5
“Refletir o espírito dos novos tempos”: as
relações entre fotografia e pintura e entre
fotografia e política no Brasil do século XIX
Parte I - Fotografia, litografia e propaganda do império.
1HVVH FDStWXOR DQDOLVDUHL D UHWRPDGD GR OLYUR %UDVLO 3LWRUHVFR
HQTXDQWR PRGHOR GH SURSDJDQGD GR LPSpULR H WDPEpP GH VXD HYRFDomR SRUDUWLVWDVHIRWyJUDIRVSULQFLSDOPHQWHDSyVDGpFDGDGH
$OH[DQGUH (XOiOLR QR HQVDLR LQWLWXODGR ´2 VpFXOR ;,;µ DQDOLVRX DV PXGDQoDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVRFRUULGDVQRVFDPSRVSROtWLFRVRFLDOHDUWtVWLFRQR %UDVLO QR VpFXOR ;,; pSRFD GH JUDQGHV LQRYDo}HV FLHQWtILFDV WpFQLFDV H LGHROyJLFDV 2 DXWRU SURFXURX DSRQWDU QR WH[WR ´DOJXQV GRV IHUPHQWRV H WHQV}HV GH UXSWXUDµ TXH RFRUUHUDP QR WHUULWyULR EUDVLOHLUR OHYDQGR HP FRQWDQRVVDVSHFXOLDULGDGHVKLVWyULFDVHVRFLDLVTXHDSHQDVUHFHQWHPHQWH FRPHoDPDVHUHVWXGDGDVFRPFULWpULRVPDLVDEUDQJHQWHV$VVLPR%UDVLO ´UHJLmR SHULIpULFD GRV FHQWURV HPLVVRUHV GH SDGU}HV HVWpWLFRV LPHPRULDOPHQWH VXVWHQWDGD SHOR UHJLPH HVFUDYLVWDµ SDVVD GH HPSyULR FRORQLDO D VHGH SURYLVyULD GH XP GHIDVDGR LPSpULR PHUFDQWLOLVWD 'LULJLGR SRUXPUHJLPH PRQiUTXLFRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOWHPXPDSROtWLFDOLEHUDOL]DQWH PDVPDQWpPDHVFUDYLGmR(8/É/,2
1R FDPSR DUWtVWLFR TXH GHYH VHU DQDOLVDGR HP VXD HVSHFLILFLGDGH KLVWyULFD D FULDomR HVWpWLFD SDVVD D SHUFHELGD HQTXDQWR PDQLIHVWDomR GH SUHVWtJLR GD FODVVH GLULJHQWH XPD DUWH SRUWDQWR TXH WHULD GH ´UHIOHWLU R HVStULWR GRV QRYRV WHPSRV HP OLQJXDJHP LQWHUQDFLRQDO FRQWHPSRUkQHD TXHQDGDILFDVVHDGHYHUDRVSDtVHV¶PDLVDGLDQWDGRV·µ,ELGHP
2DXWRUWUDWRXGHTXHVW}HVIXQGDPHQWDLVSDUDDFRPSUHHQVmRGDDUWH GR SHUtRGR H TXH GL]HP UHVSHLWR GLUHWDPHQWH DR DVVXQWR WUDWDGR QHVWD WHVH $ SULPHLUD p D JUDQGH LPSRUWkQFLD GR VXUJLPHQWR GDV WpFQLFDV LQpGLWDVGHUHSURGXomRPHFkQLFDGDLPDJHPGHUiSLGDIDWXUDDOLWRJUDILD H D IRWRJUDILD HP HVSHFLDO $PEDV FRORFDUDP HP GLVFXVVmR DOJXPDV IXQo}HVGDSLQWXUDYLVWDGHXPSRQWRGHYLVWDXWLOLWiULRFRPRWUDGLFLRQDO PHLRGHUHJLVWURHIL[DomRGHWLSRVKXPDQRVHDPELHQWHV VRFLDLV2DXWRU DILUPDDLQGD´DSLQWXUDVRIUHULDRLPSDFWRGHDPEDVLQYHQo}HVHPERUD WDPEpP QHP SRGHULD VHU GLIHUHQWH SRU VHX ODGR LQIOXHQFLDVVH DWLWXGHV SURFHGLPHQWRV SDUWLGRV GR OiSLV OLWRJUiILFR H GD REMHWLYD GR DUWLVWD IRWyJUDIRµ(8/É/,2
