A produção de etanol lignocelulósico tem sido realizada em escala laboratorial e em testes pilotos por meio de diversas tecnologias.
Para a efetiva industrialização do etanol celulósico inúmeros fatores devem ser levados em consideração, como a utilização de processos integrados de hidrólise e fermentação e de etanol lignocelulósico com o processo de primeira geração e cogeração, promovendo assim a possibilidade de melhores rendimentos de produção de etanol e auto-suficiência energética (Albarelli, 2013).
A figura 25 apresenta um fluxograma esquemático da integração do processo de etanol de primeira e segunda geração.
Figura 25 - Fluxograma esquemático da integração do processo de etanol de primeira e segunda geração, com o objetivo de obtenção
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A produtividade média de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil é de 85 toneladas por hectare, sendo que para cada tonelada de cana processada são gerados cerca de 140 kg de palha e 140 kg de bagaço em base seca, ou seja, 12 toneladas de palha e 12 toneladas de bagaço (Chandel et al., 2014).
Considerando que toda glicose vai ser convertida em etanol, o aproveitamento integral da cana-de-açúcar (colmo, palha e bagaço) poderá aumentar significativamente a produção de etanol por hectare, passando dos atuais 7.000 L para aproximadamente 14.000 L, sem necessidade de expansão da área cultivada (Santos et al., 2012).
A figura 26 apresenta os rendimentos teóricos de etanol celulósico e hemicelulósico a partir do aproveitamento da palha e do bagaço de cana-de– açúcar, considerando-se 0,51 g etanol/g glicose (Santos, 2012), 0,46 g etanol/g xilose (Aquino, 2013), 26,6 % de xilose na hemicelulose da palha (Moutta, 2009), 20,4 % de xilose na hemicelulose do bagaço de cana (Nascimento, 2011) e a densidade do etanol como 0,79kg.L-1.
Figura 26 – Rendimento teórico da produção de etanol celulósico e hemicelulósico a partir da palha e do bagaço da cana de açúcar. Por meio desses valores se percebe que os rendimentos em etanol, mesmo que estimados pelas conversões teóricas, serão significativamente maiores com a introdução da palha da cana-de-açúcar.
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2019
GEORGE JACKSON DE MORAES ROCHA
VIVIANE MARCOS NASCIMENTO
CARLOS EDUARDO VAZ ROSSELL
Graduado em Engenharia Industrial Química pela Faculdade de Engenharia Química de Lorena (1989). Possui mestrado em Tecnologia Bioquímico- Farmacêutica pela Universidade de São Paulo (1995) e doutorado em Físico- Química Orgânica pela Universidade de São Paulo (2000). Atualmente é Pesquisador Sênior do Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol- CTBE do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais. Orientador de mestrado e doutorado nos programas de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Industrial da Escola de Engenharia de Lorena Universidade de São Paulo e no Departamento de Antibióticos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Tem experiência na área de e Engenharia Química, Engenharia Bioquímica com ênfase em Conversão de Biomassas Vegetais. Atua principalmente nos seguintes