• Nenhum resultado encontrado

SANGUE MEDULA

Pesos (g) Histologia Número de ENC Número de EPC

Gupos/Tratamentos t0s t8s t12s 0 1 2 3 Total ENCMN (%) Total MN (%) 0 1 2 3 Total EPCMN (%) Total MN (%) Relação EPC/ENC Controle + Água

1 225 400 425 Sem alteração relevante 1999 1 0 0 1 (0,05) 1 (0,05) 1990 10 0 0 10 (0,50) 10 (0,50) 5,06

2 225 390 410 Sem alteração relevante 1999 1 0 0 1 (0,05) 1 (0,05) 1983 13 3 1 17 (0,85) 22 (1,10) 7,33

3 180 355 370 Sem alteração relevante 2000 0 0 0 0 (0,00) 0 (0,00) 1998 2 0 0 2 (0,10) 2 (0,10) 0,91

4 205 340 355 Sem alteração relevante 1998 2 0 0 2 (0,10) 2 (0,10) 1997 3 0 0 3 (0,15) 3 (0,15) 0,77

TOTAL - - - - 7996 4 0 0 4 (0,05) 4 (0,05) 7968 28 3 1 32 (0,40) 37 (0,46) 14,10

Controle + Extrato

5 250 405 435 Sem alteração relevante 1999 1 0 0 1 (0,05) 1 (0,05) 1997 3 0 0 3 (0,15) 3 (0,15) 1,67

6 200 330 340 Sem alteração relevante 2000 0 0 0 0 (0,0) 0 (0,0) 1993 7 0 0 7 (0,35) 7 (0,35) 1,04

7 170 335 320 Sem alteração relevante 1996 4 0 0 4 (0,20) 4 (0,20) 1982 16 2 0 18 (0,90) 20 (1,0) 0,53

8 200 325 350 Sem alteração relevante 1992 8 0 0 8 (0,40) 8 (0,40) 1991 9 0 0 9 (0,45) 9 (0,45) 0,61

TOTAL - - - - 7987 13 0 0 13 (0,16) 13 (0,16) 7963 35 2 0 37 (0,46) 39 (0,49) 3,85

Controle + Omeprazol

9 205 310 335 Sem alteração relevante 1994 5 1 0 6 (0,30) 7 (0,35) 1998 2 0 0 2 (0,10) 2 (0,10) 0,60

10 180 365 370 Sem alteração relevante 1998 2 0 0 2 (0,10) 2 (0,10) 2000 0 0 0 0 (0,00) 0 (0,00) 0,69

11 210 315 340 Sem alteração relevante 1998 2 0 0 2 (0,10) 2 (0,10) 1997 3 0 0 3 (0,15) 3 (0,15) 1,15

12 205 325 355 Sem alteração relevante 1998 11 1 0 12 (0,60) 13 (0,65) 1994 11 1 0 12 (0,60) 13 (0,65) 0,64

TOTAL - - - - 7978 20 2 0 22 (0,27) 24 (0,30) 7989 16 1 0 17 (0,21) 18 (0,22) 3,08

Refluxo + Água

13 210 200 200 Hiperceratose, acantose,

espongiose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 3

1997 3 0 0 3 (0,15) 3 (0,15) 2000 0 0 0 0 (0,00) 0 (0,00) 3,08 14 205 165 170 Hiperceratose, acantose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 3 1999 1 0 0 1 (0,05) 1 (0,05) 1997 3 0 0 3 (0,15) 3 (0,15) 1,56 15 185 190 175 Hiperceratose, acantose, espongiose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 3 e Carcinoma 1998 2 0 0 2 (0,10) 2 (0,10) 1988 8 4 0 12 (0,60) 16 (0,80) 1,41 16 180 190 195 Hiperceratose, acantose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 3 1996 4 0 0 4 (0,20) 4 (0,20) 1990 10 0 0 10 (0,50) 10 (0,50) 1,04 TOTAL - - - - 7990 10 0 0 10 (0,12) 10 (0,12) 7975 21 4 0 25 (0,31) 29 (0,36) 7,09

