❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❖❯❘❖ P❘❊❚❖
❙❛♠✉❡❧ ❊✈❛♥❣❡❧✐st❛ ▲✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
■❉❊◆❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆❚❘■❇❯❚❖❙ ❘❊▲❊❱❆◆❚❊❙
❊▼ ❙❊◗❯✃◆❈■❆❙ ❉❊ P❘❖❚❊❆❙❊ ❊
❚❘❆◆❙❈❘■P❚❆❙❊ ❘❊❱❊❘❙❆ ❉❖ ❱❮❘❯❙ ❍■❱
P❆❘❆ ❆ P❘❊❉■➬➹❖ ❉❆ ❘❊❙P❖❙❚❆ ❉❊
P❆❈■❊◆❚❊❙ ❆❖ ❚❘❆❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❈❖▼ ❉❘❖●❆❙
❆◆❚■❘❘❊❚❘❖❱■❘❆■❙
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❖❯❘❖ P❘❊❚❖
❙❛♠✉❡❧ ❊✈❛♥❣❡❧✐st❛ ▲✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
■❉❊◆❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆❚❘■❇❯❚❖❙ ❘❊▲❊❱❆◆❚❊❙
❊▼ ❙❊◗❯✃◆❈■❆❙ ❉❊ P❘❖❚❊❆❙❊ ❊
❚❘❆◆❙❈❘■P❚❆❙❊ ❘❊❱❊❘❙❆ ❉❖ ❱❮❘❯❙ ❍■❱
P❆❘❆ ❆ P❘❊❉■➬➹❖ ❉❆ ❘❊❙P❖❙❚❆ ❉❊
P❆❈■❊◆❚❊❙ ❆❖ ❚❘❆❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❈❖▼ ❉❘❖●❆❙
❆◆❚■❘❘❊❚❘❖❱■❘❆■❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡✳ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥✲ tr❛çã♦✿ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
▲✉✐③ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣♦s ▼❡rs❝❤♠❛♥♥
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
▲❡♦♥❡✐❞❡ ➱r✐❝❛ ▼❛❞✉r♦ ❇♦✉✐❧❧❡t
■❉❊◆❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆❚❘■❇❯❚❖❙ ❘❊▲❊❱❆◆❚❊❙ ❊▼ ❙❊◗❯✃◆❈■❆❙
❉❊ P❘❖❚❊❆❙❊ ❊ ❚❘❆◆❙❈❘■P❚❆❙❊ ❘❊❱❊❘❙❆ ❉❖ ❱❮❘❯❙ ❍■❱ P❆❘❆
❆ P❘❊❉■➬➹❖ ❉❆ ❘❊❙P❖❙❚❆ ❉❊ P❆❈■❊◆❚❊❙ ❆❖ ❚❘❆❚❆▼❊◆❚❖
❈❖▼ ❉❘❖●❆❙ ❆◆❚■❘❘❊❚❘❖❱■❘❆■❙
❙❛♠✉❡❧ ❊✈❛♥❣❡❧✐st❛ ▲✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡✳
❆♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣♦r✿
▲✉✐③ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣♦s ▼❡rs❝❤♠❛♥♥✱ ❉✳❙❝✳ ✴ ❉❊❈❖▼✲❯❋❖P ✭Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡✮
▲❡♦♥❡✐❞❡ ➱r✐❝❛ ▼❛❞✉r♦ ❇♦✉✐❧❧❡t✱ ❉✳❙❝✳ ✴ ❈✐P❤❛r♠❛✲❯❋❖P
❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ P❧❛st✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❉✳❙❝✳ ✴ ■❈✲❯❋❋
●✐s❡❧❡ ▲♦❜♦ P❛♣♣❛✱ P❤✳❉✳ ✴ ❉❈❈✲❯❋▼●
Catalogação: sisbin@sisbin.ufop.br
O482i Oliveira, Samuel Evangelista Lima de.
Identificação de atributos relevantes em sequências de protease e transcriptase reversa do vírus HIV para a predição da resposta de pacientes ao tratamento com drogas antirretrovirais [manuscrito] / Samuel Evangelista Lima de Oliveira – 2012.
