controle e correção dos efeitos da componente de
VI.2. Trabalhos Futuros
São temas para estudo e trabalhos futuros:
- Verificar novas topologias utilizando: - inversores trifásicos de três níveis;
- inversores monofásicos conectados de forma a compor inversores trifásicos; - transformadores em ziguezague;
- Investigar o desempenho dinâmico de STATCOMs utilizando: - super capacitores (τc dimensionado em centena de milisegundos); - baterias.
- Continuar a análise matemática com o objetivo de obter: - o modelo matemático do STATCOM;
- a função de transferência do STATCOM;
Alem disto é necessário:
- Melhorar as técnicas de controle: - Desenvolver PLLs mais rápidos;
- Desenvolver melhores detetores de componentes de seqüência; - Testar outras técnicas para ajuste dos controladores;
- Melhorar o desempenho da operação em sistemas com desbalanços: - Implementar o filtro série no STATCOM;
Referências
[1] N. G. Hingorani, “Power Electronics in Electric Utilities: Role of Power electronic in Future Power Systems”, Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 76, No. 4, April 1988. [2] N. G. Hingorani, “Flexible AC Transmission”, IEEE Spectrum, April 1988.
[3] N. G. Hingorani, “FACTS - Flexible AC Transmission Systems”, Workshop on the Future in High-Voltage Transmission Systems, Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 1990. [4] L. Gyugyi, “Solid-State Synchronous Voltage Sources for Dynamic Compensation
and Real Time Control AC Transmission Lines” Emerging Practices in Technology, IEEE-Transmission Lines, IEEE Standards Press, Piscatway, USA, 1993.
[5] L. Gyugyi, “Solid-State Control of Electric Power in AC Transmission Systems”, E.E.C.P.S., Invited Paper, No. T-IP.4, Capri, Italy, May 1989.
[6] Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTS – Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems”, IEEE Press, New York, 1999.
[7] Edson H. Watanabe, Pedro G. Barbosa, “Principle of Operation of FACTS Devices”, Revista Eletro Evolução: Sistema de Potência, No. 6, 1996, pp.73-82. [8] Edson H. Watanabe, Pedro G. Barbosa, Katia C. Almeida, Glauco N. Taranto,
“Tecnologia FACTS – Tutorial”, XI CBA, 1996.
[9] L. Gyugyi, “Converter-Based FACTS Technology: Electric Power Transmission in the 21st Century”, Proceedings of IPEC 2000, Vol.1, pp. 15-26, Tokyo, 2000. [10] L. Gyugyi, A. Ekstrom, N. Christl, “Conversores Controlados por Tensão e
Capacitores Série CCAT ”, Curso e Workshop, Cigré Brasil, CE – 14, Furnas, Rio de Janeiro, Março de 2000.
[11] N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland, W.P. Robins, Power Electronics, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1995.
[12] B.K. Bose, Power electronics and AC Drives, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1986. [13] B.T. Ooi, S.Z. Dai, F.D. Galiana, “A Solid-State PWM Phase-Shifter”, 92 WM
260-0 PWDR.
[14] L. Gyugyi, C.D. Schauder, Kalyan K. Sen, “Static Synchronous Series Compensator: A Solid-State Approach to the Series Compensation of Transmission Lines”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 1, January 1997.
[15] L. Gyugyi, “Unified Power-Flow Control Concept for Flexible AC Transmission Systems”, IEE-Proceedings-C, Vol. 139, No.4, July 1992.
[16] L. Gyugyi, C.D. Schauder, S.L. Williams, T.R. Reitman, D.R. Torgerson, A.Edris, “The Unified Power Flow Controller: A New Approach to Power Transmission Control”, 94 SM 474-4 PWRD.
[17] L. Gyugyi, C.D. Schauder, Kalyan K. Sen, “The Interline Power Flow Controller Concept: A New Approach to Power Flow Management in Transmission Systems”, PE-316-PWRD-0-07-1998.
[18] S. Zelinger, B. Fardanesh, B. Shperling, S. Dave, L. Kovalsky, C.D. Schauder, A. Edris, “Convertible Static Compensator Project – Hardware Overview”, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Singapore, January 2000.
[19] Y. Sumi, Y. Harumoto, T. Hasegawa, M. Yano, K. Ikeda, T. Matsura, “New Static var Control Using Force-Commutated Inverters”, IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-100, No. 9, pp. 4216-4224, September, 1981. [20] A. Ekstrom, P. Lamel, Y. Jiang, M. de Oliveira, W. Long, “Studies of the
Performance of an Advanced Static Var Compensator, STATCON, as compared with a Conventional SVC”, EPRI Project RP 3023-4, 1994.
[21] L. Gyugyi, “Reactive Power Generation and Control by Thyristor Circuits,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-15, No. 5, pp. 521-532, September/October 1979.
[22] L. Gyugyi, N.G. Hingorani, P.R. Nannery, N. Tai “Advanced Static var Compensator Using Gate Turn-off Thyristors for Utility Applications”, Cigré 1990 Session, paper No. 23-203, September, 1990.