$VHJXQGDTXHVWmRFRORFDGDSRU(XOiOLRpDDXVrQFLDGHXPPHUFDGR GHDUWHQRSHUtRGR
2 SUREOHPD GD QmRH[LVWrQFLD GH FDQDLV S~EOLFRV H SULYDGRV TXH DEVRUYHVVHPHPULWPRFRQWtQXRHFRPUHODWLYDUDSLGH]DSURGXomR GH DUWHV YLVXDLV SURYHQLHQWH GR QRVVR FHQWUR GH SURGXomR DUWtVWLFD GLULJLGD KDYLD SUHRFXSDGR VHULDPHQWH FRQIRUPH Mi YLPRV R VHJXQGRGLUHWRUGDDFDGHPLD,PSHULDO0DVDFULDomRGHXPS~EOLFR TXH FRQVLGHUDVVH KiELWR D DTXLVLomR GH REUDV GH DUWH QmR VH JHQHUDOL]RXHQWUHQyVFRPUDSLGH](8/É/,2
$ IRWRJUDILD H D OLWRJUDILD WRUQDUVHLDP XP SRXFR PDLV DFHVVtYHLV GLIXQGLGDV WDPEpP QRV SULQFLSDLV SHULyGLFRV GD &RUWH HPERUD HVWXGRV VREUH R PHUFDGR HGLWRULDO GR SHUtRGR LQGLTXHP TXH PHVPR RV SHULyGLFRV LOXVWUDGRVGLULJLDPVHjVFODVVHVDEDVWDGDV'HTXDOTXHUIRUPDDVQRYDV WpFQLFDV DPSOLDUDP WDPEpP D FLUFXODomR GDV SLQWXUDV DOpP GH VHUHP HPSUHJDGDV SHOR JRYHUQR LPSHULDO SDUD D GLYXOJDomR GH LPDJHQV GR
LPSpULR DVVRFLDGDV j LGHRORJLD GDV /X]HV H DR LGHDO GH SURJUHVVR FRPR RFRUUHX FRP R OLYURiOEXP GH )URQG H 5LEH\UROOHV FXMDV OLWRJUDILDV IRUDP UHDOL]DGDVHP3DULVFHQWURGDHGLWRULDLOXVWUDGD
1R%UDVLOFRPRQRWD/XFLDQR0LJOLDFFLRHVVDVQRYDVWpFQLFDVWLYHUDP JUDQGHUHOHYkQFLDQRFDPSRDUWtVWLFRHSHVTXLVDVPDLVDEUDQJHQWHVVREUH IRWRJUDILDHOLWRJUDILDVyUHFHQWHPHQWHWHPVLGRUHDOL]DGDV
1R FDVR GR iOEXP%UDVLO 3LWRUHVFR p LQWHUHVVDQWH QRWDU FRPR )URQG
SHUFHEHX D LPSRUWkQFLD GH VHX WUDEDOKR H[SRQGR DV IRWRJUDILDV DQWHV GH HQYLiODV D 3DULV SDUD VHUHP OLWRJUDIDGDV $FHUFD GD UHFHSomR GR%UDVLO 3LWRUHVFR DOpP GDV QRWDV H DUWLJRV SXEOLFDGRV QRV SULQFLSDLV MRUQDLV GD
&RUWH DQDOLVDGD QR FDStWXOR DQWHULRU GXDV FDUWDV GR HVFULWRU IUDQFrV 9LFWRU+XJRD&KDUOHV5LEH\UROOHVQRVSHUPLWHPDPSOLDUDUHIOH[mRVREUHD UHFHSomRGROLYURHPVXDpSRFD
Duas cartas de Victor Hugo
(VWDVFDUWDVQmRVmRPHQFLRQDGDVSHORVKLVWRULDGRUHVGDIRWRJUDILDQR %UDVLO /\JLD 6HJDOD QD WHVH VREUH 2 %UDVLO 3LWRUHVFR GLYXOJRX