69 f.: il.; grafs.; tabs.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Henrique de Campos Merschmann. Co-orientadora: Leoneide Érica Maduro Bouillet
Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas. Departamento de Computação. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Área de concentração:Recuperação e Tratamento da Informação.
1. Mineração de dados (Computação) - Teses. 2. Bioinformática - Teses. 3. Seleção de atributos - Teses. 4. Classificação - Teses. I. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. II. Título.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
▼✉✐t❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✲ sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❡❧❛s✳ ◆❡st❡s ♣♦✉❝♦s ♣❛rá❣r❛❢♦s ✈❡♥❤♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ r❡♣❡✐t♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ tr✐❧❤❛r❛♠ ❡st❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✳
Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s✳ ❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r s❡♠♣r❡✱ ❡st❛r ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♦r❣✉❧❤♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ só ✉♠ ✐r♠ã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛✱ ❉♦r✐s✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ♠❡ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❢♦rç❛s✱ ♠❡ ❛♥✐♠❛♥❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡r❛ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❡ ♦✉✈✐♥❞♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ▲✉✐③ ▼❡rs❝❤♠❛♥♥✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ tã♦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦ ❡✱ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ t✉❞♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♥❝❡r✐❞❛❞❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❝ê♥❝✐❛✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ▲❡♦♥❡✐❞❡ ❇♦✐❧❧❡t✱ ♣♦r s❡r ✉♠❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ✐♠❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ót✐♠♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ✐♠❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ t♦r❝❡r❛♠ ♣♦r ♠✐♠✱ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ❈❊❋❊❚✲❖P✱ ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ PP●❈❈✴❯❋❖P✱ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❯❋❖P ❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❡♥tr❛✲ r❛♠ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡✐♦s✱ t♦❞♦s ✈♦❝ês✱ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ✈ír✉s ❞❛ ■♠✉♥♦❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❍✉♠❛♥❛ é ✉♠ r❡tr♦✈✐r✉s q✉❡ ❛t❛❝❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♠✉♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞r♦✲ ❣❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢❡❝çã♦ ♣♦r ❍■❱✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛s ❛❧t❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ♠✉t❛çã♦ ♥❡ss❡ ✈ír✉s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥❝❛❞❡❛r ❢❡♥ót✐♣♦s ✈✐r❛✐s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛✉s❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❆❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ à t❡r❛♣✐❛ ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛❧ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤á ♣♦✉❝♦s ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❡♠ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s às ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♥❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s r❡❝é♠ ✐♥❢❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❍■❱✲✶ ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s três ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ t❡st❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❜❛s❡s ♥♦ r❡✲ s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ♥❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❡q✉✐❧✐✲ ❜r❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳ P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s às ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛♣ós ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✈❛r✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ◆❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♥♦✲ ✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❞♦ ❍■❱✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❍✉♠❛♥ ■♠♠✉♥♦❞❡✜❝✐❡♥❝② ❱✐r✉s ✭❍■❱✮ ✐s ❛ r❡tr♦✈✐r✉s t❤❛t ❛tt❛❝❦s t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ✐♠♠✉♥❡ s②st❡♠✱ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡❧② r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ ✐ts ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛♥t✐r❡tr♦✈✐r❛❧ ❞r✉❣s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ tr❡❛t t❤❡ ✐♥❢❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ❍■❱✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❍■❱ ✈✐r✉s ♠❛❦❡s ✐t r❡s✐st❛♥t t♦ s♦♠❡ ❛♥t✐r❡tr♦✈✐r❛❧ ❞r✉❣s ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❞s t♦ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ❢❛✐❧✉r❡✳
◆♦✇❛❞❛②s✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝ st✉❞✐❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✱ t♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝t t❤❡ ♣❛t✐❡♥ts✬ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛❧ t❤❡r❛♣✐❡s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❢❡✇ st✉❞✐❡s ❡✈❛❧✉✲ ❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t②♣❡s ♦❢ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❍■❱ ❣❡♥♦t②♣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛t✐❡♥ts✬ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛❧ t❤❡r❛♣✐❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ st✉❞② ❝♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t②♣❡s ♦❢ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛t✐❡♥t✬s ♦✉t❝♦♠❡ t♦ t❤❡r❛♣②✳
❚❤❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s ✇❡r❡ ❣r♦✉♣❡❞ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❛t❛s❡ts ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✐ts ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣✳ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝❡❞ tr♦✉❣❤ ❢♦✉r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛s❡ts ♣r❡✈✐✲ ♦✉s❧② ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛s❡ts ✐t ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ t❤r❡❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts s❡ts ✇✐❝❤ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❞❛t❛s❡ts✬ ✉♥❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts✱ t❤❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ❛♥❞✱ ✜♥❛❧❧②✱ ❛♥ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ st❡♣✳
❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t✱ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❜❛❧❛♥❝✐♥❣ st❡♣ ❤❡❧♣❡❞ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❣♦♦❞ r❡s✉❧ts t♦ ❜♦♦t❤ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❛❧s♦ s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ t❤❡ ❜❡st ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ t❛s❦ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s t❤❛t ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣❛t✐❡♥ts✬ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s t♦ t❤❡ ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛❧ ❞r✉❣s✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❧②✱ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛s❡ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛♥ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ st❡♣ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜❡tt❡r ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ ❞✐✈❡rs❡ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s✳ ■♥ t❤❡s❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❡s ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s t❤❛t ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣❛t✐❡♥ts✬ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧✱ t❤❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ ✇✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❍■❱ ♣r♦t❡✐♥✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✈✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✐①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✹
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷✳✷ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✸ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✹ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✹✳✶ ➪r✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ❆❧t❡r♥❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✺ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✻ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✷✳✻✳✶ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❛②❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✷✳✻✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥♦ ❙✐♠♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✷✳✻✳✸ ❘❡❞❡s ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✷✳✼ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❱❡t♦r ❞❡ ❙✉♣♦rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✼✳✶ ❙❱▼s ▲✐♥❡❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✷✳✼✳✷ ❙❱▼s ◆ã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸ ❱ír✉s ❞❛ ■♠✉♥♦❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❍✉♠❛♥❛ ✶✽
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✈✐✐
✸✳✷ ❍■❱✲✶ ❡ s❡✉ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✸ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❈♦♥tr❛ ❛ ■♥❢❡❝çã♦ ♣♦r ❍■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✹ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ P❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❉r♦❣❛s ❆♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s ✷✺
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✹✳✸ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✸✶
✺✳✶ Pré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✺✳✶✳✶ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✺✳✶✳✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❆✉s❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✺✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✺✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦ ❉❡s❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞❛s ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✸✻
✺✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ❇❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺✳✹✳✶ ❆❝✉rá❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺✳✹✳✷ ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❇❛s❡s ❆♣ós ❛ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✺✳✺✳✶ ❆❝✉rá❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✺✳✷ ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺✳✺✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❈❢s❇❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✺✶
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✲✲ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❳▼▲ ❘❡t♦r♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❙✐❡rr❛ ✺✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✺✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✷ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✸ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✹ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✺ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r♣❧❛♥♦ ót✐♠♦ s❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❞✉❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❡♥♦♠❛ ❡ ❞❛ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛ ✈✐r❛❧ ❞♦ ❍■❱✲✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✷ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❍■❱✲✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✹✳✶ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✺✳✶ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣ós ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✺✳✷ ▼é❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✸ ❚❡st❡ ❚✉❦❡②✬s ❍❙❉ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❛ ✾✺✪ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✺✳✹ ▼é❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❋✲▼❡❛s✉r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺✳✺ ❚❡st❡ ❚✉❦❡②✬s ❍❙❉ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❛ ✾✺✪ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✺✳✼ ❚❡st❡ ❚✉❦❡②✬s ❍❙❉ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❛ ✾✺✪ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ t❡st❡s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺✳✾ ❚❡st❡ ❚✉❦❡②✬s ❍❙❉ ♣❛r❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❛ ✾✺✪ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡✱ t❡st❡s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❉r♦❣❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❋❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✺✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✺✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✺✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❆❉❚r❡❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✺✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✺✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❘❡❞❡s ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺✳✼ ❚❡st❡s ❆◆❖❱❆ ♣❛r❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✽ ❚❡st❡ ❆◆❖❱❆ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺✳✾ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❈❢s❇❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✶✵ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❈♦♥s❇❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✶✶ ❆◆❖❱❆ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ♥♦s t❡st❡s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ◆❛çõ❡s ❯♥✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❍■❱✴❆■❉❙ ✭❯◆❆■❉❙✮✱ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✸✸ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡st❛✈❛♠ ✐♥❢❡❝t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ír✉s ❍■❱✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à rá♣✐❞❛ ♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈ír✉s ❡ à ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡r ❛ ✐♥❢❡❝çã♦✱ t♦r♥❛ ❛ ❆■❉❙ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣✐♦r❡s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ✐♥❢❡❝❝✐♦s❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ t❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♥❢❡❝çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❍■❱ ❬✹✾✱ ✷✾✱ ✸✸❪✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♥♦✈❛s ❞r♦❣❛s ❬✹✻✱ ✶✸❪ ♦✉ t♦r♥❛r ❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③❡s✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ✶✾✽✺✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞r♦❣❛ ❆③✐❞♦t✐♠✐❞✐♥❛ ❡r❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐r ❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❍■❱ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢❡❝çã♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦s ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢❡❝çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❍■❱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s✳
