4.2 Application
4.2.4 Coin cell test
In addition, PSEBS SU22-MEC induced the lowest Ecat in VFA mixture (- 904 mV), which is highly beneficial in terms of application. It is clear from the results of this study that the potential losses attributed to pH-splitting contributed to the total losses more significantly than ionic losses. However, among these factors, further transport and Ohmic losses may occur. The high cathode overpotential in the case of FBM-MEC is an applicable example: the reduced pH- imbalance as result of usage of bipolar membrane (and the associated migration of protons and hydroxide ions of water splitting at the transition region of FBM) does not compensate for the additional losses resulting from its functional and ion transport character (64), (58). As suggested in the literature describing bipolar membrane MEC, unconventional cathodic conditions (e.g., initial acidic pH) should be maintained to utilize the advantages of bipolar membranes and minimize pH-imbalance (58).
According to the reported results have been proven that membrane PSEBS-SU is reasonable choice for operating in MEC with regard to estimation of ion transport and potential losses together with high yield production of hydrogen.
Figure 31 Coin cell design
In this study half cells cycling tests were done on Maccor series 4000 (Maccor, Inc. USA) testing instrument. Coin cell CR2032 3V was used, wave spring 15.4 x 1.0 mm, spacer 15.5 x 0.5 mm. Two types of measurements were done with different active electrode material (i) SLP30 (90% graphite, 10% binder, TIMCAL™) and (ii) NMC-111 (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, MTI Corp.).
As a counter electrode was used battery grade lithium metal foil 60 mm, thickness 0.5 mm (MSE Supplies®). For a separator was used Whatman® filter paper (WM 16 mm). Separator was filled with electrolyte [P1444]+[TFSI]- with 0.3M Li FSI, this IL was chosen due to the obtained highest conductivity, different additives for forming a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) was used.
Preparation of electrolyte with SEI agents is summarized in Table 17.
Table 17: Preparation of electrolyte with SEI agent
No. Electrolyte type Weights [g]
1 IL + Triethyl phosphate 1.0096 + 0.0525a 0.9977 + 0.2553b 2 IL + Fluoroethylene carbonate 0.9965 + 0.0553a 0.9987 + 0.2618b 3 IL + Trimethyl phosphate 1.0083 + 0.0553a
IL = [P1444]+[TFSI]- + 0.3M LiFSI
a 5% concentration of SEI
b 20% concentration of SEI
First measurement was performed with SLP30 as active material for working electrode, as an electrolyte was chosen prepared [P1444]+[TFSI]- + 0.3M LiFSI and mixture of this IL with 5%
triethyl phosphate and 20% triethyl phosphate, respectively. Coin cell parameters of tested samples are summarized in Table 18.
Table 18: Coin cell parameters for SLP30 Coin Cell
no. Electrolyte type Active material [mg] Specific capacity [mAh] C-rate
3 IL 12.38 1.818 0.676
4 IL 12.47 1.899 0.706
7 No. 1 IL 5% 12.45 1.881 0.706
8 No. 1 IL 5% 12.61 2.025 0.753
11 No. 1 IL 20% 12.38 1.818 0.676
Measurements were performed at 20 °C, Operating voltage range was from -5 V to 5 V with maximum of applied current of 5 A, C-rate of C/10 for 125 cycles. After the first three cycles is visible significant drop in discharge capacity resulted from not successful forming of SEI on the electrode. Forming of SEI layer is key for successful battery operating, layer generation is strongly dependent on electrolyte composition as well as operation conditions, this phenomenon is described elsewhere (65), (66), (67). Performance of this type of cell was not successful, due to the low coulombic efficiency and discharge capacity. This might be caused by lithium trapping in graphite composite (68). Results are shown in Figure 32.
Figure 32: Half-cell test measurement with SPL30 working electrode
Second run on half cells cycling tests were performed with NMC as an active material of working electrode, electrolyte types are shown in Table 17. Coin cell parameters are summarized in Table 19.