Refluxo + Extrato 17 260 155 200 Hiperceratose, acantose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 2 1994 5 1 0 6 (0,30) 7 (0,35) 1989 11 0 0 11 (0,55) 11 (0,55) 3,08 18 260 245 270 Hiperceratose, acantose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 3 1980 18 2 0 20 (1,00) 22 (1,10) 1974 23 3 0 26 (1,30) 29 (1,45) 4,26 19 200 165 210 Hiperceratose, acantose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 3 1994 6 0 0 6 (0,30) 6 (0,30) 1983 17 0 0 17 (0,85) 17 (0,85) 0,65 20 150 205 175 Hiperceratose, acantose, espongiose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 2

1998 2 0 0 2 (0,10) 2 (0,10) 1998 2 0 0 2 (0,10) 2 (0,10) 4,13 TOTAL - - - - 7966 31 3 0 34 (0,42) 37 (0,46) 7944 53 3 0 56 (0,70) 59 (0,74) 12,12 Refluxo + Omeprazol 21 195 225 185 Hiperceratose, acantose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 2 2000 0 0 0 0 (0,00) 0 (0,00) 1994 6 0 0 6 (0,30) 6 (0,30) 1,56 22 190 260 280 Hiperceratose, acantose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 1 1999 1 0 0 1 (0,05) 1 (0,05) 1987 11 2 0 13 (0,65) 15 (0,75) 0,43 23 170 140 130 Hiperceratose, acantose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 1 1993 7 0 0 7 (0,35) 7 (0,35) 1999 1 0 0 1 (0,05) 1 (0,05) 2,85 24 180 190 210 Hiperceratose, acantose, ulceração, erosão e esofagite grau 1 1996 2 2 0 4 (0,20) 6 (0,30) 1997 2 1 0 3 (0,15) 4 (0,20) 1,41 TOTAL - - - - 7988 10 2 0 12 (0,15) 14 (0,17) 7977 20 3 0 23 (0,29) 26 (0,32) 6,25 Ciclofosfamida

25 - - - Sem alteração relevante 1994 6 0 0 6 (0,30) 6 (0,30) 1990 10 1 0 11 (0,55) 12 (0,60) 0,13

26 - - - Sem alteração relevante 1993 7 0 0 7 (0,35) 7 (0,35) 1985 15 0 0 15 (0,75) 15 (0,75) 0,20

27 - - - Sem alteração relevante 1998 2 0 0 2 (0,10) 2 (0,10) 1984 16 0 0 16 (0,80) 16 (0,80) 0,18

28 - - - Sem alteração relevante 1995 5 0 0 5 (0,25) 5 (0,25) 1986 14 3 0 17 (0,85) 20 (1,00) 0,32

TOTAL - - - - 7980 20 0 0 20 (0,25) 20 (0,25) 7945 55 4 0 59 (0,74) 63 (0,79) 0,83

t0s (Tempo inicial); t8s (Início dos tratamentos); t12s (Fim dos tratamentos e eutanásia)

ENC (eritrócito normocromático); ENCMN (eritrócito normocromático micronucleado); MN (Micronúcleo); EPC (eritrócito policromático); EPCMN (eritrócito policromático micronucleado); Relação EPC/ENC (Relação entre eritrócitos policromáticos e eritrócitos normocromáticos).

8 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

1. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005 Mar-Apr;55(2):74-108.

2. Pohl H, Welch HG. The role of overdiagnosis and reclassification in the marked increase of esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Jan 19;97(2):142-6.

3. Zhang HY, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. Esophageal adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett esophagus. Cancer Lett. 2009 Mar 18;275(2):170-7.

4. Moraes-Filho J, Cecconello I, Gama-Rodrigues J, Castro L, Henry MA, Meneghelli UG, et al. Brazilian consensus on gastroesophageal reflux disease: proposals for assessment, classification, and management. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Feb;97(2):241-8.

5. Fass R. Erosive esophagitis and nonerosive reflux disease (NERD): comparison of epidemiologic, physiologic, and therapeutic characteristics. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb;41(2):131-7.