[23] T. Ogura, H. Matsud, S. Iesaka, H. Ohashi, “IEGT: A new generation high power MOS gated transistor”, Proceedings of IPEC 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 258-262, Tokyo, 2000.
[24] M. Mori, “A HiGT – A New Generation High-Conductivity IGBT”, Proceedings of IPEC 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 263-268, Tokyo, 2000.
[25] F. Auerbach, J.G. Bauer, M. Hierholzer, et al., “6,5 kV IGBT Modules”, Proceedings of IPEC 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 275-279, Tokyo, 2000.
[26] E. Carroll, S. Klaka, S. Linder, “Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor – A New Approach to High Power Electronics”, ABB Semiconductors AG - IGCT Press Conference, IEMDC, Milwaukee, May 1997.
system Stability”, Proceedings of 1990 International Power Electronics Conference, Tokyo, pp. 1031-1037, 1990.
[28] C.W. Edwards et al., “Advanced Static Var Generator Employing GTO Thyristors”, IEEE PES Winter Power Meeting, Paper No. 38WM109-1, 1988. [29] S. Mori, K. Matsuno, M. Takeda, M. Seto, “Development of a large var generator
using self-commutated inverters for improving power system stability” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, No. 1, Feb. 1993, pp. 371- 377.
[30] C. Shauder, M. Gernhardt, E. Stacey, T. Lemark, L. Gyugyi, T.W. Cease and A. Edris, “Development of a ±100Mvar Static Condenser for Voltage Control of Transmission Systems”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 3, July, 1995.
[31] C. Schauder, M. Gernhardt, E. Stacey, T. Lemak, L. Gyugyi, T.W. Case, A. Edris, “Operation of ±100 MVAR TVA STATCON”, PE-509-PWRD-0-01-1997. [32] L. Gyugyi, B. Mehraban, “Development and Apllication of Self-Commutated
Converters for Power Transmission Control”, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Singapore, January 2000.
[33] C. Schauder, E. Stacey, M. Mund, L. Gyugyi, L. Kovalsky, A. Keri, A. Edris, “AEP UPFC Project: Installation, Commissioning and Operation of the ±160 MVA STACOM (Phase I)”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 1530-1535, October 1998.
[34] Siemens – Protection and Substation Control Technology / DVR and STATCOM / Advanced Technology / SIPCOM
http://www.powerquality.de/eng/page29g.html.
[35] G.F. Reed, M. Takeda, F. Ojima, “Apllication of a 5 MVA, 4.16 kV D-STATCOM system for voltage flicker compensation at Seattle Iron & Metals” ”, IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Seattle, July 2000.
[36] H. Fujita, S. Tominaga, H. Akagi, “Analysis and Design of a DC Voltage- Controlled Static Var Compensator Using Quad-Series Voltage Source Inverters,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 32, No. 4, July/August 1996.
[37] N. Seki, H. Uchino, “Converter Configurations and Switching Frequency for GTO Reactive Power Compensator,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 33, No. 4, July/August 1997.
[38] Y. Liang, C. O. Nwankpa, “A New Type of STATCOM Based on cascading Voltage-Source Inverters with Phase-Shifted Unipolar SPWM,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 35, No. 5, September/October 1999.
[39] B. T. Ooi, G. Joos, X. Huang, “Operating Principles of Shunt STATCOM Based on 3-Level Diode Clamped Converters”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 4, October 1999.
[40] P.G. Barbosa, I. Misaka e E.H. Watanabe, “Advanced Var Compensators using PWM - Voltage Source Inverters”, Anais do II Congresso Brasileiro de Eletrônica de Potência (COBEP’93), Uberlândia, Brasil, Dezembro de 1993, pp. 173-178.
[41] P.G. Barbosa, A.C.S de Lima, and E.H. Watanabe, “Modeling of Thyristor and GTO based Shunt Compensators for FACTS Applications”, Anais do IV Congresso Brasileiro de Eletrônica de Potência (COBEP’97), Belo Horizonte, Brasil, Dezembro de 1997, pp. 455-460.
[42] Marcio M. de Oliveira, A. Ekstrom, “Transfer Functions for a Voltage - Source Converter Operating as an SVC”, COBEP 93, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil, 1993. [43] L. Wenhua, L. Xu, L. Feng, L. Chenglian, G. Hang, “Development of 20MVA
Static Synchronous Compensator Employing GTO Inverters”, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Singapore, January 2000.
[44] Dong Shen, Xu Liang, Y. Han, “A Modified Per-Unit STATCOM Model and Analysis of Open Loop Response Time”, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Singapore, January 2000.
[45] Dong Shen, W. Liu, Z. Wang, “Study on the Operation of STATCOM under Unbalanced and Distorted System Voltage”, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Singapore, January 2000.
[46] Marcio M. de Oliveira, “Theoretical Analysis and Real-Time Simulator Studies of an Advanced Static Var Compensator”, Licentiata Vhandling, Kungl Tekniska Högskolan, Stockholm, June, 1996.
[47] C. Takahashi, T. Chida, E. Tsukada, et al., “Simulation Studies of High- Performance PAM STATCOM Application”, Proceedings of IPEC 2000, Vol. 4, pp. 2157-2162, Tokyo, 2000.