Table 19: Coin cell parameters for NMC Coin Cell
number Electrolyte type Active
material [mg] Specific capacity
[mAh] C-rate
1 IL 8.47 2.024 0.326
5 No. 1 IL 5% 8.25 1.837 0.296
6 No. 1 IL 5% 6.52 0.366 0.059
9 No. 1 IL 20% 8.66 2.185 0.352
10 No. 1 IL 20% 8.77 2.279 0.367
13 No. 2 IL 5% 8.70 2.219 0.357
14 No. 2 IL 5% 8.63 2.160 0.348
17 No. 2 IL 20% 8.65 2.177 0.035
18 No. 2 IL 20% 8.53 2.075 0.334
21 No. 3 IL 5% 8.50 2.049 0.033
Measurements were performed at 20 °C, operating voltage range was from -5 V to 5 V with maximum of applied current of 5 A. Cycling test was set for 165 and 151 cycles, respectively, C- rate program was followed first 3 cycles at C/5 + 50 cycles at 1C + C/20 + 5 cycles at C/5 + 100 cycles at 1C. First 3 cycles are slower to be able to form solid electrolyte interphase. After the first three cycles is visible significant drop in discharge capacity resulted from not successful forming of SEI on the electrode. We can observe similar problem as in previous test with SLP30 electrode, coulombic efficiency and discharge capacity is too low to be able to operate in this cycling test. Results are shown in Figure 33. At low C-Rate (C/20; C/5) the discharge capacity increased, but performance was not stable. This issue might be caused due to the irreversible intercalation of TFSI anion into the electrode, chemical aspect on surface in li-ion battery are described (69) . To improve the performance of used electrolyte, different types of SEI agents should be tried for measurement.
Figure 33 Half-cell test with NMC working electrode
5 Conclusions
1. Successful synthesis of anion exchange material PSEBS-CM-TMA was done, material was characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR spectra to confirm the structure and purity of prepared membrane. Membrane was tested in laboratory alkaline water electrolyzer with 10% KOH and shown results confirmed stable operation performance for more than 800h, a good stability of trimethyl benzyl ammonium groups on styrene block copolymers in alkaline environment and as well as good mechanical stability of PSEBSCM-TMA membrane.
According to those results, industrial application of this membrane was confirmed.
2. Successful synthesis of two types of cation exchange membranes was done:
i. Copolymer VPA-co-AN with different amount of VPA units were synthesized by new approach and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy for confirmation of its structure. Thermal properties were measured by TGA analysis and results showed good thermal stability up to 300 °C. On the other hand, was proven that higher amount of VPA units shows better conductivity, but worse mechanical strength.
VPA16 membrane was tested in laboratory single-fuel cell, maximum power performance was reached at 25 mW cm-2 in open circuit potential of 880 mV, which indicates sufficient low permeability of polymer electrolyte for hydrogen. Improved way of synthesis was confirmed as well as the industrial application of this membrane.
ii. Novel cation exchange membrane PSEBS SU with sulfomethyl group was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy for confirmation of desired structure. This polymer was tested in microbial electrolysis cell for hydrogen production, where shows best performance in comparison to other tested membranes. This novel material has great potential to be used in industrial applications.
3. Successful synthesis of three novel ionic liquid was done:
i. [EtMeIm]+ [EtPITE]- was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR spectra for confirmation of the structure. Thermal properties measured by TGA, and DSC showed the worst stability (up to 150 °C) in comparison to the other prepared ILs. The electrochemical properties were also poor compared to the values measured
for the other prepared ILs, the highest conductivity up to 0.03 mScm-1 was achieved and ESW = 4.3 V.
ii. [P1444]+[TFSI]- was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR spectra for confirmation of the structure. XRF spectra was measured for confirmation that anion exchange from iodide to TFSI was done completely. According to the TGA and DSC measurements this ionic liquid shows excellent thermal stability up to 300 °C. Pure [P1444]+[TFSI]- shows semicrystalline behavior on DSC measurements, but this undesirable fact was removed by adding of Li+ salts. Ionic conductivities were noticeably better, measurements showed conductivity around 0.5 mS cm-1. The best results were achieved for electrochemical stability, ESW = 7.0 V. Therefore, this IL was chosen for half-coin cell test, coin cells results showed low coulombic efficiency and discharge capacity of the electrolyte. This ionic liquid has potential to be used as electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries in case of additional SEI agents will be used.
