❛❝t
❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡❧② t♦ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ✐♥ ❜❛s✐❝ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤✐s ❜r❛♥❝❤ ♦❢ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ✐s ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ st✉❞❡♥ts ✐s ✈❡r② ✉♥❞❡r♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤ ❤✐♠✱ ✇❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ s♦♠❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐t ✐s t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❣❡♦♠❡tr②✱ ❛✐♠✐♥❣ t♦ s❡r✈❡ ❛s ❛ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ r❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♣♣♦s✐t❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ♠❛❞❡ ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❞❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛①✐♦♠❛t✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ t❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② t❤❛t st❛❣❡✳ ❚♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ s❦✐❧❧s ✐♥ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ✇❤✐❧❡ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② t♦ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ ❜❛s✐❝ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ♦♥ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❛♥ ❛①✐♦♠❛t✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ s✐♠♣❧② s♦♠❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❝ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡♦r❡♠s ♦❢ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ ●❡♦♠❡tr②✱ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ♥♦t s♦ ♠✉❝❤✳ ❙♦ t❤❡② ❛r❡✿ ▼❡♥❡❧❛✉s✬s ❚❤❡♦r❡♠✱ ❈❡✈❛✬s ❚❤❡♦r❡♠✱ ❙t❡✇❛rs✬s ❚❤❡♦r❡♠✱ t❤❡ ❢♦✉r ♥♦t❛❜❧❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡ ✭♦rt❤♦❝❡♥t❡r✱ ❝✐r❝✉♠❝❡♥t❡r✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞✮✱ ❊✉❧❡r ▲✐♥❡✱ ◆✐♥❡ ✲ P♦✐♥t ❝✐r❝❧❡✱ ❊✉❧❡r P♦✐♥t✱ ●❡r❣♦♥♥❡ P♦✐♥t✱ ◆❛❣❡❧ P♦✐♥t✱ ❋❡✉❡r❜❛❝❤ P♦✐♥t✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐s♦t♦♠✐❝ ♣♦✐♥ts✱ ✐s♦t♦♠✐❝ str❛✐❣❤ts ❛♥❞ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ ♣♦✐♥ts✳ ■♥ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡♠s✱ ✇❡ ✉s❡ ♦♥❧② ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♦❢ ❙②♥t❤❡t✐❝ ●❡♦♠❡tr②✱ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❛ s✉❜❥❡❝t ❡❛s② t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧♦✐t❡❞ ✐♥ ❜❛s✐❝ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡
❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦❢ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❝❛♥ s❡r✈❡ ❛s ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r st✉❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ♣r✐♠❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧ t❡❛❝❤❡rs s❡❡❦✐♥❣ t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡✐r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ ❣❡♦♠❡tr②✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣❀ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛✱ ♣♦✐♥ts ❛♥❞ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦
❜ás✐❝❛ ✺
✶✳✶ ❆ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✺ ✶✳✷ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦ ❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛s ❞❡ ▼❡♥❡❧❛✉s✱ ❈❡✈❛ ❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt ✶✻
✷✳✶ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥❡❧❛✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✷ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❡✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✸ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✹ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷✳✹✳✶ ❖ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt ❡ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❡✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❆ r❛③ã♦ ✷✿✶ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❡ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥❡❧❛✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✹✳✹ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❛s ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛
❞❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✹✳✺ ❖ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❡✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸ ❈❡✈✐❛♥❛s ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✹✵
✸✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✹✶ ✸✳✷ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✸ ❊①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ❙❡çõ❡s ✸✳✶ ❡ ✸✳✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✹ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ♥ã♦ tã♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s
❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✻✽
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✷ ❆ r❡t❛ ❞❡ ❊✉❧❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✸ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❣♦♥♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✺ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❊①✐♥s❝r✐t❛s ❛ ✉♠ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ♦ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ◆❛❣❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✻ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋❡✉❡r❜❛❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✼ P♦♥t♦s ✐s♦tô♠✐❝♦s ❡ r❡t❛s ✐s♦tô♠✐❝❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
❆ ❈♦♥str✉çõ❡s ✽✾
❆✳✶ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ❆✳✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ❆✳✸ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ❆✳✹ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ❆✳✺ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ❆✳✻ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ❆✳✼ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ❆✳✽ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✵✹
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
▲❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ✭❬✼❪✱ ❬✶✷❪✱ ❬✶✸❪✱ ❬✶✺❪✮ ❡ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ t❛❧ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❊ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s sã♦ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝✐t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛s♦s ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✳
➱ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ■st♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦✳ ❊ss❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥tíss✐♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❛♠❛❞✉r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✳
❙♦❜r❡ ♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡✈❡❧❛♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❡stá✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ q✉❡ ✜❣✉r❛♠ ❡♠ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞♦s ❡❧❡s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s t❡♠♣♦s✳ ❊ss❛ tr❛❞✐çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦✐s ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❥✉❧❣❛❞♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✜❝❛♠ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ss❡ ❜❧♦❝♦✳ ❙♦❜r❡ ♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛♦ t❡♠❛ ❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✭♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦s ❛♣r♦✈❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❬✹❪✮✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲
s❡ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡s ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦❀ ♣♦ré♠✱ sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❡ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛ ❞❡s❡❥❛r✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❡ss❡s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❛✐s ❧✐✈r♦s ❡ ♥❡♠✱ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ➱ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❝♦♠ t❛♥t♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s❀ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❡ss❡ t❡♠❛ ♥♦s ❝❤❛♠♦✉ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❥á ❡✈♦❧✉✐✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❣r❡❣♦ ❛té ♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✳ ❍♦❥❡✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛s✱ ❛s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♥ã♦ ❡✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛s✱ ❛ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝✐t❛r ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❍✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♠❡✐♦ às t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛r ♦ q✉✐♥t♦ ♣♦st✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s✳ ❆♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♠ ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✱ ❛té ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛❞♦①❛❧✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥st❛t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ❜❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❢❛s❡✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡st✉❞á✲ ❧❛✱ ♣♦✐s s❡✉s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❜❛s❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❝♦♥stró✐ ♦✉tr❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s❀ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ♦✉ ❢❛③❡r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s s❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ♥ã♦ ❡st✐✈❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞♦s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛♠♦s ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ s❡r út✐❧ ❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✱ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣♦♥t♦s ❢rá❣❡✐s ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❝✐t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ❚❛✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♥ã♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛r✱ ♠❛s✱ s✐♠✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ✜③❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦ ❡ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐r ♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡❧❡ é ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✳ ➱ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ s✉r❣✐✉ ❞♦ ♥❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡r♦s ❡s♣❡❝t❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❡rt♦s ❢❛t♦s✳ ✏➱ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ✐r ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛r q✉❡ ❝❡rt♦s ❢❛t♦s ✈❛❧❡♠✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❞❡♠♦♥strá✲❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ♥❡❧❡s✁✁ ✭ ❬✽❪✱ ♣✳✶✽✽ ✮✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s três t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s q✉❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s✱ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s✱ sã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♥♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❙ã♦ ❡❧❡s✱ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt✱ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥❡❧❛✉s ❡ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❡✈❛✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ✜③❡♠♦s ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❢❡r✐❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s✱ ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ ✜③❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♠♦str❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❡s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s ❡ ♥❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s t❡♦r❡♠❛s✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ ♦ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡st❛♠♦s ❢❛❧❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❡st❡s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ s❡r ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛s✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ ♦ ú❧t✐♠♦✱ tr❛t❛♠♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ t❡♦r❡♠❛s✱ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ tã♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❡ ❛s três ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♥tr❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡ ✈❛♠♦✲♥♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛r ❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡ss❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡t❛ ❞❡ ❊✉❧❡r✱ ❛ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❞♦s ◆♦✈❡ P♦♥t♦s✱ ♦s P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❊✉❧❡r✱ ♦ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❣♦♥♥❡✱ ♦ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ◆❛❣❡❧✱ ♦s P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❋❡✉❡r❜❛❝❤✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r♠♦s ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ✐s♦tô♠✐❝♦s✱ r❡t❛s ✐s♦tô♠✐❝❛s ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s r❡❝í♣r♦❝♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦
❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛
✶✳✶ ❆ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❛t✉❛❧
❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛
➱ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r♠♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛✳ ❊st❡s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ q✉❛s❡ t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s r♦❞❡✐❛✱ ♥❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡ ✈❡♠♦s✱ t♦❝❛♠♦s ♦✉ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♠♦s✱ s❡♠ ❢❛❧❛r ♥❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡r tr❛t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✱ ♠❛s✱ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t♦✉ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ r❛♠♦ tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♣❛r❡❝❡ t❡r s✐❞♦ ❡sq✉❡❝✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✳
❍♦❥❡✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❇r❛s✐❧✶✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✲ ❙❆❊❇✷ ❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡
✶Pr♦✈❛ ❇r❛s✐❧✿ é ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✺ ♣❡❧♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ➱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r
❛♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✳
✷❙❆❊❇✿ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✵✱ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱
❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✲ ■❉❊❇✸ ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❤❛❥❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡❣✐str♦✉ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✳ ❊st❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ é ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ r❡✢❡①♦ ❞❛s ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛❣r❛✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝✐t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✿ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ❞❡ss❡s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s ❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
◆♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡✈❡❧❛♠ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ▲✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❢r❛❣✐❧íss✐♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ❡ ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛r ♠✉✐t♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❊ss❛ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❞♦❜r❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛s s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦s✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ às ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ✭só ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐♦s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝✐t❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✮ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✲❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡ ❝♦❧♦❝á✲❧❛ ❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✐ss♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✱ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✐①❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❛♥♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❤á t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♦✉ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ s❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s✱
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ✭■◆❊P✮✱ ❛✉t❛rq✉✐❛ ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳
✸■❉❊❇✿ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✼✱ ♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱
♠é❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ■♥❡♣✳
só❧✐❞♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ♥ã♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s é ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❊ss❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦✈é♠ ❞❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♠ ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ♥♦ss❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ❛❞✈❡rs♦✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ t❡♠ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦❀ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ s❡ ❡st❡s ♥ã♦ ❡st✐✈❡r❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♥ã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✳ ◆ã♦ t❡♥❞♦ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛♣♦✐❛♠✲s❡ q✉❛s❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐❛✱ ❡ q✉❡✱ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♣rát✐❝❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❧❤❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✳ ❈❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ t♦r♥❛ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❢rá❣✐❧ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✳
❆ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠ ❞❛❞♦ s✉❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ➱ ♥♦tór✐❛ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✱ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞✐st♦rçõ❡s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s ✐♥♦✈❛❞♦r❛s q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳ ❙♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❢❛❧❛♥❞♦✱ ✈❡❥❛♠♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♥♦s P❈◆s ❬✺❪✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✿
· · · ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s s♦❜ ❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✲ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ✲ q✉❛♥❞♦ é ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛✱ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✐t❡♠ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❧✐st❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝✉❥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s· · ·
· · · ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✱ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s
✐♥s✐st❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡t❝✳✮ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ s✉❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡r ♣❛r❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ q✉❡r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛r· · ·
❈♦❧♦❝❛♠♦s ❛q✉✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ q✉❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ❜ás✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❘❡ss❛❧t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ q✉❛❞r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝✐t❛❞♦s✳ ➱ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ▼❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s ❝❛s♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
✶✳✷ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦ ❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ♥♦
❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦
◆♦ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹✮✱ ❡♥❢♦❝❛r❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦✱ ❛❝❤❛♠♦s ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡ ❢❛③❡r♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s✉❝✐♥t❛ s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦✳ ❱❛❧❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r✱ q✉❡ t❡r❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❢♦rt❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r♠♦s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ❝♦♥✈✐❞❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞✐③❡r✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ár❡❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r
❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦ ❡ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦✳
❖✉tr♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ✭♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✮ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ♠❡♥çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✳ ❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❡ss❛ ❢❛s❡ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❥á ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s✱ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ss❡ ❝✐❝❧♦ s❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛♠ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♦✉ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❧❡✈❛❞♦s ❛ t❡r ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♠❛✐s ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡s❝♦♥❡①❛s✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ s✉r❣✐✉ ❞♦ ♥❛❞❛✳ ➱ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s❛❜❡♠ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛r ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s✿ ✏♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ é ✐❣✉❛❧ à s♦♠❛ ❞♦s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ s❡✉s ❝❛t❡t♦s✑✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ s❡♠ t❡r ❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ss❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳ ▲❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✜r♠❛r✱ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛❄ ❖✉✱ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡❧❛ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛❄ ❊❧❛ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s❄ ❊ s❡ ❡❧❛ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❛s ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❡ss❛ ú❧t✐♠❛❄ ❙✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❛③✐♦✱ sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ s❡❥❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♦✉ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳
❆❜♦r❞❛r ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ é ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❆♦ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❞❡✈❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡❧❡✈❛r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ◆❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ❛s ♥♦ss❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s ❡ ✈á❧✐❞♦s✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ tr✐❧❤❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ▼❛s ❛✜♥❛❧✱ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦✈❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛❧❣♦ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦❄ ❈♦♠♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐♠♦s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♠♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s❄ ❘❡s♣♦♥❞❡r
❛ ❡ss❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❞✐③❡r ❝♦♠♦ é q✉❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ s❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦✱ ❞✐❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♣✱ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦✱ ❞✐❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ s❡❥❛ q✱ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♣ s❡❣✉❡ ❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ s❡ q é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♣ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✳ ❙❡ ❤á ❞ú✈✐❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ q✱ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s❡❣✉❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ r ❡ q✉❡ r s❡❣✉❡ ❞❡ s ✳✳✳ ❛té ❝❤❡❣❛r♠♦s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ q✉❡ é ❛❝❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦✈❛r ❛ ✈❡r❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦✹ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✈❡r❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✳
❈❤❛♠❛♠♦s ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s✳ Pr♦❝❡❞❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ❝♦rr❡♠♦s ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r♠♦s ❛ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ✈✐❝✐♦s♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ s❡r✐❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✱ ♦✉ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❡♠ ❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✐♥t❡r♠✐♥á✈❡❧✳ ❊ss❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ s✉❣❡r❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦✿
• ❯♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s q✉❛✐s t♦❞♦s
❡ss❡s ♦✉tr♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s✳ ✏ ❊ss❡s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s ♣♦r s✐ ♠❡s♠♦s✱ ❝✉❥♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s❡ ❛❝❡✐t❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊❧❡s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡r❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s❀ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ sã♦ ❢r✉t♦s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦✑✳ ✭ ❬✽❪✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✷✮✳ ❖s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈♦s✳
• ❆✜r♠❛çõ❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
♣r✐♠✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❊ss❛s ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s✱ ♣❛r❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s q✉❛✐s✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡❞✉③✐r ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ❆✜r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣♦st✉❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❛①✐♦♠❛s❀ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦✱ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ é ❛❝❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛ s❡♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r✳
✹❉❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦✿ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦❀ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦❀ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st♦✳
• ❘❡❣r❛s ♦✉ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ♦s ❛①✐♦♠❛s
❡ ❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛s ❡ ❞❡❞✉③✐r ♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s✳ ❊ss❛s r❡❣r❛s✱ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✺✳
❊ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✜♥✐t♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❛①✐♦♠❛s✱ ❞❡ ♥♦çõ❡s ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛s ❡ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ❞❡❞✉③✐r t❡♦r❡♠❛s✻ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❬✽❪✱♣❣ ✶✺✼✱ ❝❤❛♠❛✲s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦✉ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦ ❡ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ❡stã♦ ✐♥t✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s✳
❋✐③❡♠♦s ❛q✉✐ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s❡r♠♦s r❡♠❡t✐❞♦s ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❝♦♥str♦❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✱ ❡❧❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❚❡♦r❡♠❛s✱ ♣r♦✈❛s✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s✱ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦✱ s❡rá q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞ã♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ss❡s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛❄
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ▲❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦✱ ♦s ❥♦✈❡♥s ❞❡ ✻ ❛ ✶✹ ❛♥♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦
✺❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ t❡♠♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦✿ s❡ ❛❧❣♦ ✈❛❧❡ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ ❡♥tã♦ ✈❛❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦❀ ❛ ♠♦❞✉s ♣♦♥❡♥s✿ ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ♠♦❞✉s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡ ❞♦ ❧❛t✐♠✱ ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♠♦❞♦✳ ❏á✱ ♣♦♥❡♥s ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣♦♥❡r❡✱ q✉❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❛✜r♠❛r✳ ▼♦❞✉s ♣♦♥❡♥s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❛✜r♠❛r✳
✻❚❡♦r❡♠❛✿ é ✉♠❛ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✈á❧✐❞❛✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛
❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ◆♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡✱ ❡ ♦✉tr❛✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡s❡✳ ❆ ❤✐ót❡s❡ ✭s❡ ❢♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛✮ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ sã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡✐s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ♥♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❏á ❛ t❡s❡✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛✱ é ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❞❡❞✉③✐r ♥❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✭❬✽❪✱ ♣❣✳✶✵✺✮✳ ❏á s♦❜r❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❬✽❪ ♣❣✳ ✶✵✾✱ ❞✐③ q✉❡✿ ✳✳✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦✱ ❞❛❞❛s ❞✉❛s ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❍ ❡ ❚✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❍ ✭❤✐♣ót❡s❡✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❚ ✭t❡s❡✮ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ✈á❧✐❞♦s ❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✜♥✐t❛ ❞❡ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s P1✱ P2✱ ✳✳✳✱ Pk✱ t❛✐s q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s é✱ ♦✉ ✉♠ ❛①✐♦♠❛✱ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ ♦✉ ✉♠❛
❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✭❍✮ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❛s s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❞❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s✳ ❆ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ Pk ❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❚ ✭t❡s❡✮✱ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦✳
r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✱ q✉❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐③❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s✱ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛s✱ ♥❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞ê✲❧❛s✱ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s♦♥â♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡s✳ ➱ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥str✉❛♠ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❛♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♦✉ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ✏❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✁✁ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❜❡❧íss✐♠❛s✱ ♣❡❧❛ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥♦✈❛çã♦✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦❀ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❡♣✐só❞✐♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❜❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ❊❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❛té ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❛r❛ t❡r ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛✐s✱ ♥❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❏á ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❣r❡ss❛♠ ❝♦♠ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ✶✹ ❛♥♦s✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❡tár✐❛✱ ♦s ❥♦✈❡♥s ❥á ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ♠❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❛❜str❛t❛s✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡ ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❛♥✐❛❀ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ é ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡s ♣r♦ss✐❣❛♠ ♥♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s❀ ♥❡ss❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ é ❛♠♣❧✐❛❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✳ ❖ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡♣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ sã♦ ♣❛rt❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ♥❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❡❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❙✉r❣❡ ♥❡ss❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✱ ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛s✱ ♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s✳ ❱❡❥❛♠♦s ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠ ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✭P❈◆❊▼✮ ✭❬✻❪✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✶ ❡ ♣✳ ✶✺✷✮✿
· · · ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦
❡ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐t✉❞❡s✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ tr❛♥s❝❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛r ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❣❡♥✉í♥♦s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❤á❜✐t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❞❡s♣r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♥♦✈❛s✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ ❜❡❧❡③❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❛✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s · · ·
· · · ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ♦✉
✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡♥❝❛❞❡❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❡ ❧ó❣✐❝♦s tê♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s q✉❡ s❡r✈❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❞❛r s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s · · ·
❖❜s❡r✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✈❡♥❤❛♠ ❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛♠♦s q✉❡r❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦r q✉❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦ ❡ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ s❡❥❛ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ♦✉ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ é ❛ ❝❤❛✈❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❛té ♣♦rq✉❡✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦✳ ➱ ♦❜✈✐♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✳
◆♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♠✉❞❛✱ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳ ▼❛s✱ ♥ã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ❡❧❛ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ♠❛✐s ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❯♠❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ✈á❧✐❞♦✱ q✉❡ ✉♠
