68
69 Finally, it would also be interesting to use the sludge produced by a highly concentrated A-stage in anaerobic digestion and fermentation process and compare their performances with those obtained in conventional activated sludge processes. Also, an economic analysis should be carried out in order to assess if the pumping energy requirements due to the application of the membrane systems are compensated by the possible gains from products and energy recovered through sludge anaerobic digestion or fermentation.
70
Bibliography
[1] Verstraete W, Van de Caveye P, Diamantis V. Maximum use of resources present in domestic
"used water". Bioresour Technol. 2009;100:5537-5545.
[2] Gernaey K, van Loosdrecht M, Henze M, Lind M, Jorgensen S. Activated sludge wastewater treatment plant modelling and simulation: state of the art. Environmental Modelling & Software.
2004;19:763-783.
[3] Murnleitner E, Kuba T, van Loosdrecht MC, Heijnen JJ. An integrated metabolic model for the aerobic and denitrifying biological phosphorus removal. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1997;54:434-450.
[4] Schmidt I, Sliekers O, Schmid M, et al. New concepts of microbial treatment processes for the nitrogen removal in wastewater. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2003;27:481-492.
[5] Bitton G. Wastewater Microbiology. fourth ed Wiley-Blackwell.
[6] Reddy M, Koopman B, Keely S, Hale B, Reardon R. Mean Cell Residence Time and Sludge Yield Calculations via Phosphorus Balance. Water Pollution Control Federation. 1988;60:2101-2104.
[7] Verstraete W, Vlaeminck S. ZeroWasteWater: short-cycling of wastewater resources for sustainable cities of the future. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology.
2011;18:253-264.
[8] Jenkins D, Richard MG, Daigger GT. Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking, Foaming, and other solids separation problems. 3rd ed. London IWA Publishing; 2003.
[9] Appels L, Baeyens J, Degreve J, Dewil R. Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2008;34:755-781.
[10] Verstraete W, Morgan-Sagastume F, Aiyuk S, Waweru M, Rabaey K, Lissens G. Anaerobic digestion as a core technology in sustainable management of organic matter. Water Science and Technology. 2005;52:59-66.
[11] Chen Y, Cheng J, Creamer K. Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: A review. Bioresource Technology. 2008;99:4044-4064.
[12] van Lier JB, Tilche A, Ahring BK, et al. New perspectives in anaerobic digestion. Water Sci Technol. 2001;43:1-18.
[13] Yuan H, Chen Y, Zhang H, Jiang S, Zhou Q, Gu G. Improved bioproduction of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from excess sludge under alkaline conditions. Environmental Science & Technology.
2006;40:2025-2029.
71 [14] Sans C, Mataalvarez J, Cecchi F, Pavan P, Bassetti A. Volatile fatty-acids production by mesophilic fermentation of mechanically-sorted urban organic wastes in a plug-flow reactor. Bioresource Technology. 1995;51:89-96.
[15] Ghosh S. Improved sludge gasification by two-phase anaerobic digestion. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 1987;113.
[16] Rosenberger S, Kruger U, Witzig R, Manz W, Szewzyk U, Kraume M. Performance of a bioreactor with submerged membranes for aerobic treatment of municipal waste water. Water Research.
2002;36:413-420.
[17] Van der Bruggen B, Lejon L, Vandecasteele C. Reuse, treatment, and discharge of the concentrate of pressure-driven membrane processes. Environ Sci Technol. 2003;37:3733-3738.
[18] Cath T, Childress A, Elimelech M. Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments. Journal of Membrane Science. 2006;281:70-87.
[19] Van der Bruggen B, Daems B, Wilms D, Vandecasteele C. Mechanisms of retention and flux decline for the nanofiltration of dye baths from the textile industry. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001; 519-528.
[20] Greenlee LF, Lawler DF, Freeman BD, Marrot B, Moulin P. Reverse osmosis desalination: water sources, technology, and today's challenges. Water Res. 2009;43:2317-2348.