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ✈ír✉s às ❞r♦❣❛s ❡ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ à t❡r❛♣✐❛✳ ❊st✉❞♦s ♣r♦s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s tê♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❝✉❥♦s ♠é❞✐❝♦s tê♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s s❡✉s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ às ❞r♦❣❛s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r à t❡r❛♣✐❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❝✉❥♦s ♠é❞✐❝♦s ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❬✹✸❪✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ t❡r❛♣✐❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✱ é ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s ♦✉ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ♣r❡❞✐③❡r s❡ ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥t✐r❡tr♦✈✐r❛❧ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ t❡rá ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✳ ❊ss❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❝❧í♥✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❞♦ ✈ír✉s ❍■❱ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❆❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛✲ ❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❬✸✼✱ ✶❪✳ ◆❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡r❛♣✐❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❡♠ q✉❛❧ é ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❛t♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦✉ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s ❞♦s ✈ír✉s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳
P❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❡ss❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ❡ss❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✲ ✈❡❧ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❛❧✭✐s✮ t✐♣♦✭s✮ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✭♠✮ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦✱ ✈❛❧❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈✐❛♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ P❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❬✸✶❪✳
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
s❡s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ❜❛s❡s ❛q✉✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✸✸✪ ❞❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❛♠ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥t✐rr❡tr♦✈✐r❛✐s ❡ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ✻✼✪ ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❛♠ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❞❡s❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② ✐♥ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s ✕ ❑❉❉✮ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✱ q✉❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡s✉♠✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭♦✉ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✮ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s✱ s❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❬✷✷❪✳ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈ár✐❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✈❡♠ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s t❡♠♣♦s✳ ❊ss❛ é ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❞♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í✲ ♥❛s✱ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❛ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t✉♠♦r❡s ❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
✷✳✷ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✺
✷✳✷ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✿ ❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ t❡st❡✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛s✲ s✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❝❧❛ss❡✳ ❆s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳
◆❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛✲s❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r q✉❛♥t♦ à s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ✭✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝✉❥❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s sã♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s✮✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ ✉s❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡✳ ❆ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ t❡st❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ ■ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ t❡st❡✱ ♣❡r✲ ♠✐t✐♥❞♦✱ ❞❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r s❡❥❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛✳
❯♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s é ❛ ❦✲✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❝r✉✲ ③❛❞❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦N é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠k ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ t❡♠ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ N
k ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆ ❡t❛♣❛
❞❡ t❡st❡ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ k ✐t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐t❡r❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s k ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡✱ ❡ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐sk−1 ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛✲
❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s sã♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛sk ✐t❡r❛çõ❡s✳
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✱ ❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛✱ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✱ r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦✱ ❋✲ ♠❡❛s✉r❡✱ ár❡❛ s♦❜ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❘❖❈ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ◆❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ s❡çã♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✸ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦
✷✳✸ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✻
❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ✭▼❈✮ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠m ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛ ▼❈ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ m ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡ m ❝♦❧✉♥❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ M Ci,j ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ i
