❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❊❉■➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❚❘➪❋❊●❖✱ ❯❙❆◆❉❖ ❘❊❉❊❙ ◆❊❯❘❆■❙
❆❘❚■❋■❈■❆■❙✱ P❆❘❆ ●❊❘❊◆❈■❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❆❉❆P❚❆❚■❱❖ ❉❊
▲❆❘●❯❘❆ ❉❊ ❇❆◆❉❆ ❊▼ ❘❖❚❊❆❉❖❘❊❙
❚■❆●❖ P❘❆❉❖ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❚■❆●❖ P❘❆❉❖ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆
P❘❊❉■➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❚❘➪❋❊●❖✱ ❯❙❆◆❉❖ ❘❊❉❊❙ ◆❊❯❘❆■❙
❆❘❚■❋■❈■❆■❙✱ P❆❘❆ ●❊❘❊◆❈■❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❆❉❆P❚❆❚■❱❖ ❉❊
▲❆❘●❯❘❆ ❉❊ ❇❆◆❉❆ ❊▼ ❘❖❚❊❆❉❖❘❊❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏❛♠✐❧ ❙❛❧❡♠ ❇❛r❜❛r
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆❧❡①s❛♥❞r♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ❙♦❛r❡s
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFU, MG, Brasil.
O48p 2014
Oliveira, Tiago Prado, 1990-
Predição de tráfego, usando redes neurais artificiais, para gerenciamento adaptativo de largura de banda em roteadores / Tiago Prado Oliveira. - 2014.
211 f. : il.
Orientador: Jamil Salem Barbar.
Coorientador: Alexsandro Santos Soares.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Inclui bibliografia.
1. Computação - Teses. 2. Redes de computadores - Teses. 3. Redes neurais (Computação) - Teses. 4. Algoritmos - Teses. I. Barbar, Jamil Salem, 1962- II. Soares, Alexsandro Santos. III. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação. IV. Título.
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦✱ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ▲❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛ ❡♠ ❘♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✑ ♣♦r ❚✐❛❣♦ Pr❛❞♦ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐✲ ❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✶✾ ❞❡ ❉❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏❛♠✐❧ ❙❛❧❡♠ ❇❛r❜❛r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋❧á✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❡❤r❛♥ ▼✐s❛❣❤✐
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ✶✾ ❞❡ ❉❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹
❆✉t♦r✿ ❚✐❛❣♦ Pr❛❞♦ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❚ít✉❧♦✿ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦✱ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ●❡✲ r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ▲❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛ ❡♠ ❘♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s✱ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛r ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❡st❛r ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ◆✉♥❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ❈é❧✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ Pr❛❞♦ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ❡ ✐r♠ã♦✱ ❋❡❧✐♣❡ Pr❛❞♦ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❙❡♠ ✈♦❝ês ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳
❆ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♠♦❧❞❛r❛♠ ♥❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ q✉❡ s♦✉ ❤♦❥❡✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏❛♠✐❧ ❙❛❧❡♠ ❇❛r❜❛r✱ ♥ã♦ só ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s té❝♥✐✲ ❝♦s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡❝✐s✐✈♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆❧❡①s❛♥❞r♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ❙♦❛r❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ ❙r✳ ❊r✐s✈❛❧❞♦ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❋✐❛❧❤♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣r❡st❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r t♦❞♦s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❆♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ P❛sq✉✐♥✐✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✳
➚ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❉❡s❞❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ é ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ tr❛③❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r ❛ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ✭◗♦❙✮✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❛❧♦❝❛ ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✳ ❊ss❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ Pr❡❞✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ▲❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ✭●P▲◆❊❯❘❖✮✳ ❖ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ é ❛❧♦❝❛r ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛✱ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r♦t❡❛❞♦r✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❥✉st♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝❡❜❡r ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●P▲❛❇ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ✉s❛ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❙◆▼P ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❛s sér✐❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ♣r❡✈✐st♦✳ ❆ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❇✉❝❦❡t ✭❍❚❇✮ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r✳ ❆ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ é ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦✳ ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✭❘◆❆s✮✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ❘◆❆s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❘◆❆s ❝♦♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ✭❘◆❆P✮✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❆ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s ✈ê♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ sér✐❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ♦ ✭✐✮ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❘◆❆s ❡ ❘◆❆P✱ ❡ ♦ ✭✐✐✮ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ✐ts ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❞ s✐③❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ s❡❡♥✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ tr❛♥s✲ ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❛❝r♦ss ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❦s✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❛② ❝❛✉s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦❢ ✉♥❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞✉❡ t♦ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐ss✉❡s ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t ♦❢ ♠✉❝❤ st✉❞②✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t♦ ❛tt❡♥❞ t❤❡s❡ ✐ss✉❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✭◗♦❙✮✱ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ❛ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s②st❡♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡s ❛❞❛♣✲ t✐✈❡❧② t❤❡ r♦✉t❡r ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ tr❛✣❝ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❇❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ Pr❡❞✐❝t✐✈❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✭●P▲◆❊❯❘❖✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rs ✐♥ t❤❡ r♦✉t❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ ❢❛✐r♥❡ss ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② r❡s♦✉r❝❡✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧② t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ tr❛✣❝✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❛❞❛♣ts t♦ r❡❝❡✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ tr❛✣❝ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ●P▲❛❇ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ❙◆▼P t♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ tr❛✣❝ ❞❛t❛✱ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s t♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝t t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ tr❛✣❝✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦✉t❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ✐s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❇✉❝❦❡t ✭❍❚❇✮ q✉❡✉❡✐♥❣ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ tr❛✣❝✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ tr❛✣❝ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✲ ✜❝✐❛❧ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❞❡❡♣ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐t② ❤❛s ❣r❡❛t❧② ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ✐♥ r❡❝❡♥t ②❡❛rs✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❞❡❡♣ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❤❛s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛r❡❛s✱ ❜✉t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ st✉❞✐❡s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ■♥t❡r♥❡t tr❛✣❝✳ ❚❤❡ t✇♦ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥tr✐✲ ❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s ❛ ✭✐✮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ ❞❡❡♣ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♦♥❡s ❢♦r ■♥t❡r♥❡t tr❛✣❝ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✭✐✐✮ ❛❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ❛✐❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✼
✷ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❙ér✐❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✸✺
✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✷ ❙ér✐❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s P❛r❛ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❙ér✐❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❚❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❙ér✐❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❙❛③♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❙ér✐❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✷✳✶✳✸ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❡♠ ❙ér✐❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✷✳✶✳✹ ❘❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❡♠ ❙ér✐❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙ér✐❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❊st❛❝✐♦♥❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❆✉t♦❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s Pr❡❞✐t♦r❛s ❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❙ér✐❡s ❚❡♠✲
♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✷✳✹ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❙ér✐❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡s ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❉✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❊rr♦s ❘❡s✐❞✉❛✐s ❞❛ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✷✳✺✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❙✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✷✳✺✳✷ ❙✉❛✈✐③❛çã♦ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❍♦❧t✲❲✐♥t❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
①✐✈ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✷✳✺✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❆❘■▼❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✷✳✺✳✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❆✉t♦rr❡❣r❡ss✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✷✳✺✳✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼é❞✐❛ ▼ó✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✷✳✺✳✸✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❆✉t♦rr❡❣r❡ss✐✈♦ ❞❡ ▼é❞✐❛ ▼ó✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✷✳✺✳✸✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❆✉t♦rr❡❣r❡ss✐✈♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼é❞✐❛ ▼ó✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✷✳✻ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✷✳✻✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❡ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛s ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✷✳✻✳✶✳✶ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❉✐r❡t❛s ❞❡ ❈❛♠❛❞❛ ❙✐♠♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✷✳✻✳✶✳✷ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❉✐r❡t❛s ❞❡ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✷✳✻✳✶✳✸ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❘❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✷✳✻✳✶✳✹ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❘❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✳✻✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✷✳✻✳✷✳✶ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✷✳✻✳✷✳✷ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ◆ã♦ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✷✳✻✳✷✳✸ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❘❡❢♦rç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✷✳✻✳✸ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ Pr♦❢✉♥❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✷✳✻✳✸✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ Pr♦❢✉♥❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✷✳✻✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✷✳✻✳✹✳✶ ▼✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡tr♦♥ ❡ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❇❛❝❦♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✷✳✻✳✹✳✷ ❏♦r❞❛♥ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✷✳✻✳✹✳✸ ❙t❛❝❦❡❞ ❆✉t♦❡♥❝♦❞❡r ❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ Pr♦❢✉♥❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✷✳✼ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❛ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✸ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✼✾