SDUFLDOPHQWHRWH[WRGDVFDUWDVGDIRUPDFRPRIRUDPFLWDGDVQRSUHIiFLR GH $IRQVR G·(VFDJQROOH 7DXQD\ j HGLomR GH GD /LYUDULD 0DUWLQV 6(*$/$
$V FDUWDV GH 9LFWRU +XJR D 5LEH\UROOHV UHSURGX]LGDV HP DUWLJR GH %ULWR %URFD IRUDP SXEOLFDGDV QR MRUQDO&RXUULHU GX %UpVLO HP FRP
XPFRPHQWiULRGH9LFWRU)URQGLQIRUPDQGRTXH5LEH\UROOHVSRUPRGpVWLD QmRSHUPLWLXTXHHODVWLYHVVHPVLGRGLYXOJDGDVDQWHV1DSULPHLUDFDUWD $VFDUWDVGHYHPVHUGHGHDJRVWRGHHGHGHDEULOGHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH )RUDPSXEOLFDGDVQRMRUQDO&RXUULHUGX%UpVLOGHMXLQGHSHUHSURGX]LGDVQR DUWLJRGH%ULWR%URFD
GDWDGDGHGHDJRVWRGH+XJRDILUPRXTXH5LEH\UROOHVFRPRWH[WR GROLYUR´HOHYDUDXPPRQXPHQWRµDR%UDVLO 6DPHGLD{XW +DXWHYLOOH+RXVH 4XHYRXVGLUH"-HUHoRLVYRWUHHQYRLMHO·RXYUHMHOLVHWMHYRXV pFULV &KHU SURVFULW MH VXLV GDQV O·pEORXLVVHPHQW GH FHWWH PHU LPPHQVHTXHYRXVPHGpGLH]9RWUHSURVHDO·HVSOHQGHXUGHO·D]XUHW ODSURIRQGHXUGHO·DEvPH(WTXHOVpFODLUVoiHWOjTXHOOHILHUWpGDQV OHVLOHQFHGHO·LGpDORXWUDJp4XHOOHKDXWHXUHWTXHOOHERQWp-HYRXV
UHPHUFLH G·DYRLU LQFUXVWp PRQ QRP GDQV FH GLDPDQW GH YRWUH OLYUH 4XHO PRQXPHQWYRXVpOHYH] D FH%UpVLO DX VROHLO jODQDWXUHjOD YHULWpHWjYRXVPrPH 9RWUHOHWWUHP·DpPXDXIRQGGXFRHXUHOOHDIDLWWURLVMRXUV ODFDXVHULHHWODMRLHGHPDIDPLOOHTXLYRXVDLPH,OPHVHPEOHTXH YRXVHQrWHVWDQWYRXVOXLPDQTXH]" &KHUHWJUDQGHWYDLOODQWHVSULWUHYHQH]QRXVELHQYLWH7RXWHV QRVPDLQVVHUUHQWODYRWUHDYHFXQHWHQGUHFRUGLDOLWp 9LFWRU+XJR 3DUOH]GHPRLXQSHXDX[DPLVTXHM·DLOjEDV +XJRUHFHEHUDDSULPHLUDSDUWHGROLYURUHODWLYDj+LVWyULDGR%UDVLO H PHQFLRQRX R FDStWXOR TXH DEUH D VHJXQGD SDUWH GR%UDVLO 3LWRUHVFR
LQWLWXODGR20DUGHGLFDGRDHOH$UHIHUrQFLDjH[SUHVVmR´LGHDOXOWUDMDGRµ
UHPHWHDRWH[WRGH5LEH\UROOHVTXHHVFUHYHXDRQDUUDUDYLDJHPDR%UDVLO ´&DODPVH H DIDVWDPVH SULQFLSDOPHQWH DTXHOHV TXH VXIRFDP GHQWUR GH VL XP LGHDO XOWUDMDGR IHULGR GHVFRQKHFLGR *XDUGDP QD TXHGD D DOWLYH] GD LGpLDHQmRVHFRQILDPDDOPDVHVWUDQKDVµ5,%(<52//(6>@ Y
1D VHJXQGD FDUWD GDWDGD GH +DXWHYLOOH+RXVH 9LFWRU +XJRH[SULPLXVHDVVLP
-·DL OX DYHF XQ FKDUPH LQH[SULPDEOH YRWUH%UD]LO 3LWWRUHVFR