q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ r♦t✉❧❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s à ❝❧❛ss❡ j✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ ✶✵✵✪ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡M Ck,k
✭❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✮ sã♦ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✵✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ié r♦t✉❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ j✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✳ ❖s q✉❛tr♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ❡ss❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ sã♦✿
• ❱❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s P♦s✐t✐✈♦s✿ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ r♦t✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦r✲ r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡❀
• ❱❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s ◆❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✿ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ r♦t✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡❀
• ❋❛❧s♦s P♦s✐t✐✈♦s✿ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ r♦t✉❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛❀
• ❋❛❧s♦s ◆❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✿ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ r♦t✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛✳
❈❧❛ss❡ Pr❡❞✐t❛
P♦s✐t✐✈❛ ◆❡❣❛t✐✈❛
❈❧❛ss❡ r❡❛❧ P♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❱❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s P♦s✐t✐✈♦s✭❱P✮◆❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ❋❛❧s♦s P♦s✐t✐✈♦s✭❋P✮ ❱❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s ◆❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✭❱◆✮❋❛❧s♦s ◆❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✭❋◆✮
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✳
❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s é ❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ✭❛❝❝✮✱ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s✳ ❆ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ t❡st❡ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ✭V P +V N✮ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ✭V P+F P+V N+F N✮✳ ❖ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✷✳✶✳
acc= V P +V N
✷✳✸ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✼
❯t✐❧✐③❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❞❡s❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❝♦rr❡t❛s✳ ■ss♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛r ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐tár✐❛✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛tr✐❜✉✐ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐tár✐❛ às ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ t❡st❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✾✺✪ s❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦ss✉✐r ✾✺✪ ❞❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s à ❝❧❛ss❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐tár✐❛✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧✐❞❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡s❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡rr♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡stã♦ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✱ ❛ r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡✳
❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❡♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ r❡❥❡✐t❛ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s✳ ❆❧❣❡❜r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ss❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
♣r❡❝✐sã♦= V P
V P +F P ✭✷✳✷✮
❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛s ✐♥stâ♥✲ ❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ❆❧❣❡❜r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ss❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦= V P
V P +F N ✭✷✳✸✮
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ s❡r❡♠ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❝♦♠ ❡①❛t✐❞ã♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛ ❋✲ ♠❡❛s✉r❡✱ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡= (1 +β)×♣r❡❝✐sã♦×r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦
β2×♣r❡❝✐sã♦+r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ (0≤β ≤+∞) ✭✷✳✹✮
❖ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ β✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡β >1 ❛tr✐❜✉✐✲s❡ ✉♠ ♣❡s♦
♠❛✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱
♣❛r❛ β <1✱ ❛tr✐❜✉✐✲s❡ ♣❡s♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋✲♠❡❛s✉r❡
✷✳✹ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✽
✷✳✹ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✹✳✶ ➪r✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ❆❧t❡r♥❛❞❛s
❆s ➪r✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ❆❧t❡r♥❛❞❛s ✭❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐♥❣ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚r❡❡s ✲ ❆❉❚r❡❡✮ ❬✶✼❪ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✈✐st❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱ ❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❣r❛s✳ ❆♦ ♣r♦♣♦r ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❆❉❚r❡❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r t✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦❜t❡r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s tã♦ ❜♦♥s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❈✺✳✵ ❡ ❈❆❘❚ ❬✺❪✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ ❣❡r❛r r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳
P❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❆❉❚r❡❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s às ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ✐st♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛
◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✸ ♥ós ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ✹ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✱ ❊ss❛ ár✈♦r❡ ♠❛♣❡✐❛ ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ✰✶ ❡ ✲✶✳ ❆ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ é ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦sa1 ❡a2 ❞❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ✐rã♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r ♣❡❧❛ ár✈♦r❡✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❝✉❥♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s s❡❥❛♠a1 = 4 ❡ a2 = 3✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ é+1✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ à ❢♦❧❤❛ q✉❡ ❡stá ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s
✷✳✹ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✾