6. Isomoto H, Nishi Y, Kanazawa Y, Shikuwa S, Mizuta Y, Inoue K, et al. Immune and Inflammatory Responses in GERD and Lansoprazole. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007 Sep;41(2):84-91.

7. Yoshida N. Inflammation and oxidative stress in gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007 Jan;40(1):13-23.

8. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sethi G. Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link? Biochemical pharmacology. 2006 Nov 30;72(11):1605-21. 9. Piazuelo E, Cebrian C, Escartin A, Jimenez P, Soteras F, Ortego J, et al. Superoxide dismutase prevents development of adenocarcinoma in a rat model of Barrett's esophagus. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec 21;11(47):7436-43.

10. Zhang T, Zhang F, Han Y, Gu Z, Zhou Y, Cheng Q, et al. A rat surgical model of esophageal metaplasia and adenocarcinoma-induced by mixed reflux of gastric acid and duodenal contents. Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Nov;52(11):3202-8.

11. Murphy JO, Ravi N, Byrne PJ, McDonald GS, Reynolds JV. Neither antioxidants nor COX-2 inhibition protect against esophageal inflammation in an experimental model of severe reflux. J Surg Res. 2008 Mar;145(1):33-40.

12. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996 Oct;96(10):1027-39.

13. Zhu CY, Loft S. Effect of chemopreventive compounds from Brassica vegetables on NAD(P)H:quinone reductase and induction of DNA strand breaks in murine hepa1c1c7 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Apr;41(4):455-62.

14. Fimognari C, Hrelia P. Sulforaphane as a promising molecule for fighting cancer. Mutation research. 2007 May-Jun;635(2-3):90-104.

15. Kushad MM, Brown AF, Kurilich AC, Juvik JA, Klein BP, Wallig MA, et al. Variation of glucosinolates in vegetable crops of Brassica oleracea. J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Apr;47(4):1541-8.

16. Fimognari C, Berti F, Cantelli-Forti G, Hrelia P. Effect of sulforaphane on micronucleus induction in cultured human lymphocytes by four different mutagens. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2005 Dec;46(4):260-7.

17. WHO. World health statistics 2008. World Health Organization 2008.

18. Queiroga RC, Pernambuco AP. Câncer de esôfago: Epidemiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento. Revista Brasileira de Cancerologia 2006;52(2):173-8.

19. Lambert R, Hainaut P. The multidisciplinary management of gastrointestinal cancer. Epidemiology of oesophagogastric cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;21(6):921-45.

20. Holmes RS, Vaughan TL. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of esophageal cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2007 Jan;17(1):2-9.

21. IARC. Worl cancer report. Internacional Agency for Research on Cancer 2003. 22. Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, HAuser DL, Longo DL, Jameson JL. Harrison`s principles of internal medicine. 15th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 2001:613-4. 23. Yokoyama A, Kato H, Yokoyama T, Tsujinaka T, Muto M, Omori T, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and glutathione S-transferase M1 and drinking, smoking, and diet in Japanese men with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Nov;23(11):1851-9.

24. INCA. Estimativa 2008: Incidência de câncer no Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Câncer 2007.

25. WHO. World Cancer Report. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2003.

26. IARC. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. Internacional Agency for Research on Cancer 2000.

27. de Barros SGS. Doença do refluxo gastroesofágico: prevalência, fatores de risco e desafios. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia. 2005;42(2):71-.

28. INCA. Câncer de Esôfago. 2008 [cited 2008 August 12th]; Available from: http://www.inca.gov.br/cancer/esofago

29. Kubo A, Corley DA. Body mass index and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus or gastric cardia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 May;15(5):872-8.

30. Spechler SJ. The natural history of dysplasia and cancer in esophagitis and Barrett esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003 May-Jun;36(5 Suppl):S2-5; discussion S26-8.

31. Iijima K, Henry E, Moriya A, Wirz A, Kelman AW, McColl KE. Dietary nitrate generates potentially mutagenic concentrations of nitric oxide at the gastroesophageal junction. Gastroenterology. 2002 May;122(5):1248-57.