iii. [S111]+ [TFSI]- was synthesized, but due to the fact that this IL is at room temperature in crystal phase, was dissolved in [P1444]+[TFSI]- in 1:1 ration, to obtain liquid, which can be further characterized and used for electrochemical properties.
by 1H NMR and 31P NMR spectra were measured to confirmed the structure and purity of [P1444]+[S111]+[TFSI]-.Thermal stability of this mixture was detected up to 250 °C, which shows good thermal properties. This mixture exhibited the best ionic conductivity of all measured ILs, the limit of 1 mS cm-1 was reached. The electrochemical stability was averaged, ESW = 5.5 V. With further development this IL has also potential to be used as electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries.
6 References
1. J. Schauer: Membránové procesy a jejich historie. Membránové procesy. Praha : Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická v Praze, 2012, p. 20.
2. P. Mikulášek, H. Jiránková: Tlakové membránové procesy. Membránové procesy. Praha : Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická v Praze, 2012, pp. 112-113.
3. T. Sata: Ion Excahnge Membranes - Preparation, Characterization, Modification and Application. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004.
4. A. Gugliuzza, E. Drioli, L. Giorno: Membrane Swelling. Encyclopedia of Membranes. Berlin Heidelberg: Springler-Verlag, 2015.
5. P. Mikulášek, H. Jiránková: Transport látek membránami. Membránové procesy. Praha:
Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická v Praze, 2012, p. 61.
6. Two phosphonium ionic liquids with Li+ transport number. V. L. Martins, N. Sanchez- Ramirez, M. C. C. Ribeiro, R. M. Torresi. 35, 2015, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys, Vol. 17.
7. Room temperature ionic liquids and their mixtures - a review. K. N. Marsh, J. A. Boxall, R.
Lichtenthaler, 2004, Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 219, pp. 93-98.
8. Functionalized ionic liquids as electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. S. Pandian, S. G. Raju, K.
S. Hariharan, S.M. Kolake, D-H. Park, M-J Lee. 1, 2015, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 286.
9. Electrochemical and pshysicochemical properties of small phosphonium cation ionic liquid electrolytes with high lithium salt content. G. M. A. Girarld, M. Hilder, H. Zhu, et all. s.l. : Phys.
Chem. Chem. Phys., 2015, Vol. 17.
10. Physical and electrochemical properties of low-viscosity phosphonium ionic liquids as potentital electrolytes. K. Tsunashima, M. Sugiya. s.l. : Electrochemistry communication, 2007, Vol. 9.
11. Relationships between center atom species (N, P) and ionic conductivity, viscosity, density, self-diffusion coefficient of quarternary cation room-temperature ionic liquids. S. Seki, K.
Hayamizu, S. Tsuzuki et all. s.l. : Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2009, Vol. 9.
12. Supfonium-based Ionic Liquids Electrolytes Incorporating the Allyl Functionality. D. Zhao, Z. Fei, W. H. Ang, P. J. Dyson. s.l. : Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2007, Vol. 8.
13. Inorganic-Organic Iionic Liquids Electrolytes Enabling High Energy-Density Metal Electrodes for Energy Storage. M. Forsyth, G.M.A. Girard, A. Basile. M. Hilder, D. R.
MacFarlane, F. Chen, P. C. Howlett. s.l. : Electrochimica Acta, 2016, Vol. 220.
14. The Novel Inonic Liquids and Its Related Self-Assembly in the Areas of Energy Storage and Conversion. R. Wang, C. Fang, L., Yang, K. Li, K. Zhu, G. Liu, J. Chen. s.l. : Small Science published by Wiley-VCH GmBh, 2022.
15. Hoogers, Gregor, et al. Fuel cell technology handbook. s.l. : CRC Press LLC, 2003.
16. Laboratory, National Energy Technology. Fuel cell handbook (sixth edition). West Virginia : EG&G Technical Services, Inc. Science application international corporation, 2002.
17. Hydgrogen production by PEM water electrolysis - A review. S. S. Kumar, V. Himabindu.
s.l. : Material Science for Energy Technologies, 2019, Vol. 2.
18. Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production and applications. K.
Zheng, D. Zhang. 3, s.l. : Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2010, Vol. 36.
19. Overview: State-of-the Art Commercial Membranes for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis. D. Henkensmeier, M. Najibah, C. Harms, J. Žitka, J. Hnát, K. Bouzek. 2, s.l. : J.
Electrochem. En. Conv. Stor., 2021, Vol. 18.
20. Alkaline Water Electrolysis Powered by Renewable Energy: A review. J. Brauns, T. Turek.
s.l. : Electrolysis Processes, 2020, Vol. 248.
21. Recent Advancement on Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell and Water Electrolysis.
Mandal, M. s.l. : Chem. Electro Chem., 2021, Vol. 8.
22. High-performance anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis. J. E. Park, S. Y. Kang, S-H.
Oh, J. K. Kim, M. S. Lim, Ch-Y. Ahn, Y-H. Cho, Y-E. Sung. s.l. : Electrochimica Acta, 2019, Vol. 295.
23. High-performance alkaline water electrolysis using Aemion anion exchange membranes. P.
Fortin, T. Khoza, X. Cao, S.Y. Martinsen, A.O. Barnett, S. Holdcroft. s.l. : Journal of Power Sources, 2020, Vol. 451.
24. A comprehensive review of microbial electrolysis (MEC) reactor designs and configurations for sustainable hydrogen gas production. A. Kadier, Y. Simayi, P. Abdeshahian, N. F. Azman, K.
Chandrasekhar, M.S. Kalil. 1, s.l. : Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2016, Vol. 55.
25. Electrochemically assisted microbial production of hydrogen from acetate. H. Liu, S. Grot, B. E. Logan. 11, s.l. : Environmental Science Technology, 2005, Vol. 39.
26. R. A. Rozendal, C.J.N. Buisman. Process for producing hydrogen. WO2005/005981 A2 Netherlands, January 20, 2005. Method.
27. N. K. Rathinam, R. K. Sani, D. Salem. Rewiring Extremophilic Electrocatalytic Processes for Production of Biofuels and Value-Added Compounds from Lignocellulosic Biomass. In
Extremohpilic Microbial Processing of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Biofuels, Value-Added Products, and Usable Power. s.l. : Springer Cham, 2018, pp 229-245.
28. Recent advances and emerging challenges in microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) for microbial production of hydrogen and value-added chemicals. A. Kadier, M. H. Kalil, P. Abdeshahian, K.
Chandrasekhar, A. Mohamed, N.F. Azman, W. Logrono, Y. Simayi. A.A. Hamid. s.l. : Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, Vol. 61.
29. Brief history of Early Lithium-Battery Development. M. V. Reddy, A. Mauger, Ch. M.
Julien, A. Paolella, K. Zaghib. s.l. : Materials, 2020, Vol. 13.
30. Lithium Ion Batteries: Revolutionizing the Electric Vehicle Industry. Esmito. [Online]
Esmito Solutions Pvt Ltd, September 10, 2021. [Cited: February 18, 2023.]
https://esmito.com/blog/lithium-ion-batteries.html.
31. An overview of Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles. X. Chen, W. Chen, T.T. Vo, Z.
Cao, A. Kapoor. Ho Chi Minh : IEEE Conference, 2012.
32. Brief overview of electrochemical potential in lithium ion batteries. J. Gao, S-Q, Shi, H. Li.
1, s.l. : Chinese Physics B, 2016, Vol. 25.
33. Pasivation of a Lithium Anode: Simulation model. I. Nainville, A- Lemarchand, J.P. Badiali.
s.l. : Electrochimica Acta, 1996.
34. Recent progress of advanced anode materials of lithium-ion batteries. H. Cheng, J.G.
Shapter, Y. Li, G. Gao. s.l. : Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2021, Vol. 57.
35. Review on recent progress of nanostructured anode materials for Li-ion batteries. S.
Goriparti, E. Miele, F. De Angelis, E. Di Fabrizio, R.P. Zaccaria, C. Capiglia. s.l. : Journal of Power Sources, 2014, Vol. 257.
