Nosso grupo tem experiência no estudo dos efeitos da exposição subcrônica à nicotina durante a adolescência. Nossa ideia foi tentar prevenir os efeitos já conhecidos da nicotina durante este período do desenvolvimento com a exposição prévia ao ambiente enriquecido, o que ainda não tinha sido feito no nosso laboratório utilizando camundongos. De maneira geral, no teste do campo vazado, a nicotina promoveu os efeitos padrões de aumento do comportamento de busca pela novidade, diminuição da ansiedade (em pelo menos 1 das idades) e esses efeitos foram revertidos com a prévia exposição ao ambiente enriquecido. Já no campo aberto, a nicotina não provocou efeitos no grupo tratado. O que ficou mais evidente, nesse teste, foi o efeito da exposição ao ambiente enriquecido.
Com essa tese implementamos o protocolo para exposição ao ambiente enriquecido, com resultados claros, no nosso laboratório e abrimos a possibilidade de ser uma ferramenta de abordagem preventiva e/ou terapêutica nas diversas outras linhas de pesquisa do laboratório, como as que envolvem o uso de álcool, cafeína, entre outras substâncias potencialmente nocivas ao cérebro em desenvolvimento.
Outro ponto interessante desse trabalho é o fato de que a exposição ao ambiente enriquecido foi feita no início da vida e o tratamento com a nicotina foi realizado durante o período da adolescência, que são considerados janelas ou períodos críticos do desenvolvimento, mas que os resultados, de maneira geral, não apareceram quando os animais foram avaliados logo após essa sequência de exposição ao ambiente enriquecido e tratamento com a nicotina em sim na idade adulta. Por isso, é razoável sugerir que a exposição e o tratamento realizados em períodos críticos podem ter desencadeado uma programação metabólica. Atualmente, o termo "plasticidade ontogenética" tem sido mais utilizado e propõe uma forma menos determinística e mais probabilística para explicar o surgimento de resposta a insultos durante as fases particularmente vulneráveis da vida de um indivíduo (Gluckman;
Hanson, 2007). Sabe-se que alterações nutricionais, hormonais e ambientais durante estágios críticos do desenvolvimento podem alterar a fisiologia e o metabolismo, provocando o desenvolvimento de distúrbios na vida adulta (De Moura et al., 2005; 2008; Barker et al., 1995; 2003; 2004).
Por fim, a partir de agora, a exposição ao ambiente enriquecido pode ser uma boa possibilidade de estudo nos próximos trabalhos do nosso grupo.
CONCLUSÕES
De maneira geral, a exposição ao ambiente enriquecido e o tratamento com a nicotina geraram alterações comportamentais e nos níveis de neurotransmissores na idade adulta.
No campo vazado, a nicotina promoveu, em machos adultos, um comportamento de mais busca pela novidade e esse comportamento não se manteve quando os animais foram pré-expostos ao ambiente enriquecido. Nesse caso a exposição ao ambiente enriquecido parece atuar como um protetor em relação a esse efeito que está relacionado com comportamentos prévios ao início do uso de drogas.
No campo aberto, a exposição ao ambiente enriquecido aumentou a atividade locomotora em fêmeas adolescentes, o que não se repetiu na idade adulta.
Com relação a dopamina, nossos resultados indicam que, nos machos adultos, a exposição ao ambiente enriquecido diminuiu a contração de dopamina no córtex e que essa diminuição foi ainda maior nos animais expostos ao ambiente e tratados com nicotina. Em relação a noradrenalina observamos resultados diferentes em fêmeas e machos, onde em fêmeas do grupo exposto ao AE e tratado com nicotina apresentou um aumento na concentração, enquanto que nos machos, quem apresentou esse aumento foi o grupo que foi somente exposto ao ambiente enriquecido.
Nossos resultados indicam a clara influência da exposição ao ambiente enriquecido no comportamento dos animais, podendo modular ou até mesmo reverter efeitos causados pelo tratamento com a nicotina de forma gênero-dependente.
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