espécies de planta hospedeira (Tabela 11). Porém, todos os indivíduos coletados sobre
Crotalaria vitellina pertencem à população de Ubatuba, onde a vegetação local limita a
capacidade de dispersão de U. ornatrix, tornando possível que a variação encontrada não tenha relação com o uso diferencial de espécies de hospedeiras.
Estes dados são muito semelhantes aos encontrados nas análises do gene COI na população de Itanhaém (Figura 7), com a diferença de que, nesse caso, os indivíduos foram coletados sobre C. pallida, fortalecendo esta última hipótese.
Além de C. pallida e C. vitelina, há várias outras espécies do gênero ocorrendo no Brasil, e sabe-se que determinadas espécies geram defesas mais eficientes contra a predação nos adultos de U. ornatrix (Martins et al., 2015). Dessa forma, mais estudos comparando distância genética e uso de diferentes espécies de Crotalaria por U. ornatrix são necessários para que se tenha dados mais conclusivos sobre a diferenciação associada ao hospedeiro nesta espécie.
6. CONCLUSÕES
As análises de diversidade intrapopulacional, bem como as relações entre os haplótipos e os testes de neutralidade, permitem concluir que Utetheisa ornatrix provavelmente sofreu expansão populacional recente de forma acelerada a partir de um pequeno tamanho efetivo. É possível que este tipo de evento seja comum na espécie, devido às variações demográficas em suas plantas hospedeiras, o que faz com que ocorram sucessivos processos de extinção, colonização e recolonização. Tais conclusões são suportadas por dados de estudos ecológicos sobre a espécie e também sobre outros insetos fitófagos cuja estrutura populacional sofre influência de suas hospedeiras.
Assim como outras espécies de lepidópteros, Utetheisa ornatrix provavelmente possui grande capacidade de dispersão, porém os resultados da AMOVA e FST entre pares de populações mostram que a conectividade entre populações diferentes varia em função da disponibilidade de plantas hospedeiras nas rotas de dispersão. Dessa forma, em ambientes propícios para o crescimento de Crotalaria, as populações de U. ornatrix tendem a estar conectadas por grandes distâncias. Por outro lado, em locais pouco propícios ou altamente sujeitos a distúrbios, a baixa disponibilidade de plantas hospedeiras pode reduzir a conectividade entre as populações, aumentando a diferenciação entre elas. Dessa forma, populações próximas à região litorânea tenderiam a possuir maior grau de diferenciação em relação às demais. Tal fenômeno já foi documentado para outras espécies de insetos fitófagos que possuem características de história de vida semelhantes às de U. ornatrix.
Não foi possível concluir se ocorre diferenciação ecológica em U. ornatrix a partir deste estudo, pois os dados podem ter sofrido influência de fatores geográficos, levantando questões que podem ser respondidas em trabalhos posteriores que analisem populações coletadas sobre uma maior variedade de plantas hospedeiras, incluindo as que compartilham as mesmas localidades que Crotalaria pallida, como Crotalaria
micans e Crotalaria lanceolata .
Outra sugestão para um trabalho futuro é analisar populações em uma extensão geográfica mais ampla para avaliar a influência de fatores geográficos em uma escala maior. Sabe-se que Utetheisa ornatrix já foi coletada em estados da região Sul do Brasil, bem como no Nordeste, porém não há dados comparando populações dentro e entre estas localidades.
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