6.4 Results
6.4.2 Fricatives in Context
6.4.2.1 Fricatives in Nonsense Words (Corpus 2)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
Ad(dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B M E
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B M
Speaker LMTJE
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
Ad(dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
Figure 6.16: Dynamic amplitude of fricatives from Corpus 2, at the Begin- ning (B), Middle (M) and End (E) of the fricative.
120
−3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
Sp(dB/kHz)
B M E
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B M
Speaker LMTJE
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
−3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
Sp(dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
Figure 6.17: Spectral slope of fricatives from Corpus 2, at the Beginning (B), Middle (M) and End (E) of the fricative.
On a F vs.Ad orSp0 vs.Sp graph the fricatives in nonsense words (Corpus 2) produced by all four speakers cluster by place as shown in Figures 6.18 and 6.19. When we use place knowledge, i.e. use F, to plot Ad vs. Sp at the beginning, middle and end the results are also inconclusive, as shown in Figures 6.20 to 6.23.
121
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/A/ /O/ F
(kHz)
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/A/ /O/ F
(kHz)
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/A/ /O/ F
(kHz)
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/A/ /O/ F
(kHz)
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
Figure6.18:Corpus2,Fvs.A
dvs.S pattheend(blue),beginning(green)andmiddle(red)ofthefricative.{/f/,?{/v/,{/s/,{/z/,{/A/and2{/O/.
122
−3
−2
−1 0
1
−5 0 5 10 15 20 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/A/ /O/ F
(kHz)
S 0
p (dB/kHz) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2
−1 0
1
−5 0 5 10 15 20 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/A/ /O/ F
(kHz)
S 0
p (dB/kHz) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
−3
−2
−1 0
1
−5 0 5 10 15 20 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/A/ /O/ F
(kHz)
S 0
p (dB/kHz) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2
−1 0
1
−5 0 5 10 15 20 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/A/ /O/ F
(kHz)
S 0
p (dB/kHz) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
Figure6.19:Corpus2,Fvs.S 0
pvs.S pattheend(blue),beginning(green)andmiddle(red)ofthefricative.{/f/,?{/v/,{/s/,{/z/,{/A/and2{/O/.
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−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Figure 6.20: F vs. Ad vs. Sp at the beginning, middle and end of the fricative. Top: F=5kHz, Labiodental (/f/ { solid line, and /v/ { dashed line); Middle: F=6kHz, Alveolar (/s/ { solid line, and /z/ { dashed line);
Bottom: F=4kHz, Postalveolar (/A/ { solid line, and /O/ { dashed line).
Corpus 2 (Speaker LMTJ).
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−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Figure 6.21: Ad vs. Sp at the beginning, middle and end of the fricative.
Top: F=5kHz, Labiodental (/f/ { solid line, and /v/ { dashed line); Mid- dle: F=6kHz, Alveolar (/s/ { solid line, and /z/ { dashed line); Bottom:
F=4kHz, Postalveolar (/A/ { solid line, and /O/ { dashed line). Corpus 2 (Speaker CFGA).
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−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Figure 6.22: Ad vs. Sp at the beginning, middle and end of the fricative.
Top: F=5kHz, Labiodental (/f/ { solid line, and /v/ { dashed line); Mid- dle: F=6kHz, Alveolar (/s/ { solid line, and /z/ { dashed line); Bottom:
F=4kHz, Postalveolar (/A/ { solid line, and /O/ { dashed line). Corpus 2 (Speaker ACC).
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−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Beginning Middle End
PSfrag replacements
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Figure 6.23: Ad vs. Sp at the beginning, middle and end of the fricative.
Top: F=5kHz, Labiodental (/f/ { solid line, and /v/ { dashed line); Mid- dle: F=6kHz, Alveolar (/s/ { solid line, and /z/ { dashed line); Bottom:
F=4kHz, Postalveolar (/A/ { solid line, and /O/ { dashed line). Corpus 2 (Speaker ISSS).