32. Rokkas T, Pistiolas D, Sechopoulos P, Robotis I, Margantinis G. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and esophageal neoplasia: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Dec;5(12):1413-7, 7 e1-2.

33. Freedman ND, Abnet CC, Leitzmann MF, Mouw T, Subar AF, Hollenbeck AR, et al. A prospective study of tobacco, alcohol, and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Jun 15;165(12):1424-33.

34. Volkweis BS, Gurski RR. Esôfago de Barrett: Aspectos fisiopatológicos e moleculares da seqüência metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2008;35(2):114-23.

35. Bresalier RS. Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Annu Rev Med. 2008 Sep 10.

36. Modiano N, Gerson LB. Barrett's esophagus: Incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007 Dec;3(6):1035- 145.

37. Peters JH, Hagen JA, DeMeester SR. Barrett's esophagus. J Gastrointest Surg. 2004 Jan;8(1):1-17.

38. Jenkins GJ, Doak SH, Parry JM, D'Souza FR, Griffiths AP, Baxter JN. Genetic pathways involved in the progression of Barrett's metaplasia to adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg. 2002 Jul;89(7):824-37.

39. Shirvani VN, Ouatu-Lascar R, Kaur BS, Omary MB, Triadafilopoulos G. Cyclooxygenase 2 expression in Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma: Ex vivo induction by bile salts and acid exposure. Gastroenterology. 2000 Mar;118(3):487-96.

40. Sarosi G, Brown G, Jaiswal K, Feagins LA, Lee E, Crook TW, et al. Bone marrow progenitor cells contribute to esophageal regeneration and metaplasia in a rat model of Barrett's esophagus. Dis Esophagus. 2008;21(1):43-50.

41. Mutoh H, Sakurai S, Satoh K, Osawa H, Hakamata Y, Takeuchi T, et al. Cdx1 induced intestinal metaplasia in the transgenic mouse stomach: comparative study with Cdx2 transgenic mice. Gut. 2004 Oct;53(10):1416-23.

42. Liu T, Zhang X, So CK, Wang S, Wang P, Yan L, et al. Regulation of Cdx2 expression by promoter methylation, and effects of Cdx2 transfection on morphology and gene expression of human esophageal epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 2007 Feb;28(2):488-96.

43. Moons LM, Bax DA, Kuipers EJ, Van Dekken H, Haringsma J, Van Vliet AH, et al. The homeodomain protein CDX2 is an early marker of Barrett's oesophagus. J Clin Pathol. 2004 Oct;57(10):1063-8.

44. May R, Riehl TE, Hunt C, Sureban SM, Anant S, Houchen CW. Identification of a novel putative gastrointestinal stem cell and adenoma stem cell marker, doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1, following radiation injury and in adenomatous polyposis coli/multiple intestinal neoplasia mice. Stem Cells. 2008 Mar;26(3):630-7.

45. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000 Jan 7;100(1):57- 70.

46. Arber N, Lightdale C, Rotterdam H, Han KH, Sgambato A, Yap E, et al. Increased expression of the cyclin D1 gene in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996 Jun;5(6):457-9.

47. Geddert H, Heep HJ, Gabbert HE, Sarbia M. Expression of cyclin B1 in the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence of Barrett esophagus. Cancer. 2002 Jan 1;94(1):212-8.

48. Lao-Sirieix P, Lovat L, Fitzgerald RC. Cyclin A immunocytology as a risk stratification tool for Barrett's esophagus surveillance. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Jan 15;13(2 Pt 1):659-65.

49. Brito MJ, Filipe MI, Linehan J, Jankowski J. Association of transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) and its precursors with malignant change in Barrett's epithelium: biological and clinical variables. Int J Cancer. 1995 Jan 3;60(1):27-32.

50. Sommerer F, Vieth M, Markwarth A, Rohrich K, Vomschloss S, May A, et al. Mutations of BRAF and KRAS2 in the development of Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Oncogene. 2004 Jan 15;23(2):554-8.