[48] M. Aredes, G. Santos Jr., “A Robust Control for Multipulse STATCOMs”, Proceedings of IPEC 2000, Vol. 4, pp. 2163-2168, Tokyo, 2000.
Transmission Static Compensator with EMTP”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 1297-1302, October 1998.
[50] P.W. Lehn, M.R. Iravani, “Experimental Evaluation of STATCOM Closed Loop Dynamics”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 1378-1384, October 1998.
[51] L. Chun, J. Qirong, Xu Jianxin, “Investigation of Voltage Regulation Stability of Static Synchronous Compensator in Power Systems”, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Singapore, January 2000.
[52] Math. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems – Voltage Sags and Interruptions, IEEE Press, New York, 1999, Chapter 1, pp. 9.
[53] Willian D. Stevenson Jr, Elementos de Análise de Sistemas de Potência, Editora McGraw Hill do Brasil, LTDA., 1975.
[54] C.A.C. Cavaliere, E.H. Watanabe, M. Aredes, “Comparison Between the Conventional STATCOM and the PWM STATCOM,” COBEP 99, Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil, 1999.
[55] C.A.C. Cavaliere, E.H. Watanabe, M. Aredes, “Análise de Operação de STATCOM em Sistemas Desbalanceados,” CBA2000, Florianópolis, Brasil, 2000.
[56] P. G. Barbosa, “Proposta de um Compesador Série Avançado Baseado em Conversores cc-ca Tipo Fonte de Tensão com Modulação PWM”, Tese M.Sc., COPPE/UFRJ, 1994.
[57] P. G. Barbosa, E. H. Watanabe, “A Static Series Compensator Based on Dual Multipulse Voltage Source Inverter Bridge” COBEP 99, Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil, 1999.
[58] C. Hochgraf, R.H. Lasseter, “A Transformer-less Static Synchronous Compensator Employing a Multi-level Inverter”, 96 SM 452-3, PWRD.
[59] M. Aredes, “Active Power Line Conditioners”, PhD. Thesis, Technische Univesität Berlin, Berlin, 1996.
[60] M. Akamatsu, M. Tsukada, D. Itoh, “A Novel PLL and Frequency Detecting Method Suited for the Abnormal Voltages under Fault Conditions in the Power System”, Trans. IEE, Japan, Vol. 118-B, No. 9, 1998.
[61] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae, “Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensator Comprising Switching Devices Without Energy Storage Components”, IEEE Trans. Industry Apllications, vol. IA-20, May-Jun. 1984.
[62] E. H. Watanabe, R. M. Stephan, M. Aredes, “New Concepts of Instantaneous Active and Reactive Powers in Electrical Systems with Generic Loads,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, No. 2, Apr. 1993, pp. 697-703.
[63] M. Aredes, E. H. Watanabe, “New Control Algorithms for Series and Shunt Three- Phase Four-Wire Active Power Filters,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 10, No. 3, July. 1995, pp. 1649-1656.
[64] Edith Clarke, Circuit Analysis of A-C Power Systems, 2 vols. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N.Y., 1950,.
[65] E. H. Watanabe, M. Aredes, “Compensation of Non-Periodic Currents Using the Instantaneous Power Theory,” IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Seattle, July 2000. [66] A. Ferrero, “Definitions of Electrical Quantities Commonly Used in Non-
Sinusoidal Conditions”, ETEP Vol8, No.4, July/August 1998.
[67] F. Buchholz, “Die Drehstrom-Scheinleistung bei ungleichmäβiger Belastung der drei Zweige” Licht u. Kraft, Org. Elektrotech. Ver. München (1922) no. 2, pp. 9- 11.
[68] Alternative Transients Program Rule Book, Leuven EMTP Center, Belgium, July, 1987.
[69] Lászlo Prikler, Hans Kr. Hoidalen, “ATPDraw for Windows 3.1x/95/NT version 1.0 – User’s Manual”, Release No.1.0.1, November 1998, Norway.
[70] L. Gyugyi, B.R. Pelly, Static Power Frequency Changers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976.
[71] L.A.S. Pilotto, J.E.R. Alves, E.H. Watanabe, “ High Frequency Eigenanalysis of HVDC and FACTS Assisted Power Systems”, IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Seattle, July 2000.
[72] L.A.S. Pilotto, “Modelagem Avançada de Sistemas CA/CC”, Tese de Doutorado, COPPE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Abril, 1994.
[73] J.E.R. Alves, L.A.S. Pilloto, E. H. Watanabe, “Nonlinear Generalized Switching Function Model for SVC and TCSC Devices”, Proceedings of IPEC 2000, Vol. 2, pp. 1340-1345, Tokyo, 2000.
[74] J.E.R. Alves, “Modelagem de Reatores Controlados por Tiristores Baseada em Funções de Chaveamento Generalizadas”, Tese de Doutorado, COPPE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Outubro, 1999.
[75] C.A.C. Cavaliere, E.H. Watanabe, “Analysis and Operation of STATCOM in Unbalanced Systems,” IPST 2001, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, Junho, 2001.