36. High-voltage positive electrode for Lithium-ion batteries. W. Li, B. Song, A. Manthiram.
s.l. : Chemical Society Review, 2017, Vol. 46.
37. Termally-responsive, nonflammable phosphonium ionic liquid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries: operating at 100 degrees celsius. X. Lin, R. Kavian, Y. Lu, Q. Hu, Y. Shao-Horn, M.
W. Grinstaff. s.l. : Chemical Science, 2016, Vol. 6.
38. How Electrolytes Influence Battery Safety. E. P. Roth, C. J. Orendorff. s.l. : Electrochem.
Soc. Interface, 2012.
39. Flammability of Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes: Flash Point and Self-Extinguishing Time Measurements. S. Hess at. al s.l. : J. Electrochem. Soc., 2015, Vol. 162.
40. Flammability Parameters of lithium-ion battery electrolytes. A. Swiderska-Mocek, P.
Jakobczyk, E. Rudnicka, A. Lewandowski. s.l. : Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2020, Vol. 318.
41. Chloromethylation of Aromatic Compouds. R.C. Fuson, C.H. McKeever. s.l. : John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2011.
42. Acid-based properties of ion exchangers. III. Anion exchangers on the basis of
polyacrylonitrile fiber. A.A. Shunkevich, Z.I. Akulich, G.V. Mediak, V.S. Soldatov. 1, s.l. : Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2005, Vol. 63.
43. Ionic Resistance and Permselectivity Tradeoffs in Anion Exchange Membranes. G. M. Geise, M. A. Hickner, B. E. Logan. 20, 2013, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 5, pp. 10294- 10301.
44. Anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells: A review. G. Merle, M. Wessling, K.
Nijmeijer. 2011, Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 377, pp. 1-35.
45. Effect of an Iodine Film on Charge-Transfer Resistance during the Electro-Oxidation of Iodide in Redox Flow Batteries. W.J. Jang, J.S. Cha, H. Kim, J.H. Yang. s.l. : ACS Appl. Mater.
Interfaces, 2021, Vol. 13.
46. Study of LiBF4 as an Electrolyte Salt for a Li-ion Battery. S. Zhang, K. Xu, R. Jow. s.l. : J.
Elchem. Society, 2002, Vol. 149.
47. Electrochemical Properties of Imidazolim Salt Electrolytes for Electrochemical Capacitor Applications. A.B. McEwen, H.L. Ngo, K. LeCompte, J.L. Goldman. s.l. : J. Elechem. Soc., 1999, Vol. 146.
48. A novel phosphonium ionic liquid electrolyte enabling high-voltage and high energy
possitive electrode materials in lithium-metal batteries. F. Wu, A.R. Schür, G-T. Kim et al. s.l. : Energy Storage Materials, 2021, Vol. 42.
49. Assymetric sulfonium-based molten salts with TFSI- or PF6- anions as novel electrolytes. L.
Yang, Z. Zhang, X. Gao, H. Zhang, K. Mashita. s.l. : Journal of Power Sources, 2006, Vol. 162.
50. L. Jothi, Y. Nageswaran, S. Chodhary. Spectroscopic Methods for Nanomaterials Characterization. 2017.
51. Electrochemical Stability Window of Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquids as Electrolyte for Lithium-ion Batteries. S. Kazemiabnavi, Z. Zhang, K. Thorton, S. Banerjee. s.l. : Journal of Physical Chemistry B., 2016, Vol. 120.
52. Absence of Schroeder´s paradox: Experimental evidence for water-swollen Nafion. S. Jeck, P. Scharfer, M. Kind. s.l. : J. Membr. Sci, 2011, Vol. 373.
53. Electrocatalytic activity of spinel realted cobaltes MxCo3-xO4 (M = Li, Ni, Cu) in th eoxygen evolution reaction. I. Nikolov, R. Darkaoui, E. Zacheva, R. Stoyanova, N. Dimitrov, T. Vitanov.
s.l. : J. Electroanal. Chem, 1997, Vol. 429.
54. Polymer anion-selective membranes for electrolytic splitting of water. Part II: Enhancement of ionic conductivity and performance under conditions of alkaline water electrolysis. J. Hnát, M. Paidar, J. Schauer, J. Žitka, K. Bouzek. s.l. : J. Appl. Electrochem., 2012, Vol. 42.
55. Polymer anion-selective membrane for electrolytic water splitting: the impact of a liquid electrolyte composition on the process parameters and long-term stability. J. Hnát, M. Paidar, J.
Schauer, K. Bouzek. s.l. : Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014, Vol. 39.
56. P. Häussinger, R. Lohmüller, A.M. Watson. Hydrogen Ullmann´s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim : Wiley-VHC Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2000.
57. Feasibility of quaternary ammnonium and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane-functionalized anion-exchange membranes for biohydrogen production in microbial electrolysis cells. R.
Cardeña, J. Žitka, L. Koók, P. Bakonyi, L. Pavlovec, M. Otmar, N. Nemesthóthy, G. Buitrón.
s.l. : Bioelectrochemistry, 2020, Vol. 133.
58. Balancing Water Dissociation and Current Densities To Enable Sustainable Hydrogen Production with Bipolar Membranes in Microbial Electrolysis Cells. X. Wang, R. Rossi, Z. Yan, W. Yang, M.A. Hickner, T.E. Mallouk, B.E. Logan. 24, s.l. : Environ. Sci. Technol., 2019, Vol.
53.
59. Ion transport in microbial fuel cells: Key roles, theory and critical review. M. Oliot, S.
Galier, H. Roux de Balmann, A. Bergel. s.l. : Applied Energy, 2016, Vol. 183.
60. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC): Strenghts, weaknesses and research needs from
electrochemical engineering standpoint. R. Rousseau, L. Etcheverry, E. Roubaud, R. Basséguy, M-L. Délia, A. Bergel. s.l. : Applied Energy, 2020, Vol. 257.
61. A review on the role of proton exchange membrane on the performance of microbial fuel cell. M. Rahimnejad, G. Bakeri, M. Ghasemi, A. Zirepour. 12, s.l. : Polymer for advanced technologies, 2014, Vol. 25.
62. Effects of Membrane Cation Transport on pH and Microbial Fuel Cell Performance. R.A.
Rozendal, H.V.M. Hamelers, C.J.N. Buisman. 17, s.l. : Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006, Vol. 40.
63. Membrane Selectivity Determines Energic Losses for Ion Transport in Bioelectrochemical Systems. T.H.J.A. Sleutels, A. ter Heijne, P. Kuntke, C.J.N. Buisman, H.V.M. Hamelers. 12, s.l. : Chemistry Select, 2017, Vol. 2.
64. Membranes for bioelectrochemical systems: challenges and research advances. B.R. Dhar, H- S. Lee. 13-14, s.l. : Environmental Technology, 2013, Vol. 34.
65. Generation and Evolution of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase of Lithim-Ion Batteries. S.K.
Heiskanen, J. Kim, B-L- Lucht. 10, s.l. : Joule, 2019, Vol. 3.
66. E. Bekaert, L. Buannic, U. Lassi, A. Llordés, J. Salmien. Chapter One - Electrolytes for Li- and Na-Ion Batteries: concepts, Candidates and the Role of Nanotechnology. s.l. : Elsevier, 2017. 9780323429771.
67. D. Lemordant, W. Zhang, F. Ghamouss, D. Farhat, A. Darwiche, L. Monconduit, D.
Dedryvere, H. Martinez, S. Cadra, B. Lestriez. Chapter 8: Artificial SEI for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes: Impact of Fluorinated and Nonfluorinated Additives. Advanced Fluoride-Based
Materials for Energy. s.l. : Elsevier, 2015.
68. Diffusion-Controlled Lithium Trapping in Graphite Composite Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Y-K. Huang, J. Pettersson, L. Nyholm. 8, s.l. : Advanced Energy & Sustainability research, 2022, Vol. 3.
69. A short review on surface chemical aspects of Li batteries: A key for a good performance.
al., S.K. Martha et. 1, s.l. : Journal of Power Sources, 2009, Vol. 189.