51. Wong DJ, Paulson TG, Prevo LJ, Galipeau PC, Longton G, Blount PL, et al. p16(INK4a) lesions are common, early abnormalities that undergo clonal expansion in Barrett's metaplastic epithelium. Cancer Res. 2001 Nov 15;61(22):8284-9.

52. Galipeau PC, Prevo LJ, Sanchez CA, Longton GM, Reid BJ. Clonal expansion and loss of heterozygosity at chromosomes 9p and 17p in premalignant esophageal (Barrett's) tissue. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Dec 15;91(24):2087-95.

53. Singh SP, Lipman J, Goldman H, Ellis FH, Jr., Aizenman L, Cangi MG, et al. Loss or altered subcellular localization of p27 in Barrett's associated adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 1998 Apr 15;58(8):1730-5.

54. Clement G, Jablons DM, Benhattar J. Targeting the Wnt signaling pathway to treat Barrett's esophagus. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2007 Mar;11(3):375-89.

55. Popnikolov NK, Gatalica Z, Adegboyega PA, Norris BA, Pasricha PJ. Downregulation of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/Apo2L in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2006 Jun;14(2):161-5.

56. Souza RF, Shewmake K, Beer DG, Cryer B, Spechler SJ. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2000 Oct 15;60(20):5767-72.

57. Saad RS, El-Gohary Y, Memari E, Liu YL, Silverman JF. Endoglin (CD105) and vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic markers in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2005 Sep;36(9):955-61.

58. Herszenyi L, Hritz I, Pregun I, Sipos F, Juhasz M, Molnar B, et al. Alterations of glutathione S-transferase and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expressions are early events in esophageal carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb 7;13(5):676-82.

59. Pandolfino JE, Kwiatek MA, Kahrilas PJ. The pathophysiologic basis for epidemiologic trends in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Dec;37(4):827-43, viii.

60. Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T. Defense mechanism of the esophageal mucosa and esophageal inflammation. J Gastroenterol. 2003 Mar;38 Suppl 15:31-4.

61. Nasi A, Moraes-Filho J, Cecconello I. 2006.

62. Dent J, El-Serag HB, Wallander MA, Johansson S. Epidemiology of gastro- oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2005 May;54(5):710-7.

63. Sonnenberg A, El-Serag HB. Clinical epidemiology and natural history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Yale J Biol Med. 1999 Mar-Jun;72(2-3):81-92.

64. Moraes-Filho JP, Chinzon D, Eisig JN, Hashimoto CL, Zaterka S. Prevalence of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease in the urban Brazilian population. Arq Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr-Jun;42(2):122-7.

65. de Oliveira SS, dos Santos Ida S, da Silva JF, Machado EC. [Gastroesophageal reflux disease: prevalence and associated factors]. Arq Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr- Jun;42(2):116-21.

66. Spechler SJ, Zeroogian JM, Antonioli DA, Wang HH, Goyal RK. Prevalence of metaplasia at the gastro-oesophageal junction. Lancet. 1994 Dec 3;344(8936):1533-6. 67. Hirschowitz BI. Gastric acid and pepsin secretion in patients with Barrett's esophagus and appropriate controls. Dig Dis Sci. 1996 Jul;41(7):1384-91.

68. Liron R, Parrilla P, Martinez de Haro LF, Ortiz A, Robles R, Lujan JA, et al. Quantification of duodenogastric reflux in Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Jan;92(1):32-6.

69. Avidan B, Sonnenberg A, Schnell TG, Sontag SJ. Acid reflux is a poor predictor for severity of erosive reflux esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2002 Nov;47(11):2565-73.

70. Lanas A, Royo Y, Ortego J, Molina M, Sainz R. Experimental esophagitis induced by acid and pepsin in rabbits mimicking human reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 1999 Jan;116(1):97-107.

71. Wang C, Hunt RH. Medical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Dec;37(4):879-99, ix.

72. Nasi A, de Moraes-Filho JP, Cecconello I. [Gastroesophageal reflux disease: an overview]. Arq Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct-Dec;43(4):334-41.

73. Katz PO. Medical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease in 2007. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2007 Fall;7(4):193-203.

