14 APPENDIX C. MATERIAL COMPLEMENT
I n t e r m e d i a t e m o d u l u s , h i g h t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h f i b e r, w i t h e x c e l l e n t b a l a n c e d c o m p o s i t e p r o p e r t i e s . D e s i g n e d a n d d e v e l o p e d t o m e e t t h e w e i g h t s a v i n g d e m a n d o f a i r c r a f t . H a s b e e n u s e d i n p r i m a r y s t r u c t u r e o f a i r c r a f t , i n cl u d i n g v e r t i c a l f i n a n d h o r i z o n t a l s t a b i l i z e r.
F I B E R P R O P E R T I E S
English Metric Test Method
Tensile Strength 796 ksi 5,490 MPa TY-030B-01
Tensile Modulus 42.7 Msi 294 GPa TY-030B-01
Strain 1.9 % 1.9 % TY-030B-01
Density 0.065 lbs/in3 1.81 g/cm3 TY-030B-02
Filament Diameter 2.0E-04 in. 5 µm
Yield 6K 6,679 ft/lbs 223 g/1000m TY-030B-03
12K 3,347 ft/lbs 445 g/1000m TY-030B-03
Sizing Type 40A, 40B 1.0 % TY-030B-05
& Amount 50B 1.0 % TY-030B-05
Twist Twisted, Untwisted
F U N C T I O N A L P R O P E R T I E S
CTE -0.56α⋅10-6/˚C
Specific Heat 0.18 Cal/g⋅˚C
Thermal Conductivity 0.0839 Cal/cm⋅s⋅˚C
Electric Resistivity 1.4 x 10-3 Ω⋅cm
Chemical Composition: Carbon 96 %
Na + K <50 ppm
C O M P O S I T E P R O P E R T I E S *
Tensile Strength 380 ksi 2,650 MPa ASTM D-3039
Tensile Modulus 25.0 Msi 170 GPa ASTM D-3039
Tensile Strain 1.5 % 1.5 % ASTM D-3039
Compressive Strength 230 ksi 1,570 MPa ASTM D-695
Flexural Strength 235 ksi 1,620 MPa ASTM D-790
Flexural Modulus 22.0 Msi 150 GPa ASTM D-790
ILSS 14.0 ksi 10 kgf/mm2 ASTM D-2344
90˚ Tensile Strength 9.0 ksi 63 MPa ASTM D-3039
* To r a y 2 5 0 ˚ F E p o x y R e s i n . N o r m a l i z e d t o 6 0 % f i b e r v o l u m e .
T O R A Y C A R B O N F I B E R S A M E R I C A , I N C .
®
C.2. MATERIAL DATA SHEETS 15
Composite T800/3900-2 Unidirectional Prepreg (Fv=60%)
Toray Composites (America), Inc. - Carbon/Epoxy segunda-feira, 1 de Dezembro de 2014
Copyright © 2014 IDES Inc. (www.ides.com), and Firehole Technologies Inc. (www.fireholetech.com) Information for this material was last updated: 12-12-2013
The information presented on this datasheet was acquired by Firehole Technologies Inc.,www.fireholetech.com, from various sources. IDES and Firehole make substantial efforts to assure the accuracy of this data. However, IDES and Firehole assume no responsibility for the data values and strongly encourages that upon final material selection, data points are validated.
Page: 1 of 1
Please Note: This symbol denotes data that is available when youpurchase this datasheet, or subscribe to Prospector:Composites.
General Information Product Description
T800/3900-2 is a carbon/epoxy unidirectional prepreg with high-strain fibers and a high-toughness matrix.
General
Generic Name •Carbon/Epoxy
Fiber •T800
Matrix •3900-2
Fiber Supplier •Toray Composites (America), Inc.
Matrix Supplier •Toray Composites (America), Inc.
Fiber Volume Fraction •60 %
Form(s) •Unidirectional Prepreg
Material Status •Commercial: Active
Availability •Asia Pacific
•Europe
•Latin America
•North America
Cured Thickness
•0,00586 in (
•0,149 mm )
Data Source •Journal Article 1
Data Rating •**
Technical Properties 2
Mechanical Nominal Value (English) Nominal Value (SI)
Compressive Modulus
E11 - Longitudinal 22,6 msi 156 GPa
E22 - Transverse 1,29 msi 8,89 GPa
Shear Modulus (G12 - In-Plane) 0,745 msi 5,14 GPa
Poisson's Ratio (ν12 - In-Plane) 0,300 0,300
Additional Information
Mechanical data was normalized to a fiber volume of 60%. This number was found on the product data sheet titled "Torayca T800H," Toray Composites (America) Inc., Santa Ana, CA.
Notes
1
2 Properties are not to be construed as design specifications.
Figure C.6: Composite T800 data sheet
16 APPENDIX C. MATERIAL COMPLEMENT
CFRP, epoxy matrix (isotropic) Description
The material
Carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRPs) offer greater stiffness and strength than any other type, but they are considerably more expensive than GFRP (see record). Continuous fibers in a polyester or epoxy matrix give the highest performance. The fibers carry the mechanical loads, while the matrix material transmits loads to the fibers and provides ductility and toughness as well as protecting the fibers from damage caused by handling or the environment. It is the matrix material that limits the service temperature and processing conditions.
Composition (summary)
Epoxy + continuous HS carbon fiber reinforcement (0, +-45, 90), quasi-isotropic layup.
General properties
Density 1.5e3 - 1.6e3 kg/m^3
Price * 29.8 - 33.1 EUR/kg
Date first used 1963
Mechanical properties
Young's modulus 69 - 150 GPa
Shear modulus 28 - 60 GPa
Bulk modulus 43 - 80 GPa
Poisson's ratio * 0.305 - 0.307
Yield strength (elastic limit) 550 - 1.05e3 MPa
Tensile strength 550 - 1.05e3 MPa
Compressive strength 440 - 840 MPa
Elongation * 0.32 - 0.35 % strain
Hardness - Vickers * 10.8 - 21.5 HV
Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles * 150 - 300 MPa
Fracture toughness * 6.12 - 20 MPa.m^0.5
Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta) * 0.0014 - 0.0033 Thermal properties
Glass temperature 99.9 - 180 °C
Maximum service temperature * 140 - 220 °C
Minimum service temperature * -123 - -73.2 °C
Thermal conductor or insulator? Poor insulator
Thermal conductivity * 1.28 - 2.6 W/m.°C
Specific heat capacity * 902 - 1.04e3 J/kg.°C
Thermal expansion coefficient * 1 - 4 µstrain/°C
Electrical properties
Electrical conductor or insulator? Poor conductor
Electrical resistivity * 1.65e5 - 9.46e5 µohm.cm
Optical properties
Transparency Opaque
Processability
Moldability 4 - 5
Machinability 1 - 3
Eco properties
Embodied energy, primary production * 453 - 500 MJ/kg
CO2 footprint, primary production * 32.9 - 36.4 kg/kg
Recycle False
Figure C.7: CFRP - data sheet
C.2. MATERIAL DATA SHEETS 17
GFRP, epoxy matrix (isotropic)
Composites are one of the great material developments of the 20th century. Those with the highest stiffness and strength are made of continuous fibers (glass, carbon or Kevlar, an aramid) embedded in a thermosetting resin (polyester or epoxy). The fibers carry the mechanical loads, while the matrix material transmits loads to the fibers and provides ductility and toughness as well as protecting the fibers from damage caused by handling or the environment. It is the matrix material that limits the service temperature and processing conditions. Polyester-glass composites (GFRPs) are the cheapest and by far the most widely used. A recent innovation is the use of thermoplastics at the matrix material, either in the form of a co-weave of cheap polypropylene and glass fibers that is thermoformed, melting the PP, or as expensive high-temperature thermoplastic resins such as PEEK that allow composites with higher temperature and impact resistance. High performance GFRP uses continuous fibers. Those with chopped glass fibers are cheaper and are used in far larger quantities. GFRP products range from tiny electronic circuit boards to large boat hulls, body and interior panels of cars, household appliances, furniture and fittings.
General properties
Density 1.75e3 - 1.97e3 kg/m^3
Price * 19.4 - 27.4 EUR/kg
Date first used 1935
Mechanical properties
Young's modulus * 15 - 28 GPa
Shear modulus * 6 - 11 GPa
Bulk modulus 18 - 20 GPa
Poisson's ratio * 0.314 - 0.315
Yield strength (elastic limit) * 110 - 192 MPa
Tensile strength * 138 - 241 MPa
Compressive strength * 138 - 207 MPa
Elongation * 0.85 - 0.95 % strain
Hardness - Vickers * 10.8 - 21.5 HV
Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles * 55 - 96 MPa
Fracture toughness * 7 - 23 MPa.m^0.5
Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta) * 0.0028 - 0.005 Thermal properties
Glass temperature 147 - 197 °C
Maximum service temperature * 140 - 220 °C
Minimum service temperature * -123 - -73.2 °C
Thermal conductor or insulator? Poor insulator
Thermal conductivity * 0.4 - 0.55 W/m.°C
Specific heat capacity * 1e3 - 1.2e3 J/kg.°C
Thermal expansion coefficient * 8.64 - 33 µstrain/°C
Electrical properties
Electrical conductor or insulator? Good insulator
Electrical resistivity * 2.4e21 - 1.91e22 µohm.cm
Dielectric constant (relative permittivity) * 4.86 - 5.17 Dissipation factor (dielectric loss tangent) 0.004 - 0.009
Dielectric strength (dielectric breakdown) * 11.8 - 19.7 1000000 V/m Optical properties
Transparency Translucent
Processability
Moldability 4 - 5
Machinability 2 - 3
Eco properties
Embodied energy, primary production * 150 - 170 MJ/kg
CO2 footprint, primary production * 9.5 - 10.5 kg/kg
Recycle False
Figure C.8: GFRP - data sheet
18 APPENDIX C. MATERIAL COMPLEMENT
alloys.pdf
Titanium alloys Description The material
Titan was a Greek god, remarkable for his size and strength. His name has been appropriated many times, not always aptly (think of the Titanic). But the alloys of titanium merit the association:
the strongest of them have the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any structural metal, about 25%
greater than the best alloys of aluminum or steel. Titanium alloys can be used at temperatures up to 500 C - compressor blades of aircraft turbines are made of them. They have unusually poor thermal and electrical conductivity, and low expansion coefficients. The alloy Ti 6%Al 4% V is used in quantities that exceed those of all other titanium alloys combined. The data in this record describes it and similar alloys.
Composition (summary)
Ti + alloying elements, e.g. Al, Zr, Cr, Mo, Si, Sn, Ni, Fe, V General properties
Density 4.4e3 - 4.8e3 kg/m^3
Price * 19.9 - 21.9 EUR/kg
Date first used 1952
Mechanical properties
Young's modulus 110 - 120 GPa
Shear modulus 40 - 45 GPa
Bulk modulus 96 - 102 GPa
Poisson's ratio 0.35 - 0.37
Yield strength (elastic limit) 750 - 1.2e3 MPa
Tensile strength 800 - 1.45e3 MPa
Compressive strength 750 - 1.2e3 MPa
Elongation 5 - 10 % strain
Hardness - Vickers 267 - 380 HV
Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles * 589 - 617 MPa
Fracture toughness 55 - 70 MPa.m^0.5
Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta) 5e-4 - 0.002 Thermal properties
Melting point 1.48e3 - 1.68e3 °C
Maximum service temperature 450 - 500 °C
Minimum service temperature -273 °C
Thermal conductor or insulator? Poor conductor
Thermal conductivity 7 - 14 W/m.°C
Specific heat capacity 645 - 655 J/kg.°C
Thermal expansion coefficient 8.9 - 9.6 µstrain/°C
Electrical properties
Electrical conductor or insulator? Good conductor
Electrical resistivity 100 - 170 µohm.cm
Optical properties
Transparency Opaque
Processability
Castability 3
Formability 2 - 4
Machinability 1 - 3
Weldability 4 - 5
Solder/brazability 1 - 2
Eco properties
Embodied energy, primary production * 651 - 720 MJ/kg
CO2 footprint, primary production * 44.1 - 48.7 kg/kg
Recycle True
Figure C.9: Titanium alloys - data sheet
C.2. MATERIAL DATA SHEETS 19
Polymer Foam.pdf
Rigid Polymer Foam (HD) Description
The material
Polymer foams are made by the controlled expansion and solidification of a liquid or melt through a blowing agent; physical, chemical or mechanical blowing agents are possible. The resulting cellular material has a lower density, stiffness and strength than the parent material, by an amount that depends on its relative density - the volume-fraction of solid in the foam. Rigid foams are made from polystyrene, phenolic, polyethylene, polypropylene or derivatives of polymethylmethacrylate. They are light and stiff, and have mechanical properties the make them attractive for energy
management and packaging, and for lightweight structural use. Open-cell foams can be used as filters, closed cell foams as flotation. Self-skinning foams, called 'structural' or 'syntactic', have a dense surface skin made by foaming in a cold mold. Rigid polymer foams are widely used as cores of sandwich panels.
General properties
Density 170 - 470 kg/m^3
Price * 9.9 - 19.8 EUR/kg
Date first used 1931
Mechanical properties
Young's modulus 0.2 - 0.48 GPa
Shear modulus 0.055 - 0.195 GPa
Bulk modulus 0.2 - 0.48 GPa
Poisson's ratio 0.27 - 0.33
Yield strength (elastic limit) 0.8 - 12 MPa
Tensile strength 1.2 - 12.4 MPa
Compressive strength 2.8 - 12 MPa
Elongation 2 - 10 % strain
Hardness - Vickers 0.28 - 1.2 HV
Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles * 0.84 - 9.6 MPa
Fracture toughness 0.0236 - 0.0905 MPa.m^0.5
Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta) * 0.005 - 0.15 Thermal properties
Glass temperature 66.9 - 171 °C
Maximum service temperature 66.9 - 167 °C
Minimum service temperature -113 - -73.2 °C
Thermal conductor or insulator? Good insulator
Thermal conductivity 0.034 - 0.063 W/m.°C
Specific heat capacity 1e3 - 1.91e3 J/kg.°C
Thermal expansion coefficient 22 - 70 µstrain/°C
Electrical properties
Electrical conductor or insulator? Good insulator
Electrical resistivity 1e16 - 1e20 µohm.cm
Dielectric constant (relative permittivity) 1.21 - 1.45 Dissipation factor (dielectric loss tangent) 8e-4 - 0.008
Dielectric strength (dielectric breakdown) 6.02 - 11 1000000 V/m Optical properties
Transparency Opaque
Processability
Castability 1 - 3
Moldability 3 - 4
Machinability 3 - 4
Weldability 1 - 2
Eco properties
Embodied energy, primary production * 96.6 - 107 MJ/kg CO2 footprint, primary production * 3.68 - 4.07 kg/kg
Figure C.10: Rigid Polymer Foam HD - data sheet