bilayer Bilayer
monolayer OU
RNA Pol Archaea
RNA Pol Eucaria
RNA Pol Bacteria
Arqueas tem somente uma RNA polimerase Mas que é mais próxima filogeneticamente a todas de eucarionte
Sendo similar a tipo ancestral desse grupo...
Varias proteínas associadas a replicação e estrutura de cromatina muito semelhantes as de eucariontes ...
Só Arqueas podem fazer supercoil positivo
Euryarchaeota
Proteoarchaeota (TACK)
"DPANN"
"Diapherotrites" Rinke et al. 2013
"Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Aenigmarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Nanoarchaeota" Huber et al. 2002
"Nanohaloarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Micrarchaeota" Baker et al. 2010
"Pacearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
"Woesearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
"Euryarchaeota" Woese et al. 1990
"Proteoarchaeota" Petitjean et al. 2014 ("TACK") Thaumarchaeota Brochier-Armanet
"Aigarchaeota" Nunoura et al. 2011 Crenarchaeota Garrity & Holt 2002
"Korarchaeota" Barns et al. 1996
"Bathyarchaeota" Meng et al. 2014
"Geoarchaeota" Kozubal et al. 2013
"Thorarchaeota" Seitz et al. 2016
"Lokiarchaeota" Spang et al. 2015
"DPANN"
"Diapherotrites" Rinke et al. 2013
"Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Aenigmarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Nanoarchaeota" Huber et al. 2002
"Nanohaloarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Micrarchaeota" Baker et al. 2010
"Pacearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
"Woesearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
The southern end of the volcanic Kolbeinsey Ridge with its isolated seamounts perched on the Mid-Atlantic ridge north of Iceland
Nanoarchaeota
Nanoarchaeum equitans (simbionte de Ignicoccus hospitalis)
Descoberta por Karl Stetter an costa da Islândia em 2002
mas recentemente também foi ecnontrada em fotnes termicas no parque Yellowstone (EUA)
Uma hipertermofila
TEM a) Freeze etching of an I. hospitalis cell with four attached
N. equitans cells. TEM b) Ultrathin section of two N. equitans,
attached to the outer membrane of an Ignicoccus. TEM c) I.
hospitalis with several N. equitans cells. CLSM) Confocal
microscopy of co-culture of N. equitans (red) and I. hospitalis
(green) after sequence specific (ss rRNA) fluorescence staining.
Bars: 1 µm. Source.
>0,4 μm – do tamanho das menores células de micoplasmas
>Capacidade limitada de biossíntese e catabolismo
não é capaz de sintetizar lipídios e aminoácidos (tem de ser obtidos do hospedeiro)
> Genoma de apenas 490.885 nts. GC %: 31,6 . Perdeu a maioria dos genes de síntese de aminoácidos, nucleotídeos, cofatores e lipídeos.
> Existem controvérsias sobre sua capacidade de biossíntese de ATP. Pois só foram encontrados genes para 5 das 6 subunidades da ATP sintetase.
(ou ela não tem enzima funcional ou tem uma forma nova ainda não descrita )
> Não tem a capacidade de metabolizar hidrogênio e enxofre para a energia, como termófilos muitos fazem.
> Tem somente 5 % de regiões não codantes. Genoma muito estável para um organismos
“parasita”. Comportamento muito diferente de bactérias e eucariontes ...
* Não pode ser detectada com primers universais para genes de rRNA ( 16S rDNA) (sua sequencia é
significativamente diferente nesse ponto) Crescem de bem entre 90 a 100 ºC
São anaeróbicos obrigatórios
Pequeno hipertermófilo Cresce e se divide na superfície das espécies
crenarchaeal Ignicoccus
estilo de vida parasitária
Simbiose obrigatório não pode ser cultivada de forma
Independente
Nem com lisados de Igncoccus. Ela precisa da célula viva
Por outro lado Ignicoccus pode viver sem
Nanoarchaea.
O efeito da nanoarchaea é
pequeno ela retarda muito pouco o
crescimento de Ignicoccus.
O Ignicoccus tem suas próprias peculiaridades estruturais vistas mais a frente ...