74. DeVault KR, Castell DO. Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan;100(1):190-200.

75. Shin JM, Vagin O, Munson K, Kidd M, Modlin IM, Sachs G. Molecular mechanisms in therapy of acid-related diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008 Jan;65(2):264- 81.

76. Mori H, Tonai-Kachi H, Ochi Y, Taniguchi Y, Ohshiro H, Takahashi N, et al. N-(2- hydroxyethyl)-N,2-dimethyl-8-{[(4R)-5-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4 - yl]amino}imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxamide (PF-03716556), a novel, potent, and selective acid pump antagonist for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Feb;328(2):671-9.

77. Suzuki M, Suzuki H, Hibi T. Proton pump inhibitors and gastritis. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008 Mar;42(2):71-5.

78. Numans ME, Lau J, de Wit NJ, Bonis PA. Short-term treatment with proton-pump inhibitors as a test for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test characteristics. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Apr 6;140(7):518-27.

79. Yang XG, Zhang GH, Li W, Peng B, Liu ZD, Pan WS. Design and evaluation of jingzhiguanxin monolithic osmotic pump tablet. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2006 Apr;54(4):465-9.

80. Wright MJ, Proctor DD, Insogna KL, Kerstetter JE. Proton pump-inhibiting drugs, calcium homeostasis, and bone health. Nutr Rev. 2008 Feb;66(2):103-8.

81. Canani RB, Cirillo P, Roggero P, Romano C, Malamisura B, Terrin G, et al. Therapy with gastric acidity inhibitors increases the risk of acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia in children. Pediatrics. 2006 May;117(5):e817-20. 82. Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Nelis F, Dent J, Snel P, Mitchell B, Prichard P, et al. Long- term omeprazole treatment in resistant gastroesophageal reflux disease: efficacy, safety, and influence on gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology. 2000 Apr;118(4):661-9. 83. Wetscher GJ, Gadenstaetter M, Klingler PJ, Weiss H, Obrist P, Wykypiel H, et al. Efficacy of medical therapy and antireflux surgery to prevent Barrett's metaplasia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann Surg. 2001 Nov;234(5):627-32. 84. Vela MF, Camacho-Lobato L, Srinivasan R, Tutuian R, Katz PO, Castell DO. Simultaneous intraesophageal impedance and pH measurement of acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux: effect of omeprazole. Gastroenterology. 2001 Jun;120(7):1599-606.

85. Rice TW, Blackstone EH. Surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Dec;37(4):901-19, x.

86. Isomoto H, Wang A, Mizuta Y, Akazawa Y, Ohba K, Omagari K, et al. Elevated levels of chemokines in esophageal mucosa of patients with reflux esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Mar;98(3):551-6.

87. Fitzgerald RC, Abdalla S, Onwuegbusi BA, Sirieix P, Saeed IT, Burnham WR, et al. Inflammatory gradient in Barrett's oesophagus: implications for disease complications. Gut. 2002 Sep;51(3):316-22.

88. Isomoto H, Nishi Y, Wang A, Takeshima F, Omagari K, Mizuta Y, et al. Mucosal concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines at gastric cardia:

implication of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jun;99(6):1063-8.

89. Dvorakova K, Payne CM, Ramsey L, Holubec H, Sampliner R, Dominguez J, et al. Increased expression and secretion of interleukin-6 in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Mar 15;10(6):2020-8.

90. Kawanishi S, Hiraku Y. Oxidative and nitrative DNA damage as biomarker for carcinogenesis with special reference to inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006 May-Jun;8(5-6):1047-58.

91. David SS, O'Shea VL, Kundu S. Base-excision repair of oxidative DNA damage. Nature. 2007 Jun 21;447(7147):941-50.

92. Chen X, Ding YW, Yang G, Bondoc F, Lee MJ, Yang CS. Oxidative damage in an esophageal adenocarcinoma model with rats. Carcinogenesis. 2000 Feb;21(2):257- 63.

93. Suzuki N, Yasui M, Geacintov NE, Shafirovich V, Shibutani S. Miscoding events during DNA synthesis past the nitration-damaged base 8-nitroguanine. Biochemistry. 2005 Jun 28;44(25):9238-45.

