54- Dentes anteriores do dentário (para táxons que apresentam uma série
de dentes) (ic – 0,250)
0- estreitos, geralmente com três cúspides, semelhantes aos do pré-
maxilar
Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Petitella georgiae
1- largos, com número de cúspides variável (geralmente mais de três), e
maiores que os do pré-maxilar
Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconops melanurus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania melanura, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Jupiaba polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Parapristella georgiae, Piabina argentea, Poptella paraguayensis, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Pristella maxillaris, Rhinopetitia myersi, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas, Stethaprion erythrops, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Thayeria obliqua
9- Indeterminado
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Astyanax jacobinae, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconexodon juruenae, Chalceus spilogyros, Cheirodon interruptus, Deuterodon iguape, Grundulus cochae, Hemigrammus mimus, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Iguanodectes spilurus, Microschemobrycon sp, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii, Serrasalmus maculatus, Triportheus nematurus
55- Número total de dentes no dentário (para táxons que apresentam uma
série de dentes) (ic – 0,071)
(Serra, 2003: 65)
0- 11 a 20 dentes
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Astyanax jacobinae, Bryconamericus exodon, Grundulus cochae, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Jupiaba polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Parapristella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Poptella paraguayensis, Pristella maxillaris
1- 1 a 10 dentes
Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconops melanurus, Cheirodon interruptus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Deuterodon iguape, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania melanura, Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Iguanodectes spilurus, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Petitella georgiae, Piabina argentea, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Rhinopetitia myersi, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas, Serrasalmus maculatus, Tetragonopterus argenteus
0, 1- Polimórfico
Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus schmardae, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Stethaprion erythrops, Thayeria obliqua
9- Indeterminado
Brycon cf pesu, Bryconexodon juruenae, Chalceus spilogyros, Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii, Triportheus nematurus
56- Dentes do dentário após os dentes anteriores maiores (para táxons
que apresentam uma série de dentes) (ic – 0,067)
(Serra, 2003: 66)
0- maioria cuspidados
Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconops melanurus, Cheirodon interruptus, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Oligosarcus pintoi, Parapristella georgiae, Piabina argentea, Rhinopetitia myersi, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas
1- maioria cônicos
Astyanax altiparanae, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania melanura, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Jupiaba polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Petitella georgiae, Poptella paraguayensis, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Pristella maxillaris, Stethaprion erythrops, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Thayeria obliqua
9- Indeterminado
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Astyanax jacobinae, Aphyocharax pusillus, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconexodon juruenae, Chalceus spilogyros, Deuterodon iguape, Grundulus cochae, Hemigrammus mimus, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Iguanodectes spilurus, Microschemobrycon sp, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii, Serrasalmus maculatus, Triportheus nematurus
57- Tamanho das cúspides dos dentes do dentário (ic – 0,333)
0- subiguais, todas com aproximadamente o mesmo tamanho (Figuras
12 – 13)
Cheirodon interruptus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Iguanodectes spilurus, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas
1- uma das cúspides claramente maior que as demais (cúspide
mediana) (Figuras 11 e 14)
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax jacobinae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconops melanurus, Chalceus spilogyros, Deuterodon iguape, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania melanura, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus,
Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri,
Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus,
Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Jupiaba polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Parapristella georgiae, Petitella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Piabina argentea, Poptella paraguayensis, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Pristella maxillaris, Rhinopetitia myersi, Serrasalmus maculatus, Stethaprion erythrops, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Thayeria obliqua, Triportheus nematurus
9- Indeterminado
Bryconexodon juruenae, Grundulus cochae,Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii
58- Articulação entre o quadrado e o ângulo-articular (ic – 0,125)
(Serra, 2003: 42; Moreira, 2007: 68; Bertaco, 2008: 49; Mirande, 2009: 153-
154).
0- na vertical que passa pelo meio da órbita ou posteriormente a ela
Aphyocharax pusillus, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconexodon juruenae, Bryconops melanurus, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Parapristella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii, Serrasalmus maculatus
1- na vertical que passa pelo etmóide lateral ou anterior à porção
mediana da órbita
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax jacobinae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Chalceus spilogyros, Cheirodon interruptus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Deuterodon iguape, Grundulus cochae, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania melanura, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Jupiaba polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Petitella georgiae, Piabina argentea, Poptella paraguayensis, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Pristella maxillaris, Rhinopetitia myersi, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas, Stethaprion erythrops, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Thayeria obliqua
2- na vertical que passa anteriormente ao etmóide lateral
Iguanodectes spilurus, Triportheus nematurus
9- Indeterminado
Bryconamericus exodon, Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus
59- Desenvolvimento do osso corono-meckeliano (ic – 0,056)
(Serra, 2003: 43)
0- grande, bem desenvolvido (Figura 13)
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconexodon juruenae, Bryconops melanurus, Chalceus spilogyros, Cheirodon interruptus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Deuterodon iguape, Grundulus cochae, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania melanura, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Iguanodectes spilurus, Lignobrycon myersi, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Parapristella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Piabina argentea, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Rhinopetitia myersi, Salminus hilarii, Serrapinnus notomelas, Serrasalmus maculatus, Stethaprion erythrops, Tetragonopterus argenteus
1- muito pequeno, reduzido (Figura 14)
Aphyocharax pusillus, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus,
Jupiaba polylepis, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia
hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Petitella georgiae, Poptella paraguayensis, Pristella maxillaris, Roeboides bonariensis, Serrapinnus heterodon, Thayeria obliqua, Triportheus nematurus
9- Indeterminado
Astyanax jacobinae
60- Osso corono-meckeliano em vista medial (ic – 0,063)
0- exposto, com 50% ou menos de sua superfície encoberta pela
cartilagem de Meckel (Figura 13)
Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconexodon juruenae, Bryconops melanurus, Chalceus spilogyros, Cheirodon interruptus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Deuterodon iguape, Grundulus cochae, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Iguanodectes spilurus, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Parapristella georgiae, Piabina argentea, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Rhinopetitia myersi, Salminus hilarii, Serrasalmus maculatus, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Thayeria obliqua, Triportheus nematurus
1- completamente encoberto pela cartilagem de Meckel ou com apenas
uma pequena porção exposta, não atingindo 50% (Figura 14)
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Bryconella pallidifrons, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Jupiaba polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Petitella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Poptella paraguayensis, Pristella maxillaris, Roeboides bonariensis, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas, Stethaprion erythrops
9- Indeterminado
Astyanax jacobinae, Hasemania melanura