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✈
✹ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ✶✵✶
✹✳✶ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✹✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ Pré✈✐❛ ❞♦ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✹✳✷✳✷ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✹✳✷✳✸✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊①❛✉st✐✈♦ ✶ ✖ ❏◆◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✹✳✷✳✸✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊①❛✉st✐✈♦ ✷ ✖ ▼▲P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✹✳✷✳✸✳✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊①❛✉st✐✈♦ ✸ ✖ ❙❆❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✹✳✷✳✹ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✹✳✷✳✹✳✶ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✹✳✷✳✹✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❡ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✹✳✷✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ▲❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛ ❡♠ ❘♦✲
t❡❛❞♦r❡s ✶✷✸
✺✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ●P▲◆❊❯❘❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✺✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●P▲◆❊❯❘❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✺✳✷✳✶ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✺✳✷✳✷ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✺✳✷✳✸ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✺✳✷✳✹ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✺✳✷✳✺ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✺✳✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●P▲◆❊❯❘❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❚❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵
✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✶✹✸
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✶✹✼
❆ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s ❋♦♥t❡ ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✶✺✸
❆✳✶ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✸ ❆✳✷ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●P▲◆❊❯❘❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✹
❇ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❊q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✷✵✺
①✈✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞✐s❝r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ s❛③♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s❛③♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❝✐❝❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✼ ❙ér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✽ ❙ér✐❡ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❉♦✇ ❏♦♥❡s ❡ s✉❛s ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❆✉t♦❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✷✳✶✵ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ q✉❛❧q✉❡r✱ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ t ❡
❤♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✷✳✶✷ ❆♥❛❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✷✳✶✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥❡r✈♦s♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✷✳✶✹ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✷✳✶✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❉✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ ❈❛♠❛❞❛ ❙✐♠♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✷✳✶✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❉✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✷✳✶✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❘❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✳✶✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❑♦❤♦♥❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✳✶✾ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✳ ✻✽ ✷✳✷✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ◆ã♦ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✷✳✷✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❘❡❢♦rç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✷✳✷✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦st♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ✼✷ ✷✳✷✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❉❇◆ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ ♦❝✉❧t❛s ❡ s❛í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✷✳✷✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❘❇▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣❛r❣❛❧♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✸✳✷ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
①✈✐✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ r♦t❡❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✸✳✹ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛③ã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✸✳✺ ❆tr❛s♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✸✳✻ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❙◆▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✸✳✼ P❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ ❙◆▼P✱ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ❣❡r❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✸✳✽ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❙◆▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✸✳✾ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❙▼■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✸✳✶✵ ❉✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❍❚❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ❞❡s❧✐③❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✹✳✷ ❙ér✐❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ✭❡♠ ❜✐ts✮ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✹✳✸ ❆✉t♦❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s sér✐❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✹✳✹ ❙ér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✿ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦
❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❙❊ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❙❆❊ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ▼▲P✲❇P✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ✺✵ ♣r✐✲
♠❡✐r♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❇✲✺♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❙❊ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❏◆◆ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ▼▲P✲❘P✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ✺✵
♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❇✲✺♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✹✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ Pr❡❞✐t❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦
❛ ❏◆◆ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ♦❝✉❧t❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ sér✐❡ ❇✲✺♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✹✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❆❊ ❝♦♠ ✹ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♦❝✉❧t❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ sér✐❡
t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❇✲✺♠✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❛ sér✐❡ Pr❡❞✐t❛ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✹✳✾ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✹✳✶✵ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❡ ♦s ▼❙❊s ❞❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛
sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❇✲✺♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✺✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❛s s✉❜✲r❡❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✺✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❘♦t❡❛❞♦r ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ●P▲◆❊❯❘❖✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✺✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●P▲◆❊❯❘❖✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✺✳✹ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✺✳✺ ❙✉❜ár✈♦r❡s ✐❢■♥❖❝t❡ts ❡ ✐❢❖✉t❖❝t❡ts ❞♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❛
▼■❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ✺✳✻ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✺✳✼ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ Pr❡❞✐çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✺✳✽ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❆♥á❧✐s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✺✳✾ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✺✳✶✵ ❘♦t❡❛❞♦r ♦♥❞❡ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ●P▲◆❊❯❘❖ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡✲
❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ✺✳✶✶ ❙ér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡t❤✸ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r✱ ❡♠ ✉♠
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐①
✺✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♣r❡❞✐t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❏◆◆ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡t❤✸ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ✺✳✶✸ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦ ✭♠s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠✐♥✉t♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✐♥✲
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✹✳✶ ❖ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡rr♦s ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✭◆❘▼❙❊✮ ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✹✳✹ ❘❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✹✳✺ ❘❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ◆❘▼❙❊s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✳✶✷✵ ✺✳✶ ❆tr❛s♦ ✭♠s✮ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛♦
✉s♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●P▲◆❊❯❘❖✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵ ❇✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❘♦t❡❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✻ ❇✳✷ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✻ ❇✳✸ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✼ ❇✳✹ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✼ ❇✳✺ ❙✇✐t❝❤ ❙t❛t✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✼ ❇✳✻ P❖❘❚ ❙t❛t✉s ✶✵✴✶✵✵✴✶✵✵✵ ▼❜♣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✽ ❇✳✼ P♦rt✲❜❛s❡❞ ❱▲❆◆ ❙❡tt✐♥❣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✽ ❇✳✽ ❚❘❯◆❑ ❙t❛t✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✾ ❇✳✾ ▼✐rr♦r ❙t❛t✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❈❋ ❆✉t♦❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥
❆■❈ ❆✐❦❛✐❦❡✬s ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❈r✐t❡r✐♦♥ ❆◆❙✳✶ ❆❜str❛❝t ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ◆♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❖♥❡
❆❘ ❆✉t♦r❡❣r❡ss✐✈❡
❆❘▼❆ ❆✉t♦r❡❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ▼♦✈✐♥❣ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡
❆❘■▼❆ ❆✉t♦r❡❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ▼♦✈✐♥❣ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡
❈❇◗ ❈❧❛ss ❇❛s❡❞ ◗✉❡✉✐♥❣
❈❇❘ ❈♦♥st❛♥t ❇✐t ❘❛t❡
❉❇◆ ❉❡❡♣ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ❊●P ❊①t❡r✐♦r ●❛t❡✇❛② Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❊❙ ❊♥❞ ❙②st❡♠
❋❆❘■▼❆ ❋r❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❆✉t♦r❡❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ▼♦✈✐♥❣ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❋❉❉■ ❋✐❜❡r ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❉❛t❛ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
●P▲◆❊❯❘❖ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ Pr❡❞✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ▲❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❍❚❇ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❇✉❝❦❡t
❍❚❚P ❍②♣❡r❚❡①t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❍❲ ❍♦❧t✲❲✐♥t❡rs ✖ ❙✉❛✈✐③❛çã♦ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❙❛③♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❍♦❧t✲❲✐♥t❡rs ■❆❇ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❆❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❇♦❛r❞
■❈▼P ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ▼❡ss❛❣❡ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ■❊❚❋ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❚❛s❦ ❋♦r❝❡