94. Chen X, Yang CS. Esophageal adenocarcinoma: a review and perspectives on the mechanism of carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. Carcinogenesis. 2001 Aug;22(8):1119-29.

95. Miwa K, Segawa M, Takano Y, Matsumoto H, Sahara H, Yagi M, et al. Induction of oesophageal and forestomach carcinomas in rats by reflux of duodenal contents. Br J Cancer. 1994 Aug;70(2):185-9.

96. Li H, Walsh TN, O'Dowd G, Gillen P, Byrne PJ, Hennessy TP. Mechanisms of columnar metaplasia and squamous regeneration in experimental Barrett's esophagus. Surgery. 1994 Feb;115(2):176-81.

97. Pera M, Grande L, Gelabert M, Figueras X, Pera M, Palacin A, et al. Epithelial cell hyperproliferation after biliopancreatic reflux into the esophagus of rats. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998 Mar;65(3):779-86.

98. Fein M, Peters JH, Chandrasoma P, Ireland AP, Oberg S, Ritter MP, et al. Duodenoesophageal reflux induces esophageal adenocarcinoma without exogenous carcinogen. J Gastrointest Surg. 1998 May-Jun;2(3):260-8.

99. Pera M, Brito MJ, Poulsom R, Riera E, Grande L, Hanby A, et al. Duodenal- content reflux esophagitis induces the development of glandular metaplasia and adenosquamous carcinoma in rats. Carcinogenesis. 2000 Aug;21(8):1587-91.

100. Kumagai H, Mukaisho K, Sugihara H, Miwa K, Yamamoto G, Hattori T. Thioproline inhibits development of esophageal adenocarcinoma induced by gastroduodenal reflux in rats. Carcinogenesis. 2004 May;25(5):723-7.

101. Pera M, Pera M, de Bolos C, Brito MJ, Palacin A, Grande L, et al. Duodenal- content reflux into the esophagus leads to expression of Cdx2 and Muc2 in areas of squamous epithelium in rats. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007 Jul;11(7):869-74.

102. Mirvish SS. Studies on experimental animals involving surgical procedures and/or nitrosamine treatment related to the etiology of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett. 1997 Aug 19;117(2):161-74.

103. Katada N, Hinder RA, Smyrk TC, Hiki Y, Kakita A. Duodenoesophageal reflux induces apoptosis in rat esophageal epithelium. Dig Dis Sci. 1999 Feb;44(2):301-10. 104. Goldstein SR, Yang GY, Curtis SK, Reuhl KR, Liu BC, Mirvish SS, et al. Development of esophageal metaplasia and adenocarcinoma in a rat surgical model without the use of a carcinogen. Carcinogenesis. 1997 Nov;18(11):2265-70.

105. Theisen J, Peters JH, Fein M, Hughes M, Hagen JA, Demeester SR, et al. The mutagenic potential of duodenoesophageal reflux. Ann Surg. 2005 Jan;241(1):63-8. 106. Erbil Y, Turkoglu U, Barbaros U, Balik E, Olgac V, Kaya H, et al. Oxidative damage in an experimentally induced gastric and gastroduodenal reflux model. Surg Innov. 2005 Sep;12(3):219-25.

107. Chen X, Yang G, Ding WY, Bondoc F, Curtis SK, Yang CS. An esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis model for esophageal adenocarcinogenesis in rats and enhancement by iron overload. Carcinogenesis. 1999 Sep;20(9):1801-8.

108. Oh TY, Lee JS, Ahn BO, Cho H, Kim WB, Kim YB, et al. Oxidative stress is more important than acid in the pathogenesis of reflux oesophagitis in rats. Gut. 2001 Sep;49(3):364-71.

109. Naito Y, Uchiyama K, Kuroda M, Takagi T, Kokura S, Yoshida N, et al. Role of pancreatic trypsin in chronic esophagitis induced by gastroduodenal reflux in rats. J Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar;41(3):198-208.

