Em 2001, segundo o Plano Nacional de Saúde 95,2% da população portuguesa,
entre os 15 e os 74 anos, consumiam álcool várias vezes por semana (Tabela 2).
(106) A taxa de mortalidade de doenças associadas ao consumo de álcool em
2001, em indivíduos com idade superior a 65 anos por 100.000, cifrava-se nos
15,8%. Seguindo ainda o Plano Nacional de Saúde, estima-se que em Portugal,
em 2002, existissem cerca de 580.000 doentes alcoólicos (síndrome de
dependência de álcool) e 750.000 bebedores excessivos (síndrome de abuso de
álcool). (107)
Segundo a Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 166/2000, o álcool é
entendido como uma droga, e o alcoolismo como a maior toxicodependência dos
Portugueses, sendo o nosso país um dos maiores consumidores de bebidas
alcoólicas. (108)
Em 2000, foi apresentado o “Plano de Acção contra o Alcoolismo”, o qual
delineava um conjunto de medidas que almejam a diminuição do consumo de
Teresa Isabel Santos | 2009
Classes de idade (anos) % do consumo de álcool
15 aos 24 12,9
25 aos 44 43,1
45 aos 64 46,5
65 aos 74 39,2
Teresa Isabel Santos | 2009
Discussão e conclusão
O álcool deve ser visto como uma droga e não como um nutriente. Os seus
efeitos positivos ou negativos variam, principalmente, em conformidade com a
quantidade ingerida.
Neste contexto, o álcool produz efeitos em diversos sistemas, nomeadamente o
sistema nervoso central, digestivo, respiratório e cardiovascular (Tabela 3). (17,77)
Ao longo da elaboração da presente monografia verificamos a existência de
muitas nebulosas no que concerne aos efeitos do álcool, permanecendo muito por
explorar e desvendar relativamente a uma das maiores drogas de consumo lícito,
habitual e não poucas vezes excessivo. O que é indiscutível e constitui,
hodiernamente, evidência científica é a relação entre a quantidade de álcool
ingerida e os seus efeitos favoráveis ou desfavoráveis.
Esta monografia pretende abordar a temática dos efeitos do consumo de álcool
na saúde do Homem, em face da sua importância nos hábitos das sociedades
contemporâneas.
Afigura-se necessário ressalvar que a presente monografia, enquanto trabalho de
revisão de bibliografia, se baseia nas conclusões veiculadas pelos artigos
analisados. Pretendemos, com este modesto contributo, expor de forma clara e
objectiva o que pudemos averiguar sobre a temática, através da consulta de
artigos em revistas internacionais de reconhecido mérito e credibilidade, bem
Teresa Isabel Santos | 2009
Enquanto nutricionista a essencialidade do escrutínio desta temática, centra-se,
por um lado, na necessidade de conhecermos, para posteriormente sabermos
explorar os aspectos positivos associados ao consumo de álcool. Por outro lado,
é necessário elucidar os utentes quanto às consequências nefastas causadas,
principalmente, pelo abuso de álcool.
Constatamos, portanto, que o nutricionista desempenha um papel central na
educação dos utentes, também no que concerne ao consumo de álcool, como tal
Teresa Isabel Santos | 2009
Efeitos Positivos Efeitos Negativos
Diminuição do risco de acidente vascular cerebral isquémico (10-13)
Aumento do risco de acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico (11,17)
Melhoria da sensibilidade à insulina (10,11,19,22) Aumento do risco de cardiopatias (8,10,18-20) Diminuição dos níveis de fibrinogénio (10,11) Aumento do risco de suicídio (8,10,18-20)
Diminuição da incidência de enfarte do
miocárdio (10,14-16) Aumento do risco de cirrose
(8,10,18-20)
Diminuição do risco de aterosclerose (10) Aumento do risco de neoplasias (8,10,18-20) Diminuição do risco de doenças coronárias
(17) Aumento do risco de SAF
(8,10,18-20)
Diminuição da agregação plaquetária
(10,11,37,39) Aumento do risco de SAOS
(8,10,18-20)
Aumento do colesterol HDL (10,11,37,39) Hipercolesterolémia (8,10,18-20)
Aumento da actividade fibronolítica (10,11,37,39) Hipertrigliceridémia (8,10,18-20)
Efeito broncodilatador (87,90) Hipertensão (8,10,18-20)
Efeito benéfico no cancro da tiróide, das
células renais (52) Aumento do risco de arritmias
(17)
Efeito benéfico no linfoma de não-Hodgkin
(53) Aumento do risco de miopatias alcoólicas
(21)
Aumento do colesterol LDL (19,23,24) Aumento do risco de incidência de síndrome
de doença respiratória aguda (88,89) Défices vitamínicos e minerais (1,2,35)
Supressão da oxidação lipídica (101) Aumento do risco de pneumonia bacteriana
(82)
Aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (92)
Aumento do IMC (102,105)
Diminuição da gliconeogénese hepática (92) Tabela 3. Resenha dos efeitos do álcool.
Teresa Isabel Santos | 2009
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