●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❆❉❚r❡❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛ ♥♦✈❛ ár✈♦r❡ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳ P❛r❛ ❡❢❡t✉❛r ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ♠❛♥tê♠✲s❡ ♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s q✉❡ s❛✐ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ é ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r r❡❛❧✱ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s sã♦ ❡①❝❧✉í❞❛s✱ ❡ ♣♦r ✜♠ ❛ r❛✐③ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠ ♣❡s♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛
❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♥❛s ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ é ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♥❛s ❆❉❚r❡❡s✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦❧❤❛✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❛♦ s✐♥❛❧ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦s ❞❛ r❛✐③ ❛té ✉♠❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱a1 = 4 ❡a2 = 3✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ❡ss❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ s❡rá ♦ ✈❛❧♦r r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ s✐♥❛❧✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ s✐♥❛❧ r❡t♦r♥❛ ♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦✱sinal(0,5 + 0,3 + 0,6) = sinal(1,4) = +1✱ ❡
❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ é ✰✶✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ s❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ♣❡s♦s ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❢♦r ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ à ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ é ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ✰✶✱ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ é ✲✶✳
◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❆❉❚r❡❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸ ♣r♦❞✉③ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✲ ✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳ ■ss♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♣♦✐s ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✈ár✐❛s ❆❉❚r❡❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s❡♠ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳
✷✳✹ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✶✵
✉♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❆❉❚r❡❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳ ❊st❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ♣r❡❞✐t♦r ♣♦ss❛ ❡st❛r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♥❛ ár✈♦r❡✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❛✐③ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡✳ ❆♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡✱ ❛♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✱ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✱ s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦✲ s❡ ❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✳ ❆ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ s❡rá ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✳
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✉♣♦♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✿ a1 = 1,3 ❡ a2 = 3✳ ❊st❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♥❛ ❆❉❚r❡❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳ ❆ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡ss❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ s❡rá ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡sinal(0,5 + 0,3 + 0,6−1,0) = sinal(0,4)✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ s❡rá ✰✶✳
❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❆❉❚r❡❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ❆ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❡❧❡s ❡✱ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ às r❡❣r❛s✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❆❉❚r❡❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s r❡✉♥✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♠❛✐♦r s❡rá ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ r❡❣r❛ ❡①❡r❝❡rá ♥❛ r❡❣r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✳
✷✳✺ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡sts ✶✶
♣r❡❞✐t✐✈❛✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❜♦♦st✐♥❣✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❆❉❚r❡❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♦ ❆❉❚r❡❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❆❞❛❇♦✲ ♦st ❬✹✵❪✳
❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❆❉❚r❡❡ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♦♥❞❡✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦✱ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s é ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♣ré✲❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❈❛❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❝♦rr❡s✲ ♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ s✉❜✲ár✈♦r❡ ❝✉❥❛ r❛✐③ é ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s sã♦ ❞♦✐s ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❊ss❛ s✉❜✲ár✈♦r❡ é ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✜❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ s❡r ✉♠ ♥ó ❢♦❧❤❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✐♥s❡r✐r ✉♠ ♥ó ❡♥tr❡ ❛ r❛✐③ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❡ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ❆ r❛✐③ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ é ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✱ ❝✉❥♦ ✈❛❧♦r r❡✢❡t❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ s❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ✰✶ ❢♦r ♠❛❥♦r✐tár✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ r❛✐③ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ s❡rá ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ③❡r♦✱ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ s❡rá ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ③❡r♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❢♦r ♦ ❞❡s❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♠❛✐♦r s❡rá ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❞♦ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ r❛✐③ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡✳
✷✳✺ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡sts
❖ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡sts ❬✻❪ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠✐tê ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♦✉ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❆s ♣r❡❞✐çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡st❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈♦t❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ár✈♦r❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♠✐tê✳
❆ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ár✈♦r❡s é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ t❡♠ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳
❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❜♦♦ststr❛♣✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❜♦♦ststr❛♣ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ 1/3 ❞❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦
♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❊ss❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♦✉t✲♦❢✲❜❛❣ ❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠✐tê✳