■P ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
■P✈✹ ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✹
■❙ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ❙②st❡♠
■❙❖ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❛t✐♦♥ ■❙P ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ Pr♦✈✐❞❡r
❏◆◆ ❏♦r❞❛♥ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
▲❆◆ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
①①✐✈ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
▲❉❘ ▲♦♥❣ ❘❛♥❣❡ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡
▼❆ ▼♦✈✐♥❣ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡
▼❆P❊ ▼❡❛♥ ❆❜s♦❧✉t❡ P❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ❊rr♦r ▼■❇ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❇❛s❡ ▼▲P ▼✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥
▼▲P✲❇P ▼✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ ❝♦♠ ❇❛❝❦♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥
▼▲P✲❘P ▼✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ ❝♦♠ ❘❡s✐❧✐❡♥t ❇❛❝❦♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥
▼❙❊ ▼❡❛♥ ❙q✉❛r❡❞ ❊rr♦r
◆❘▼❙❊ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❘♦♦t ▼❡❛♥ ❙q✉❛r❡ ❊rr♦r
❖■❉ ❖❜❥❡❝t ■❞❡♥t✐✜❡r
❖❙■ ❖♣❡♥ ❙②st❡♠s ■♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥
P❘❘ P❛❝❦❡t ❘♦✉♥❞ ❘♦❜✐♥
◗♦❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❘❇❋ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❇❛s✐s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥
❘❇▼ ❘❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❇♦❧t③♠❛♥♥ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❘❊● ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❊❛r❧② ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥
❘❋❈ ❘❡q✉❡st ❢♦r ❈♦♠♠❡♥ts
❘▼❙❊ ❘♦♦t ▼❡❛♥ ❙q✉❛r❡ ❊rr♦r ❘▼❖◆ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ▼♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ❘◆❆ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧
❘◆❆P ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ Pr♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❘◆◆ ❘❡❝✉rr❡♥t ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❘P❘❖P ❘❡s✐❧✐❡♥t ❇❛❝❦♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ❙❆❊ ❙t❛❝❦❡❞ ❆✉t♦❡♥❝♦❞❡r
❙❊❍ ❙✉❛✈✐③❛çã♦ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❍♦❧t ❙❊❙ ❙✉❛✈✐③❛çã♦ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❙✐♠♣❧❡s
❙●❆▲❇ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ▲❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛ ❙▼■ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❙◆▼P ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❙◆▼P✈✷ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✷ ❙◆▼P✈✸ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✸ ❙❘❉ ❙❤♦rt ❘❛♥❣❡ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡
❙❙❊ ❙✉♠ ❙q✉❛r❡❞ ❊rr♦r
❙❱▼ ❙✉♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ t❛♥❤ ❋✉♥çã♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛ ❚❈P ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❯❉P ❯s❡r ❉❛t❛❣r❛♠ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❱❇❘ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❇✐t ❘❛t❡
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✈
❱▲❆◆ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❲❆◆ ❲✐❞❡ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
1
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉❡s❞❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ é ♥♦tór✐♦ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ss❛s r❡❞❡s ❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ♥❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡ss❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s r❡❞❡s✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ✭❈♦♠❡r✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❍❛②❦✐♥ ❡ ▼♦❤❡r✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❑✉r♦s❡ ❡ ❘♦ss✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ P❡t❡rs♦♥ ❡ ❉❛✈✐❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❆s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛♥t✐❣♦ ❞❡ ✉s❛r s♦✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ s✉♣r✐r ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ tr♦❝❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ❆s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ✭♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞✐r ❝♦♠ ❛s r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❛ ❢r❡♥t❡✮✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s✳ ❊ss❛s r❡❞❡s ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s r❡❞❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✳ ❆ ■♥t❡r♥❡t é ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ✭❑✉r♦s❡ ❡ ❘♦ss✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ❚❛♥❡♥❜❛✉♠ ❡ ❲❡t❤❡r❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✭s✇✐t❝❤❡s✮✱ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞♦r❡s ✭❤✉❜s✮✱ ✐♠♣r❡s✲ s♦r❛s✱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s ♦✉ ♣♦r ❛r✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❜♦s ❝♦❛①✐❛✐s✱ ✜♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❜r❡✱ ✜♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦✱ ❝❛❜♦s ❞❡ ✜❜r❛ ó♣t✐❝❛✱ ♦♥❞❛s ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛s✱ ♠✐❝r♦✲♦♥❞❛s✱ ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✱ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❍❛②❦✐♥ ❡ ▼♦❤❡r✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❚❛♥❡♥❜❛✉♠ ❡ ❲❡t❤❡r❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❖ r♦t❡❛❞♦r é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❡♠ r❡❞❡✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r é ♦ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ t❡r♠♦ ✏r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✑✱ q✉❡ é ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r ✭P❡t❡rs♦♥ ❡ ❉❛✈✐❡✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❚❛♥❡♥❜❛✉♠ ❡ ❲❡t❤❡r❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s tr❛❢❡❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ sã♦ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ r♦t❡❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✱ ❛té ❝❤❡❣❛r ❡♠ s❡✉ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✜♥❛❧✳