[21] Xiao D, Tang CY, Zhang J, Lay WCL, Wang R, Fane AG. Modeling salt accumulation in osmotic membrane bioreactors: Implications for FO membrane selection and system operation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2011; 314-324.
[22] Angenent L, Karim K, Al-Dahhan M, Domiguez-Espinosa R. Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater. Trends in Biotechnology. 2004;22:477-485.
[23] Cath TY, Hancock NT, Lundin CD, Hoppe-Jones C, Drewes JE. A multi-barrier osmotic dilution process for simultaneous desalination and purification of impaired water. Journal of Membrane Science.
2010;362:417-426.
[24] McCutcheon JR, Elimelech M. Influence of concentrative and dilutive internal concentration polarization on flux behavior in forward osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science. 2006;284:237-247.
[25] Chang I, Le Clech P, Jefferson B, Judd S. Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce. 2002;128:1018-1029.
[26] Miller DJ, Araújo PA, Correia PB, et al. Short-term adhesion and long-term biofouling testing of polydopamine and poly(ethylene glycol) surface modifications of membranes and feed spacers for biofouling control. Water Res. 2012;46:3737-3753.
72 [27] Stephenson JB, Cole ER, Paulson DL. Recovery of zinc from wastewatertreatmentsludge.
Resources and Conservation. 1981;6:203-210.
[28] Avila K, Moxey D, de Lozar A, Avila M, Barkley D, Hof B. The onset of turbulence in pipe flow.
Science. 2011;333:192-196.
[29] Greenberg AE, Clesceri LS, Eaton AD. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 18 th ed. Washington American Public Health Association Publications 1992.
[30] Lim AL, Bai R. Membrane fouling and cleaning in microfiltration of activatedsludge wastewater.
Journal of Membrane Science. 2003;216:279-290.
[31] Mi B, Elimelech M. Organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes: Fouling reversibility and cleaning without chemical reagents. Journal of Membrane Science. 2010;348:337-345.
[32] Cornelissen ER, Harmsen D, de Korte KF, et al. Membrane fouling and process performance of forward osmosis membranes on activated sludge. Journal of Membrane Science. 2008;319:158-168.
[33] Su JJ, Liu BY, Liu CY. Comparison of aerobic denitrification under high oxygen atmosphere by Thiosphaera pantotropha ATCC 35512 and Pseudomonas stutzeri SU2 newly isolated from the activated sludge of a piggery wastewater treatment system. J Appl Microbiol. 2001;90:457-462.
[34] Çiçek N, Franco JP, Suidan MT, Urbain V, Manem J. Characterization and Comparison of a Membrane Bioreactor and a Conventional Activated-Sludge System in the Treatment of Wastewater Containing High-Molecular-Weight Compounds. Water Environment Research. 1999;71:64-70.
[35] Côté P, Buisson H, Pound C, Arakaki G. Immersed membrane activatedsludge for the reuse of municipal wastewater. Desalination. 1997;113:189-196.
[36] Yamamoto K, Hiasa M, Mahmood T, Matsuo T. Direct Solid-Liquid Separation Using Hollow Fiber Membrane in an Activated Sludge Aeration Tank. Water Science & Technology. 1989;21:43-54.
[37] Fuhs GW, Chen M. Microbiological basis of phosphate removal in the activated sludge process for the treatment of wastewater. Microbial Ecology. 1975;2:119-138.
[38] Luedecke CH, Slawomir W. Jenkins, David. Precipitation of Ferric Phosphate in Activated Sludge:
A Chemical Model and Its Verification. Water Science & Technology. 1989;21:325-337.
[39] de Haas D, Wentzel M, Ekama G. The use of simultaneous chemical precipitation in modified activated sludge systems exhibiting biological excess phosphate removal. Water SA. 2000;26.
[40] Menar AB, Jenkins D. Fate of phosphorus in waste treatment processes: enhanced removal of phosphate by activated sludge. Environ Sci Technol. 1970;4:1115-1121.
[41] Maurer M, Abramovich D, Siegrist H, Gujer W. Kinetics of biologically induced phosphorus precipitation in waste-water treatment. Water Research. 1999;33:484-493.