110. Pera M, Cardesa A, Bombi JA, Ernst H, Pera C, Mohr U. Influence of esophagojejunostomy on the induction of adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus in Sprague-Dawley rats by subcutaneous injection of 2,6-dimethylnitrosomorpholine. Cancer Res. 1989 Dec 1;49(23):6803-8.

111. Ireland AP, Peters JH, Smyrk TC, DeMeester TR, Clark GW, Mirvish SS, et al. Gastric juice protects against the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in the rat. Ann Surg. 1996 Sep;224(3):358-70; discussion 70-1.

112. Goldstein SR, Yang GY, Chen X, Curtis SK, Yang CS. Studies of iron deposits, inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in a rat model for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 1998 Aug;19(8):1445-9.

113. Fein M, Fuchs KH, DeMeester TR, Peters JH, Wittmann D, Weig M. Evaluation of the intestinal microflora in the rat model for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 2000;13(1):39-43.

114. Chiao JW, Chung FL, Kancherla R, Ahmed T, Mittelman A, Conaway CC. Sulforaphane and its metabolite mediate growth arrest and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 2002 Mar;20(3):631-6.

115. Popkin BM. Understanding global nutrition dynamics as a step towards controlling cancer incidence. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007 Jan;7(1):61-7.

116. Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, Verhoeven DT, van Poppel GA, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ, et al. Vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2000 Feb;11(2):101-15.

117. Gallus S, Bosetti C, Franceschi S, Levi F, Simonato L, Negri E, et al. Oesophageal cancer in women: tobacco, alcohol, nutritional and hormonal factors. Br J Cancer. 2001 Aug 3;85(3):341-5.

118. Collins AR, Dusinska M, Gedik CM, Stetina R. Oxidative damage to DNA: do we have a reliable biomarker? Environ Health Perspect. 1996 May;104 Suppl 3:465-9. 119. Cartea ME, Velasco P, Obregon S, Padilla G, de Haro A. Seasonal variation in glucosinolate content in Brassica oleracea crops grown in northwestern Spain. Phytochemistry. 2008 Jan;69(2):403-10.

120. Cobbe RV, Jabuonski. A importância econômica e social das plantas olerículas. In: Ferreira ME, Castellone PD, Cruz MCP, eds. Nutrição e adubação de hortaliças. Piracicaba: Potafos 1993:1-14.

121. Verhoeven DT, Goldbohm RA, van Poppel G, Verhagen H, van den Brandt PA. Epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996 Sep;5(9):733-48.

122. Yuan JM, Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Hankin JH, Ross RK, Yu MC. Cruciferous vegetables in relation to renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1998 Jul 17;77(2):211-6.

123. Jain MG, Hislop GT, Howe GR, Ghadirian P. Plant foods, antioxidants, and prostate cancer risk: findings from case-control studies in Canada. Nutr Cancer. 1999;34(2):173-84.

124. Cohen JH, Kristal AR, Stanford JL. Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Jan 5;92(1):61-8.

125. Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of bladder cancer in a male prospective cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Apr 7;91(7):605-13.

126. Agudo A, Esteve MG, Pallares C, Martinez-Ballarin I, Fabregat X, Malats N, et al. Vegetable and fruit intake and the risk of lung cancer in women in Barcelona, Spain. Eur J Cancer. 1997 Jul;33(8):1256-61.

127. Lin HJ, Probst-Hensch NM, Louie AD, Kau IH, Witte JS, Ingles SA, et al. Glutathione transferase null genotype, broccoli, and lower prevalence of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998 Aug;7(8):647-52.

128. Clarke JD, Dashwood RH, Ho E. Multi-targeted prevention of cancer by sulforaphane. Cancer Lett. 2008 Oct 8;269(2):291-304.

129. Bones AM, Rossiter JT. The myrosinase-glucosinolate system, its organisation and biochemistry. Physiologia Plantarum. 1996;97(1):194-208.

130. Lampe JW, Peterson S. Brassica, biotransformation and cancer risk: genetic polymorphisms alter the preventive effects of cruciferous vegetables. J Nutr. 2002 Oct;132(10):2991-4.