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Preliminary comparisons of stressed and destressed fricatives indicate no or little change in Ad and Sp, as shown in Figures 6.24 and 6.25 for Corpus 2 fricatives , not as predicted. We note, though, that syllable stress is strongly correlated with the amount of devoicing, and since Portuguese fricatives de- voice in over one half of words, there may be some interaction of these pa- rameters, i.e.:
Syllable stress is strongly correlated with the amount of devoicing.
Portuguese fricatives devoice >50%.
For fricatives in destressed syllables we predict: Ad &and Sp &.
For fricatives in stressed syllables we predict: Ad % and Sp %.
There may be some interaction!
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
Ad(dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B M E
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B M
Speaker LMTJE
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
Ad(dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
Figure 6.24: Dynamic amplitude of fricatives from Corpus 2, at the Begin- ning (B), Middle (M) and End (E) of the fricative. Fricatives in stressed syllables (solid line) and destressed syllables (dashed line).
129
−3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
Sp(dB/kHz)
B M E
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B M
Speaker LMTJE
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
−3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
Sp(dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
Figure 6.25: Spectral slope of fricatives from Corpus 2, at the Beginning (B), Middle (M) and End (E) of the fricative. Fricatives in stressed syllables (solid line) and destressed syllables (dashed line).
Figures 6.26 to 6.29, show the examples of Corpus 2 fricatives which occur in rounded and unrounded vowel context. There doesn't seem to be any consistent eect of rounding in the values of Ad and Sp.
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
Ad(dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B M E
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Ad (dB)
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B M
Speaker LMTJE
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
Ad(dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
Figure 6.26: Dynamic amplitude of fricatives from Corpus 2, at the Begin- ning (B), Middle (M) and End (E) of the fricative. Fricatives in rounded vowel context (solid line) and unrounded vowel context (dashed line).
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−3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
Sp(dB/kHz)
B M E
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B M
Speaker LMTJE
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
−3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
Sp(dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5 0 0.5 1
PSfrag replacements /v//f/
/z//s/
/A/ /O/
A
d (dB)
S
p (dB/kHz)
B B B B B
BME ME ME ME ME ME
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
Figure 6.27: Spectral slope of fricatives from Corpus 2, at the Beginning (B), Middle (M) and End (E) of the fricative. Fricatives in rounded vowel context (solid line) and unrounded vowel context (dashed line).
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−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements F(kHz)
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements F(kHz)
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
−3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements F(kHz)
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2
−1 0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements F(kHz)
A
d (dB) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
Figure6.28:Corpus2,Fvs.A
d(middle)vs.S
p(middle).Fricativesinroundedvowelcontext(red)andunroundedvowelcontext(blue).{/f/,
?{/v/,{/s/,{/z/,{/A/and2{/O/.
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−3
−2
−1 0
1
−5 0 5 10 15 20 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements F(kHz)
S 0
p (dB/kHz) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2
−1 0
1
−5 0 5 10 15 20 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements F(kHz)
S 0
p (dB/kHz) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
−3
−2
−1 0
1
−5 0 5 10 15 20 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements F(kHz)
S 0
p (dB/kHz) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ
Speaker CFGA
Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS −3
−2
−1 0
1
−5 0 5 10 15 20 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
PSfrag replacements F(kHz)
S 0
p (dB/kHz) Sp (dB/kHz)
Speaker LMTJ Speaker CFGA Speaker ACC
Speaker ISSS
Figure6.29:Corpus2,Fvs.S 0
p(middle)vs.S
p(middle).Fricativesinroundedvowelcontext(red)andunroundedvowelcontext(blue).{/f/,
?{/v/,{/s/,{/z/,{/A/and2{/O/.Wewerealsointerestedinthefollowingquestions:
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Are the parameters capturing the feature stress?
Is there a signicant dierence in the overall amplitude of the spectra of the various examples of a particular fricative?
To answer these questions we've superimposed the ensemble-averaged spectra at the middle of all examples of each fricative in Corpus 2 (Speaker LMTJ).
The overall amplitude of stressed and destressed fricatives is the same, so the parameters seem to capture the main spectral features. The only signicant dierence seems to be the amplitude of the \voice-bar", which is 10-15dB higher for stressed than for destressed fricatives.