❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❯♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠
❖❙P❋ ♣❛r❛ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r
❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❉♦♠✐♥❣✉❡s ●❛r❝✐❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ Pr✐s❝✐❧❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❙♦❧✐s ▼❡♥❞❡③ ❇❛rr❡t♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✖ ❯♥❇ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❆❧✈❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦
❇❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ Pr✐s❝✐❧❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❙♦❧✐s ▼❡♥❞❡③ ❇❛rr❡t♦ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❍✳ P✳ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ✖ ❊◆❊✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼②❧è♥❡ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③ ❞❡ ❋❛r✐❛s ✖ ❊◆❊✴❯♥❇
❈■P ✖ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦
●❛r❝✐❛✱ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❉♦♠✐♥❣✉❡s✳
❯♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❖❙P❋ ♣❛r❛ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r ✴ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❉♦♠✐♥❣✉❡s ●❛r❝✐❛✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✿ ❯♥❇✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
✾✸ ♣✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾✱✺ ❝♠✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
✶✳ ❋❚❱✱ ✷✳ ❱í❞❡♦✱ ✸✳ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✹✳ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✺✳ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✱ ✻✳ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦
❈❉❯ ✵✵✹✳✼
❊♥❞❡r❡ç♦✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❉❛r❝② ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ✖ ❆s❛ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❊P ✼✵✾✶✵✲✾✵✵
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❯♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠
❖❙P❋ ♣❛r❛ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r
❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❉♦♠✐♥❣✉❡s ●❛r❝✐❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ Pr✐s❝✐❧❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❙♦❧✐s ▼❡♥❞❡③ ❇❛rr❡t♦ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮
❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❍✳ P✳ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼②❧è♥❡ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③ ❞❡ ❋❛r✐❛s
❊◆❊✴❯♥❇ ❊◆❊✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❆❧✈❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❛ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ s✉♣♦rt❛ss❡ ♠♦r❛r ♥❡ss❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞✐♥❤♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢é ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ❊❧✐s❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
●♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ t♦❞♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ ●♦✐â♥✐❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ♥❡st❛ ❡♠✲ ♣r❡✐t❛❞❛ s❡♥❤♦r ❘✐❧❞♦✱ ❘✉❜❡♥s✱ ❚❡❞②✱ ❊t❤❡✐❧❛✱ ▲❛✉r❛✱ ◆❛✐❛r❛✱ ❊❧❛✐♥❡✱ ▼✐t❝❤❡ã✱ ❆♥❞r❡✐❛✱ ❚❤❛ís✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❛✱ ▲✐❞✐❛♥❡✱ t✐❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛✱ ♦ t✐♦ ▲✉✐❣✐✱ ■s❛❛❝ ❡ ■s❛❜❡❧✱ ❏♦❜✱ ❈❛r♦❧✱ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥✲ t❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❏♦ã♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ❡ ♦s ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ▲✉❛♥❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ✧❧❛❣♦❛✧✱ ♠❡✉s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❑❡r❧❧❛✱ P❛✉❧❛✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❡ ▲✉✐③✳ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ◆✐❧s♦♥✱ ●✉st❛✈♦✱ ❏❡r❡♠✐❛s✱ ❆♠❛♥❞❛✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧✱ ❆r✐❛♥❡✱ ❆♥❛✱ ▲❡✐❛✱ ❲♦s❧❡②✱ ❙❛❛❞✱ ❏♦♥❛t❤❛♥✱ ❱❡r❛✱ ▲✉❝✐♠❡✐r❡ ❡ ❏✉❧✐❛♥❛✱ ❏✉❛♥✱ ●❛❜r✐❡❧✱ ❲❛❧❞❡♠✐r✱ ❚✐♥❛✱ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦✱ ❍❡r❛❧❞♦✱ ❈❧á✉❞✐♦ ❡ ❋❡r✲ ♥❛♥❞❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss♦ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❆♥❞ré ❉r✉♠♠♦♥❞✱ ▼❛r❝♦s ❈❛❡t❛♥♦✱ ❋❧á✈✐♦ ❱✐❞❛❧ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛q✉✐✳ Pr♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❤á ♠❛✐s ♥♦♠❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❢♦❣❡♠ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜✲ ❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❖❙P❋ ✭❖♣❡♥ ❙❤♦rt❡st P❛t❤ ❋✐rst✮✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡✳ ❋♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❋❊P ✭❋r❛❝t❛❧ ❊♥✲ ✈❡❧♦♣❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✮✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡ ✷✺✪ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡q✉❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ✭◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✮ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❋❚❱✱ ❱í❞❡♦✱ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✱ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ tr❛✣❝ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② t❤❛t ❛✐♠s t♦ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❝♦st ♦❢ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❖❙P❋ ✭❖♣❡♥ ❙❤♦rt❡st P❛t❤ ❋✐rst✮ ✉s✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❦ ♠❡tr✐❝s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ tr❛✣❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s✳ ❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❛❧ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❞❡❧❛② ❝✉r✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❋❊P ✭❋r❛❝t❛❧ ❊♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✮✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ❢♦r ✈✐❞❡♦ tr❛✣❝ t❤❛t ❤❛s ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ s❡❧❢✲s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t②✱ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❧✐♥❦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❜❡❧♦✇ ✷✺✪ t♦ ❛❝❤✐✈❡ ❞❡❧❛② ✈❛❧✉❡s ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ◗♦❙ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ✭◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❋❚❱✱ ❱✐❞❡♦✱ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣✱ ❙❡❧❢✲❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐t②✱ ❚r❛✣❝ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱ ❖♣t♠✐③❛t✐♦♥