❆ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ✭❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤✮ ❡ ♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ✭❞❡❧❛②✮ sã♦ ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛♠ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ r♦t❡❛❞♦r✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ts ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ♥❡ss❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ é ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳ ❏á ❛ ✈❛③ã♦ ✭t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t✮✱ é ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❡st❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ts ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ t♦t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♠✐s✲ sã♦ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ts q✉❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭P❡t❡rs♦♥ ❡ ❉❛✈✐❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
▼❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❡ss❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✜♥✐t❛✳ ❖ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ tr♦✉①❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❖ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❝rít✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛✐s ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s✱ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❡ q✉❡ s✉♣♦rt❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡ss❡ ❛✉✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s✱ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ sér✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♦✉ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♦✉ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧❛ ✭❑✉r♦s❡ ❡ ❘♦ss✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳
❖ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳ ❖ ✐❞❡❛❧ s❡r✐❛ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❡ss❡ ✢✉①♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞♦s ❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ✭❈♦♠❡r✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❖s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡stát✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r ❛ s✉❜✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♦✉ s✉♣❡r✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ss❡ r❡❝✉rs♦✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ♦✉ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✭◗♦❙✮✱ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ✭❑✉r♦s❡ ❡ ❘♦ss✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦✱ q✉❡ ❛t✉❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ r♦t❡❛❞♦r ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❥✉st❛ ❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ♣ré✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s✳
✷✾
❞♦r❛✈❛♥t❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✳ ■ss♦ é ❢❡✐t♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r q✉❡stõ❡s ❛❞♠✐♥✐s✲ tr❛t✐✈❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❡r ◗♦❙ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ❛s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❢✉t✉r❛s ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♥❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ✭❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦✉ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦✮✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳ ❖ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛✱ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✱ t❡rá ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛t✉❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳
❖ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣❛❝♦t❡s ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✈❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s é s✉♣❡r✐♦r à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥✲ t♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❛❝❛❜❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ r♦t❡✲ ❛❞♦r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❆ ❛❧t❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✉rt♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ r♦t❡❛❞♦r✱ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛tr❛s♦ ♥❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛❝♦✲ t❡s ❡✱ ❝❛s♦ ❡ss❛ ❛❧t❛ ✈❛③ã♦ ♣❡rs✐st❛✱ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛rá ♦ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢❛rá ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s✱ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛rá ❡♠ r❡tr❛♥s♠✐ssõ❡s ❞♦s ♣❛❝♦t❡s✱ ❛❝❛r✲ r❡t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡ ❛tr❛s♦s ♥❛ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ✭❑✉r♦s❡ ❡ ❘♦ss✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ❚❛♥❡♥❜❛✉♠ ❡ ❲❡t❤❡r❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s sã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ sã♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✭P❡t❡rs♦♥ ❡ ❉❛✈✐❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡♠ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❢❡t✉❛r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♠♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❛ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ✭❙✐r✐♣♦♥❣✇✉t✐❦♦r♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛ss❛❞❛s ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s s❛③♦♥❛✐s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❞♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛ss❛❞♦s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉s❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ sér✐❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✱ ❡ss❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✉s❛r t❛♥t♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ✭▼♦r❡tt✐♥ ❡ ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ ❚♦❧♦✐✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ❣❡✲ r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❛t✉❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✱ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞✉❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❖ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢❛③ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡✈❡ t♦♠❛r ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ♦✉ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✳ ❆ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ s❡rá ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦✳
