( ) Advocacia-Geral da União ( ) Banco Central do Brasil ( ) Casa Civil
( ) Controladoria-Geral da União ( ) Gabinete de Segurança Institucional
( ) Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento ( ) Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
( ) Ministério da Cultura ( ) Ministério da Defesa ( ) Ministério da Educação ( ) Ministério da Fazenda
( ) Ministério da Integração Nacional ( ) Ministério da Justiça
( ) Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura ( ) Ministério da Previdência Social ( ) Ministério da Saúde
( ) Ministério das Cidades ( ) Ministério das Comunicações ( ) Ministério das Relações Exteriores ( ) Ministério de Minas e Energia
( ) Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário
( ) Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome ( ) Ministério do Esporte
( ) Ministério do Meio Ambiente
( ) Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão ( ) Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego
( ) Ministério do Turismo ( ) Ministério dos Transportes
( ) Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior ( ) Secretaria da Micro e Pequena Empresa
( ) Secretaria de Assuntos Estratégicos da Presidência da República ( ) Secretaria de Aviação Civil da Presidência da República
( ) Secretaria de Comunicação Social da Presidência da República ( ) Secretaria de Direitos Humanos da Presidência da República ( ) Secretaria de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial ( ) Secretaria de Políticas para as Mulheres
( ) Secretaria de Portos da Presidência da República ( ) Secretaria-Geral da Presidência da República Por quê?
Questão 10 - A possibilidade de se firmar a maior quantidade possível de convênios dentro de um ministério é: ( ) Extremamente importante; ( ) Muito importante; ( ) Razoavelmente importante; ( ) Pouco importante; ( ) Nada importante.
Questão 11 - O tempo em que o ministro fica no cargo em um certo ministério é: ( ) Extremamente importante; ( ) Muito importante; ( ) Razoavelmente importante; ( ) Pouco importante; ( ) Nada importante.
Questão 12 - O número total de funcionários de um certo ministério é: ( ) Extremamente importante;
( ) Muito importante;
( ) Razoavelmente importante; ( ) Pouco importante;
( ) Nada importante.
Questão 13 - A influência exercida sobre certas áreas econômicas através de normativas e atos de um certo ministério é: ( ) Extremamente importante; ( ) Muito importante; ( ) Razoavelmente importante; ( ) Pouco importante; ( ) Nada importante.
Questão 14 - O tamanho do orçamento total de um certo ministério é: ( ) Extremamente importante;
( ) Muito importante;
( ) Razoavelmente importante; ( ) Pouco importante;
Questão 15 - O número total de funcionários em cargos comissionados e de confiança em um certo ministério é: ( ) Extremamente importante; ( ) Muito importante; ( ) Razoavelmente importante; ( ) Pouco importante; ( ) Nada importante.
Questão 16 - A influência exercida sobre outros órgãos da administração indireta por um certo ministério é: ( ) Extremamente importante; ( ) Muito importante; ( ) Razoavelmente importante; ( ) Pouco importante; ( ) Nada importante.
Questão 17 - A possibilidade de atuar como ponte entre a bancada de seu partido e o Executivo para um ministro é: ( ) Extremamente importante; ( ) Muito importante; ( ) Razoavelmente importante; ( ) Pouco importante; ( ) Nada importante.
APPENDIX D – Elite survey general questions
Chart 14 Elite - Who should be mainly responsible for the executive coalition building in multiparty presidential systems like Brazil?
Answered questions: 60 Skipped questions: 2
Source: The authors based on representatives’ opinion.
Chart 15 Elite – Who is currently mainly responsible for the executive coalition building in Brazil?
Answered questions: 58 Skipped questions: 4
Source: The authors based on representatives’ opinion.
Figures Three and Four provide some evidence about the process of coalition building – or cabinet appointment – in Brazil today. Most stalwart congressmen think that the president must lead the
0 20 40 60 80 p e rce n t agents
The leadership of all coalitional parties The leadership of the party holding the presidency The President
The previous three
0 10 20 30 40 50 p e rce n t agents
The leadership of all coalitional parties The leadership of the party holding the presidency The President
process, while in fact what currently happens is that the president shares this responsibility with the leadership of all the allied parties.
Chart 16 Elite - The current layout of the cabinet in Brazil regarding the distribution of cabinet seats to allied parties is proportional.
Answered questions: 62 Skipped questions: 0
Source: The authors based on representatives’ opinion.
Chart 17 Elite - The Brazilian president who best knew how to build and manage his or her coalition was:
Answered questions: 59 Skipped questions: 3
Source: The authors based on representatives’ opinion.
0 10 20 30 p e rce n t agreement_rate Totally agree Partially agree Do not agree nor disagree Partially disagree Totally disagree 0 10 20 30 p e rce n t president
Cardoso's first tenure Cardoso's second tenure Lula da Silva's first tenure Lula da Silva's second tenure Rousseff's first tenure Rousseff's second tenure
Regarding the distribution of cabinet seats, Charts 16 and 17 provide some evidence of a level of dissatisfaction regarding its current layout. More specifically, Mrs. Rousseff received a shameful rating when members of congress were asked to classify the ability of the three presidents to build and manage their coalitions.
Chart 18 Elite - An ordinary congressman in a multiparty presidential system such as that of Brazil judges it is easier to influence public policy processes by being a member of the executive body than by being a member of the legislative body.
Answered questions: 62 Skipped questions: 0
Source: The authors based on representatives’ opinion.
0 10 20 30 40 p e rce n t agreement_rate Totally agree Partially agree Do not agree nor disagree Partially disagree Totally disagree
Chart 19 Elite - A minister in a multiparty presidential system such as that of Brazil has more power to influence society than a congressman, with the exception of the House Speaker.
Answered questions: 62 Skipped questions: 0
Source: The authors based on representatives’ opinion.
Chart 18 reveals that if asked in a broader and more indirect way about ordinary or randomly representative behavior regarding their preference for joining the executive or remaining in the legislative, the MCs were inclined toward the former, whereas if confronted in a more direct way, as in Chart 19, they gave mixed answers. This may be because the range of importance of a ministry is too wide as with 38 ministries in 2015 it may sometimes be better to be a congressman than to be the head of a low profile department. Alternatively, this may be because the distribution of preferences is in fact scattered.
0 10 20 p e rce n t agreement_rate Totally agree Partially agree Do not agree nor disagree Partially disagree Totally disagree
APPENDIX E – The expert survey
Period of validity: 07/16/2015 – 08/07/2015 Forms sent: 346
Valid received forms: 45 Response rate: 13.04%
Target: researchers who are faculty or graduate students of Latin American studies in Political Science Departments or those who have published any paper discussing executive-legislative relations in Latin America, or to those who have joined panel sessions about the same subject at APSA, MPSA, IPSA, and LASA conferences.
Chart 20 Experts - Who should be mainly responsible for the executive coalition building in multiparty presidential systems like Brazil?
Answered questions: 45 Skipped questions: 0
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
0 20 40 60 p e rce n t agents
The leadership of all coalitional parties The leadership of the party holding the presidency The President
Chart 21 Experts - Who is currently mainly responsible for the executive coalition building in Brazil?
Answered questions: 42 Skipped questions: 3
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
Chart 22 Experts - The current layout of the cabinet in Brazil regarding the distribution of cabinet seats to allied parties is proportional.
Answered questions: 35 Skipped questions: 10
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
0 20 40 60 p e rce n t agents
The leadership of all coalitional parties The leadership of the party holding the presidency The President
The previous three
0 10 20 30 p e rce n t agreement_rate Totally agree Partially agree Do not agree nor disagree Partially disagree Totally disagree
Chart 23 Experts - The Brazilian president who best knew how to build and manage his or her coalition was:
Answered questions: 35 Skipped questions: 10
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
Chart 24 Experts - An ordinary congressman in a multiparty presidential system such as that of Brazil judges it is easier to influence public policy processes by being a member of the executive body than by being a member of the legislative body.
Answered questions: 35 Skipped questions: 10
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
0 10 20 30 40 p e rce n t president
Cardoso's first tenure Cardoso's second tenure Lula da Silva's first tenure Lula da Silva's second tenure Rousseff's first tenure Rousseff's second tenure
0 20 40 60 p e rce n t agreement_rate Totally agree Partially agree Do not agree nor disagree Partially disagree Totally disagree
Chart 25 Experts - A minister in a multiparty presidential system such as that of Brazil has more power to influence society than a congressman, with the exception of the House Speaker. (here)
Answered questions: 35 Skipped questions: 10
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
Chart 26 Experts - What are the three most politically important ministries in Brazil?
Answered questions: 31 Skipped questions: 14
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
0 20 40 60 p e rce n t agreement_rate Totally agree Partially agree Do not agree nor disagree Partially disagree Totally disagree
Attorney General Central Bank Chieff of Staff Finance Ministry General Inspector of the Union General Secretary of the Presidency Ministry for Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply Ministry for Communication Systems Ministry for Culture Ministry for Defense Ministry for Economic Development, Industry, and Foreign Trade Ministry for Economic Planning, Budget, and Management Ministry for Education Ministry for Fishing and Aquaculture Ministry for Foreign Affairs Ministry for Health Ministry for Labor Ministry for Mining and Energy Ministry for Science, Technology, and Innovation Ministry for Social Development and Hunger Alleviation Ministry for Sports Ministry for the Agrarian Development Ministry for the Cities’ Care Ministry for the Environment Ministry for the Justice Ministry for the National Integration Ministry for the Social Security Ministry for the Tourism Ministry for Transportation Secretary for Harbors Maintenance Secretary for Human Rights Secretary for Promotion of the Racial Equality Secretary for Small Companies and Enterprises Development Secretary for Strategic Affairs Secretary for the Civilian Aviation Secretary for the President’s AdvertisementSecretary for Women’s Rights The Secret Service
0 10 20 count d e p a rt m e n t
Chart 27 Experts - What are the three least politically important ministries in Brazil?
Answered questions: 30 Skipped questions: 15
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
Chart 28 Experts - Sort according to your preferences the characteristics that a ministry in a presidential system has, with one being the most important, two the second most important, and so on until number six represents the least important:
Answered questions: 35 Skipped questions: 10
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
Attorney GeneralCentral Bank Chieff of Staff Finance Ministry General Inspector of the Union General Secretary of the Presidency Ministry for Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply Ministry for Communication Systems Ministry for Culture Ministry for Defense Ministry for Economic Development, Industry, and Foreign Trade Ministry for Economic Planning, Budget, and Management Ministry for Education Ministry for Fishing and Aquaculture Ministry for Foreign Affairs Ministry for Health Ministry for Labor Ministry for Mining and Energy Ministry for Science, Technology, and Innovation Ministry for Social Development and Hunger Alleviation Ministry for Sports Ministry for the Agrarian DevelopmentMinistry for the Cities’ Care Ministry for the Environment Ministry for the Justice Ministry for the National Integration Ministry for the Social Security Ministry for the Tourism Ministry for Transportation Secretary for Harbors Maintenance Secretary for Human Rights Secretary for Promotion of the Racial Equality Secretary for Small Companies and Enterprises Development Secretary for Strategic Affairs Secretary for the Civilian Aviation Secretary for the President’s AdvertisementSecretary for Women’s Rights The Secret Service
0 5 10 15 count d e p a rt m e n t 0 20 40 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 rank_of_prestige p e rce n t characteristic
Size of the budget and the ability to spend it Size of the tenure as a minister
Total number of employees and the possibility to hire new ones Normative power to rule several sectors and economic activities Influence over public agencies and companies Be a link, between the party and the Executive
Chart 29 Experts - The total budget of a ministry is:
Answered questions: 32 Skipped questions: 13
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
Chart 30 Experts - The share of unrestricted expenses of a ministry is:
Answered questions: 32 Skipped questions: 13
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
0 20 40 p e rce n t rank_of_importance Extremely important Very important Reasonable important Less important Nothing important 0 10 20 30 40 50 p e rce n t rank_of_importance Extremely important Very important Reasonable important Less important Nothing important
Chart 31 Experts - A ministry's influence over other agencies and public companies is:
Answered questions: 62 Skipped questions: 0
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
Chart 32 Experts - The total number of civil servants in a ministry is:69
Answered questions: 32 Skipped questions: 13
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
69Including those who were notn't hired directly by the minister.
0 10 20 30 40 50 p e rce n t rank_of_importance Extremely important Very important Reasonable important Less important Nothing important 0 10 20 30 40 50 p e rce n t rank_of_importance Extremely important Very important Reasonable important Less important Nothing important
Chart 33 Experts - The share of civil servants hired directly by the minister as cargo de confiança in a ministry is:
Answered questions: 32 Skipped questions: 13
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
Chart 34 Experts - The normative power and its capacity to influence other economic fields of activities for a ministry is:
Answered questions: 31 Skipped questions: 14
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
0 10 20 30 40 p e rce n t rank_of_importance Extremely important Very important Reasonable important Less important Nothing important 0 10 20 30 40 p e rce n t rank_of_importance Extremely important Very important Reasonable important Less important Nothing important
Chart 35 Experts - The length of a minister’s tenure as chair of some ministry is:
Answered questions: 31 Skipped questions: 14
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
Chart 36 Experts - The chance to be the link between his fellow party members and the executive for a minister is:
Answered questions: 32 Skipped questions: 13
Source: The authors based on experts’ opinion.
0 10 20 30 40 p e rce n t rank_of_importance Extremely important Very important Reasonable important Less important Nothing important 0 10 20 30 40 p e rce n t rank_of_importance Extremely important Very important Reasonable important Less important Nothing important