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ✹
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✸ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❇r♦❛❞❝❛st ❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❖❙P❋ ✲ ❖♣❡♥ ❙❤♦rt❡st P❛t❤ ❋✐rst ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✺ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❱í❞❡♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ✶✾ ✸✳✶ ❖ ❱í❞❡♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✸ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈í❞❡♦ ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✹ ❋❚❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✺ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✺✳✶ ❖ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ P♦✐ss♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✺✳✷ ❖ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❆✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✻ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✼ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❋❚❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✽ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✹✼ ✹✳✶ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✸ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✸✳✷ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♥♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✼✷
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✼✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❚❈P✴■P ♥♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❉♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉t❛çã♦✿ ❛✮ ❈♦♠✉t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s✱ ❜✮ ❈♦♠✉t❛✲
çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❛❝♦t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✹ ✭❛✮ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ✭❜✮ ❆ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛
❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ✭❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✺ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✻ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❥❦str❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❉✐❥❦str❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✾ ❯♠ ❆❙ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❡s♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣❡s♦s ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✶✷ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❝♦♠ ❖❙P❋ ❬✶✽❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸✳✶ ■♥t❡r♣♦❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦s ❬✸✺❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✹ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ P✷P ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✺ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❋❚❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✻ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❋❚❱ ❬✺✺❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❋❚❱ ❬✺✾❪✱ ❬✻✵❪✱ ❬✷✷❪✳ ❬✹✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✽ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❱❇❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✾ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❡♠ ❘❛❥❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦♠ ▲❘❉ ❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❍ ❂ ✵❀ ✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✶✶ ■♥✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞♦ ✜❧♠❡ ❚r♦♣❛s ❡st❡❧❛r❡s ❬✹✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✷ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✶✸ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ❛té ✾✾✪ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹✳✶ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✜❧❛ ▼✴▼✴✶ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋♦rt③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ✜❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✸ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦s ❞♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❋❊P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▲P▼✲❋❊P ❝♦♠
✈ár✐♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❍ ❡ ♦ ▲P▼✲❋♦rt③ ✭❛③✉❧ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✺ ▼❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✻ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ■♣ê ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✼ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✽ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❋❚❱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✾❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✾ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✺✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✶✵ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✺✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✶✶ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✷ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✸ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✶✺✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✹ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✶✺✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✺ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✷✵✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✻ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✷✵✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✶✼ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✺✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✶✽ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✺✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✶✾ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✷✵ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✷✶ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✶✺✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✷✷ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✶✺✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✷✸ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✷✵✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✷✹ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✷✵✪ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❬✸✺❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❬✺✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✸ P❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❍ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s q✉❛♥t✐③❛çõ❡s ❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛♠♦s✲
tr❛s ❬✹✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✹ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ✈í❞❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❊♥❧❛❝❡s ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
Lista de Siglas
3D-HEVC - 3D High Efficiency Video Coding
3DV 3D Video
AF Assured Forwarding
AS Autonomus System
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATSC Advanced Television System Committee
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
CBR Constant Bit Rate
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CV Circuitos Virtuais
DCT Discrete Cosine Transform
DE Default
DiffServ Differentiated Service
DSCP Diferentiated Services Code Point
ECMP Equal Cost MultiPath
EDTV Enhanced Definition TV
EF Expedited Forwarding
fBm Movimento Browniano Fracionário
fGn Ruído Gaussiano Fracionário
FIFO First-in-First-Out
FPS Frames per Seconds
FTP File Transfer Protocol
FTV Free Viewpoint Television
HDTV High Definition TV
IETF Internet Engeneering Task Force
IGP Interior Gateway Protocol
IntServ Integrated Service
IP Internet Protocol
IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4
IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
IS-IS Intermediate System-Intermediate System
ISO International Standards Organization
ISP Internet Service Provider
KLT Kerhunen-Loève Transform
LRD Long Range Dependence
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switching
MSE Mean Square Error
MST Minimum Spanning Tree
MV-HEVC Multiview Video – High Efficiency Video Coding
MVC Multiview Video Code
NTSC National Television System Committee
OSI Open System Interconnection
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
P2P Peer-to-Peer
PAL Phase Alternating Line
PHB Per-Hop Behavior
PSNR Peak-Sinal-To-Noise Ratio
QoE Quality of Experience
QoS Quality of Service
RGB Red-Green-Blue
RIP Routing Information Protocol
RSVP Resource reSerVation Protocol
RTP Real Time Protocol
SDTV Standard Definition TV
SP Shortest Path
TCP Transport Control Protocol
TCP/IP Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TOTEM TOolbox for Traffic Engineering Methods
UHDTV Ultra High Definition TV
USP Unique Shortest Path
VBR Variable Bit Rate
VNI Visual Networking Internet
VTP Variance-Time-Plot
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆té ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✾✵ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ t❡❧❡❢ô♥✐❝♦ ❡ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❡r❛♠ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ P♦✐ss♦♥ ❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t é ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣❛❝♦t❡s é ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳ ❊st❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦ r❛❥❛❞❛s q✉❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡s❝❛❧❛s ❝r✐❛♠ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❬✹✼❪✳ ❊ss❛ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ P♦✐ss♦♥✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❣❡r❛r ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❡ ❧♦♥❣♦s ❛tr❛s♦s✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ é ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡①❝❡❞❡♥t❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♥ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛rá r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡r tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦✳ P♦ré♠ ❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❣❡r❛ ❞❡s♣❡r❞í❝✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ❝❛r❛ ❡ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛✳ ❖ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r✱ q✉❡ é ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ♥❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠á①✐♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛tr❛s♦s ❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❬✶✻❪ ❡ ❬✸✾❪✱ ♠❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡①❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s✳
❆ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s t❡♠ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✈í❞❡♦ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ r❡❧❛tór✐♦ ■♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❱◆■ ✲ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✮ ❞❛ ❈✐s❝♦ ❬✺✽❪✱ ❡st✐♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛té ✷✵✶✽ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛rá ✶ ③❡tt❛❜②t❡ ♣♦r ❛♥♦✱ ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✾✵✪ s❡rã♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✳
❱ár✐♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❝♦♥✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ é ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r ❬✷✵❪ ❬✶✹❪ ❬✹✼❪ ❬✸✻❪✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡s❢♦rç♦✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛r ❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡✴✲ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❚❈P✴■P ✲ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt ❈♦♥tr♦❧ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✴■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮ às ❢✉t✉r❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❞❡ ◗♦❙ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✿ ❛❞❡q✉❛r ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❛t✉❛✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦✲ ♥ár✐❛s q✉❡ t❡♥t❛♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s q✉❡ ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦✉ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ③❡r♦✱ ♦✉ ❝❧❡❛♥ s❧❛t❡ ❬✹✺❪✳