A descoberta das Nanoarchaea sugere que mesmo abordagens de metagenômica com primers universais (16S rDNA) pode deixar de detectar um grande número de micro-organismos
"DPANN"
"Diapherotrites" Rinke et al. 2013
"Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Aenigmarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Nanoarchaeota" Huber et al. 2002
"Nanohaloarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Micrarchaeota" Baker et al. 2010
"Pacearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
"Woesearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (ARMAN) were first discovered in an extremely acidic mine located in northern California (Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain) by Brett Baker in Jill Banfield's laboratory at the University of California Berkeley. These novel groups of archaea named ARMAN-1, ARMAN-2
(Candidatus Micrarchaeum acidiphilum ARMAN-2
Examination of different sites in the mine using fluorescent probes specific to the ARMAN groups has revealed that they are always present in communities associated with acid mine drainage (AMD), at Iron Mountain in northern California, that have pH < 1.5. They are usually found in low abundance (5–25%) in the community. Recently, closely related organisms have been detected in an acidic boreal mire or bog in Finland,[4] another acid mine drainage site in extreme environments of Rio Tinto, southwestern Spain[5] and from weak alkaline deep subsurface hot spring in Yunohama, Japan
Using cryo-electron tomography an extensive 3D characterization of uncultivated ARMAN cells within mine biofilms has been done (Comolli et al. 2009[7]). T
his has revealed that they are right at the cell size predicted to be the lower limit for life, 0.009 µm3 and 0.04 µm3 (NRC Steering group). They also found that despite their unusually small cell size it is common to find more than one type of virus attached to the cells while in the biofilms.
Furthermore, the cells contain on average ≈92 ribosomes per cell, whereas the average E. coli cell grown in culture contains ≈10,000 ribosomes.
This suggests that for ARMAN cells a much more limited number of metabolites are present in a given cell. It raises questions about what the minimal requirements are for a living cell.
Notably, nearly half of the archaeal sequences were affiliated to the recently described 'Candidatus Haloredividus' (phylum Nanohaloarchaeota), not previously detected in salt-saturated environments.
FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2016 Dec;92(12). 2016 Sep 7.
Seasonal dynamics of extremely halophilic microbial communities in three Argentinian salterns.
Di Meglio L1, Santos F2, Gomariz M2, Almansa C3, López C2, Antón J2, Nercessian D4.
3D reconstructions of ARMAN cells in the environment has revealed that a small number of them attach to other Archaea of the order
Thermoplasmatales (Baker et al. 2010 [8]). The Thermoplasmatales cells appear to penetrate the cell wall to the cytoplasm of the ARMAN cells.[9]
The nature of this interaction hasn't been determined. It could be some sort of parasitic or symbiotic interaction. It is possible that ARMAN is getting some sort of metabolite that it is not able to produce on its own.
"DPANN"
"Diapherotrites" Rinke et al. 2013
"Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Aenigmarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Nanoarchaeota" Huber et al. 2002
"Nanohaloarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Micrarchaeota" Baker et al. 2010
"Pacearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
"Woesearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
Environ Microbiol Rep. 2016 Apr;8(2):210-7. doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12370. Epub 2016 Jan 28.
High occurrence of Pacearchaeota and Woesearchaeota (Archaea
superphylum DPANN) in the surface waters of oligotrophic high-altitude lakes.
Ortiz-Alvarez R1, Casamayor EO1.
Euryarchaeota
Proteoarchaeota (TACK)
"DPANN"
"Diapherotrites" Rinke et al. 2013
"Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Aenigmarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Nanoarchaeota" Huber et al. 2002
"Nanohaloarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
"Micrarchaeota" Baker et al. 2010
"Pacearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
"Woesearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
"Euryarchaeota" Woese et al. 1990
"Proteoarchaeota" Petitjean et al. 2014 ("TACK") Thaumarchaeota Brochier-Armanet
"Aigarchaeota" Nunoura et al. 2011 Crenarchaeota Garrity & Holt 2002
"Korarchaeota" Barns et al. 1996
"Bathyarchaeota" Meng et al. 2014
"Geoarchaeota" Kozubal et al. 2013
"Thorarchaeota" Seitz et al. 2016
"Lokiarchaeota" Spang et al. 2015
"Euryarchaeota" Woese et al. 1990
Euryarcheota
Grupo filogeneticamente diverso Pode ser subdividido em 5 grupos :
>I ) Halofitas (todos aeróbicos obrigatórios)
> II) Metanogênicas (todos anaeróbicos obrigatórios)
> iii) Thermoplasmatales
> iv) Hipertermofilicos I
> v) Hipertermofilicos II
Halofitas
Aerobicas obrigatórias Quimioheterotroficas ou Fotoheterotroficas