❱ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❬✷✹❪ tê♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✲ ❝❛♥ç❛r ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ✭◗♦❙ ✲ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✮ ♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡✐s ♥❛ r❡❞❡✱ s❡♠ ♦ ❡♥❣❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ■♥t❙❡r✈ ❡ ❉✐✛❙❡r✈✳ ❏á ❢♦✐ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ■♥t❙❡r✈ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❉✐✛❙❡r✈ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ♥♦s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡ ❢♦rt❡s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❬✺✹❪✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❆❜❡rt♦ ❞❡ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ▼❡♥♦r ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦ ✭❖❙P❋ ✲ ❖♣❡♥ ❙❤♦rt❡st P❛t❤ ❋✐rst✮ q✉❡ é ♥❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞♦ ❚❈P✴■P✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❝✐s❛✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❛❧t❡r❛❞♦s ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡ ♦ ❞✐♥❛♠✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡✳ ❊st❛ é ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♣♦r ♣♦ss✉✐r ♠❛✐♦r ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❢✉t✉r❛s ❡✈♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ ❚❈P✴■P✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❱❡rsã♦ ✻ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭■P✈✻ ✲ ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✻ ✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛r ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❬✶✽❪✳
❉✐✈❡rs♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❥á tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r❛♠ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s tr❛❞✐✲ ❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬✶✽❪✱ ❬✻❪ ❬✸✷❪ ❬✷❪ ❬✶✵❪✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❛ ❛ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡✳ ❆❧t✐♥ ❬✷❪ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❡sq✉✐✲ s❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✶✸ ❛♥♦s ❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ◆P✲❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉st♦s❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❡s✲ q✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ót✐♠♦ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❛ss✐♥t♦t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❡♠✱ ❡st❛s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r s✉❜ ót✐♠♦✳
❋♦rt③ ❬✶✽❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✜❧❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✴▼✴✶✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ é ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡✲ ♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳ ❊st❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡①tr❛✐r ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦❜❡❞❡ç❛♠ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡ r❡✢✐t❛ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧✳
P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ▲❡❞✉❝ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✸✷❪ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋♦rt③ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❛❜❡rt❛ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ▼✉❧t✐✲Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘ót✉❧♦ ✭▼P▲❙ ✲ ▼✉❧t✐Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ▲❛❜❡❧ ❙✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣✮✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦t♦❝♦✲ ❧♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳ ❊st❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ✭❚❖❚❊▼ ✲ ❚❖♦❧❜♦① ❢♦r ❚r❛✣❝ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ▼❡t❤♦❞s✮ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❡ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡♠ ❬✸✷❪✳
❇❛❧♦♥ ❡♠ ❬✻❪ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡✲ ♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋♦rt③ ❡ ❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈■❙❈❖ q✉❡ s✉❣❡r❡ ❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❛ ❈■❙❈❖✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❝♦rr❡✲ t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡s s✉❜✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♠ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋♦rt③ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❛ ót✐♠❛✳
❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳ P❛r❛ ✐st♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❡♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ r♦t❛s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ s❡rá ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❚❖❚❊▼✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❬✸✷❪ ❬✷❪✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛ ♥♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❊❧❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡✲ r❛❞❛s✱ s✉❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛✉t♦ss✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♠♦str❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s✳ ❆♣ós ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡r❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ é ❢❡✐t♦ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ ❖❙P❋✱ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✸✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✹ é ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ r♦t❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✳
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❣✉✐❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ s❡✉ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❬✽❪✳ ❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❚❈P✴■P é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ r♦t❛s ✜♠✲❛✲✜♠ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬✺✸❪✳ ❖s r♦t❡❛❞♦✲ r❡s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r♦t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❡st✐♥♦ é ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳
P❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s✱ ❛♦ r❡❝❡❜❡r ♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡✱ ♦s r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s r❡♠♦✈❡♠ ♦s ❝❛❜❡ç❛❧❤♦s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✱ ❧ê ♦ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭■P ✲ ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮ ❞❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❝❛❜❡ç❛❧❤♦ ■P✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡stá ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ àq✉❡❧❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦✱ ❞❡❞✉③ s❡✉ ❚❚▲ ✭❚✐♠❡ ❚♦ ▲✐✈❡✮✱ r❡❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✿ ❛ ❝♦♠✉t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ✭❈❱✮✱ ♠♦str❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ r♦t❛ ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ❈❱ ❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣❛❝♦t❡s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ❡st❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ s❡❣✉❡♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛té ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❬✽❪✳ ❊ ❛ ❝♦♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❚❈P✴■P ♥♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦
✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó✳ ❆ss✐♠ ❞♦✐s ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛r ♦r✐❣❡♠✲ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✭s❀ t✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡❣✉✐r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷❜✳
❆ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❯♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ s♦❜ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❆✉tô♥♦♠♦ ✭❆❙ ✲ ❆✉t♦♥♦♠✉s ❙②st❡♠✮✳ ❆ ■♥t❡r♥❡t é ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❆❙ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❆❙ ♣♦ss✉✐ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳
❖s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❆❙ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ■♥tr❛❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✭■●P ✲ ■♥t❡r✐♦r ●❛t❡✇❛② Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦ ❖❙P❋ ✱ ♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❘■P ✲ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮ ❡ ■❙✲■❙ ✭■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✲ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ❙②st❡♠✮✳
❖s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ■●P ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✿ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❯♥✐❝❛st✳ ❙❡ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❢♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❇r♦❛❞❝❛st✱ ❝❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♥ós é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❛st ❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ s❡❥❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♥ó ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❆♥②❝❛st✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛r ♦s ❆❙ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ■♥t❡r❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✭❊●P ✲ ❊①t❡r✐♦r ●❛t❡✇❛② Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮ ❬✶✼❪ ❬✺✹❪✳ ❆ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❊●P ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ●❛t❡✇❛② ❞❡ ❇♦r❞❛ ✭❇●P ✲ ❇♦r❞❡r ●❛t❡✇❛② Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❆❙ t❡♠ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♣❛r❛ r♦❞❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ■●P✱ ♠❛s t♦❞♦s sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❇●P✳
P❛r❛ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r✿ ❡①❛t✐❞ã♦✱
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❉♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉t❛çã♦✿ ❛✮ ❈♦♠✉t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s✱ ❜✮ ❈♦♠✉t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❛❝♦t❡s✳
s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ r♦❜✉st❡③✱ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡q✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ t♦❧❡r❛r t♦❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s s❡♠ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡❥❛ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛s ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ✜♥✐t♦ s❡♠ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s r♦t❛s ♠♦♥♦♣♦❧✐③❡♠ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❬✺✹❪✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ s✉❣❡r✐❞♦ ♦t✐♠✐③❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♠étr✐❝❛✳ ❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❞✉③❛ ♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❡ ❛ ✈❛③ã♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r é ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❛❧t♦s ♦✉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❛♥❛❧✳
P❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r r♦t❛✱ ♦s r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ❡①❡❝✉t❛♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ■●P✳ ◆♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ■●P tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s tr♦❝❛♠ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❡ ❡♥tã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛♠ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❇❡❧❧♠❛♥✲❋♦r❞ ♦✉ ❉✐❥❦str❛✳ ❊st❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ q✉❡ ♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r ❞❡✈❡ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r ♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ ❞❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❬✷❪✳
❖✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é q✉❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛r✈♦r❡s ❞❡
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s✳
❝✉st♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✱ ❛ss✉♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♥❛s s❡çõ❡s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ✈❡♠ ❞❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❡ ❛ ❛❞♠✐✲ ♥✐str❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛r ❡st❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳
✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛❢♦s
▼✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦s ❬✺✹❪✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹ ♠♦str❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ✭❛✮ ❡ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣rá✜❝❛ ✭❜✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❜✐❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ●✭❱❀ ❊❀ ✡✮ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ✈ ✷ ❱ sã♦ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❤♦sts ❡ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆s ❛r❡st❛ ❡ ✷ ❊ sã♦ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ s❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♥❡st❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣❡s♦ ✦ ✷ ✡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺ ♠♦str❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣♦♥t♦✲❛✲♣♦♥t♦ s❡♥❞♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ❬✶✼❪✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ✦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ s❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♣♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣❡s♦ ✦ ✿ ❊ ✦ ◆ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ❬✺✹❪✳
❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❝r✐❛r ➪r✈♦✲ r❡s ●❡r❛❞♦r❛s ▼í♥✐♠❛s ✭▼❙❚ ✲ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❙♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❚r❡❡✮ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❚ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ● ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ s♦♠❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ ✭❛✮ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ✭❜✮ ❆ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ✭❛✮✳
❞♦s ♣❡s♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛r❡st❛ ♥❛ ár✈♦r❡✳ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❑r✉s❦❛❧ ❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ Pr✐♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ✉♠❛ ▼❙❚ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✭❊❧♦❣❱ ✮ ❬✶✷❪✳
❖✉tr♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tr❡❣❛r ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ❖s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ▼❡♥♦r ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦ ✭❙P ✲ ❙❤♦rt❡st P❛t❤✮✳
❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ●✭❊❀ ❱❀ ✡✮ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ s ✷ ❱ ✱ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡st✐♥♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❆ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❘ ✚ ❱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛ s ❛ ❛❀ ✽❛ ✷ ❱❀ ❛ ✻❂ s ❡ q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✣✭❘✮ ❂ P✭❛❀❜✮✷❘✇✭❛❀ ❜✮✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ s ❛♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❛ ❝✉❥♦ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ♣❡s♦s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ s❡❥❛ ❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
❖s ❞♦✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♠❛✐s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ sã♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❇❡❧❧♠❛♥✲❋♦r❞ ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❥❦str❛✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ❖✭❱ ❊✮ ❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❘■P✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❖✭❊❧♦❣❱ ✮ ❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❖❙P❋ ❬✺✹❪ ❬✸✶❪✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❥❦str❛✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✿ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ❉■❏❑❙❚❘❆ ✭●✱ ✇✱ ❙✮
✶ ❋❖❘ ❊❆❈❍ ❱❊❘❚❊❳ ✈ ✷ ❱ ❬●❪ ❉❖ ✷ ❞❬✈❪ ✥ ✶
✸ ✙❬✈❪ ✥ ◆■▲ ✹ ❞❬s❪ ✥ ✵
✺ ❙ ✥ ❀ ✻ ◗ ✥ ❱ ❬●❪
✼ ❲❍■▲❊ ◗ ✻❂ ❀ ❉❖
✽ ✉ ✥ ❊❳❚❘❆❈❚✲▼■◆✭◗✮ ✾ ❙ ✥ ❙ ❬ ✉
✶✵ ❋❖❘ ❊❆❈❍ ❱❊❘❚❊❳ ✈ ✷ ❆❞❥❬✉❪ ❉❖ ✶✶ ■❋ ❞❬✈❪ ❃ ❞❬✉❪ ✰ ✇✭✉❀ ✈✮ ❚❍❊◆ ✶✷ ❞❬✈❪ ✥ ❞❬✉❪ ✰ ✇✭✉❀ ✈✮
✶✸ ✙❬✈❪ ✥ ✉
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✿ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❥❦str❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❣✉❧♦s❛ ❝♦♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐t❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠❡♥♦r r♦t❛✳ P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♥ó ❛✱ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❖✭❊ ✰ ❱ ❧♦❣❱ ✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♥ó ❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ▼❙❚✱ ♣♦✐s ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❡s sã♦ ♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❛✳ ❆♣ós ✐st♦✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡ ♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦ t♦t❛❧ ✭♥ó ❢✮ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♥ó ❛ s❡r ✐t❡r❛❞♦✳ ❖ ♥ó ❢ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞♦ ♥ó ❛ ❛té ♦s ♥ós q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦✱ ♦s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❞♦ ♥ó sã♦ ♦s ♥ós ❜❀ ❞ ❡ ❡✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❛ ❡ é ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❛ ❢ ❡✳ P♦r ✐st♦ ❡st❛ ♠❛✐♦r r♦t❛ ♥ã♦ é ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛ ♥❛ ár✈♦r❡✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♥ó ❛ ♥ó ❛s r♦t❛s sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❉✐❥❦str❛
✷✳✸ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦
❉✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉♥✐❝❛st ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✳ ❖ q✉❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡ é ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❬✶✼❪✳ ❖s Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦ ❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞♦s✱ t❡♥t❛♠ s✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥①❛♠❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✐❣❛s✱ ❛❜❡❧❤❛s ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛s ❬✹❪✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡✳
✷✳✸✳✶ ❇r♦❛❞❝❛st ❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ■●P ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛t✉✲ ❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛r ❡st❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✭✢♦♦❞✐♥❣✮✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ó ❞❡s❡❥❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛r ❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥✲ t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r❡♠ ❡st❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r