70. Enzymatic glucose biofuel cell and its application. Slaughter, Gynama and Kulkarni, Tanmay. 2015, Journal of Biochips and Tissue chips.
71. Mulder, M. Basic Principles of Membrane Technology. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
72. Baker, R. W. Membrane Technology and Applications. 2nd ed. Chichester : Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2004.
73. Crank, J. and Park, G. S. Diffusion in Polymers. London : Academic Press, 1968.
74. Vieth, W. R. Diffusion in and through the Polymers. New York : Hanser Publishers, 1991.
75. Determination of the ion-exchange capacity of anion-selective membranes. F. Karas, J. Hnát, M. Paidar, J. Schauer, K. Bouzek. s.l. : Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014, Vol. 39.
7 List of publications and contributions at conferences
Publications included into this Thesis1. J. Žitka, J. Peter, B. Galajdová, L. Pavlovec, Z. Pientka M. Paidar, J. Hnát, K. Bouzek:
Anion exchange membranes and binders based on polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran- butylene)block-polystyrene copolymer for alkaline water electrolysis, Desalination and Water Treatment, 142, 90-97 (2019)
doi:10.5004/dwt.2019.23411
2. J. Žitka, M. Bleha, B. Galajdová, M. Paidar, J. Hnát, K. Bouzek: Ion exchange membranes based on vinylphosphonic acid-co-acrylonitrile copolymers for fuel cells, Desalination and Water Treatment, 56:12, 3167-3173 (2015)
doi: 10.1080/19443994.2014.980971
3. R. Cardeña, L. Koók, J. Žitka, P. Bakonyi, B. Galajdová, M. Otmar, N. Menesthóthy, G.
Buitrón: Evaluation and ranking of polymeric ion exchange membranes used in microbial electrolysis cells for biohydrogen production, Bioresources Technology, 319 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124182
4. B. Galajdová, J. Žitka, L. Pavlovec, O. Trhlíková, J. Kredatusová, R. Konefal: Synthesis and electrochemical properties of electrolytes based on phosphonium, sulfonium and imidazolium ionic liquids for Li-ion batteries, 2023
Manuscript accepted for print in Chemické Listy Publications not included into this Thesis
1. V. Giel, B. Galajdová, D. Popelková, J. Kredatusová, M. Trchová, E. Pavlova, H. Beneš, R. Válek, J. Peter: Gas transport properties of novel mixed matrix membranes made of titanate nanotubes and PBI or PBO, Desalination and Water Treatment, 56:12, 3285-3293 (2015)
doi: 10.1080/19443994.2014.981931
Contribution at international conferences Poster presentations
1. B. Galajdová, V. Giel, J. Peter, D. Popelková, J. Kredatusová, H. Beneš, E. Pavlova:
Promising gas transport properties of novel mixed matrix membranes made of PPO-, PBI-titanate nanotubes, International Conference on Membrane and Electromembrane Processes - MELPRO 2014. 18.05.2014-21.05.2014, Prague
2. J. Žitka,M. Bleha,J. Schauer, B. Galajdová, M. Paidar, K. Bouzek, J. Hnát:
Ion-exchange membranes based on vinylphosphonic acid-co-acrylonitrile copolymers for fuel cells, International Conference on Membrane and Electromembrane Processes - MELPRO 2014. 18.05.2014-21.05.2014, Prague
3. B. Galajdová, J. Žitka, M. Paidar, K. Bouzek, T. Bystroň: Polymerizable ionic liquids based on vinylimidazole for Li-ion batteries, International Conference on Membrane and Electromembrane Processes - MELPRO 2014. 18.05.2014-21.05.2014, Prague
4. B. Galajdová, J. Žitka, J. Kredatusová, T. Bystroň: Nové typy elektrolytů pro lithium- iontové baterie založené na bázi fosfoniových iontových kapalin, Konference chemického a procesního inženýrství /62./ - CHISA 2015. 09.11.2015-12.11.2015, Seč 5. J. Žitka, B. Galajdová, L. Pavlovec, J. Schauer, Z. Pientka: Polymerizable ionic liquid
based on vinylbenzylchloride and tributylphoshine for solid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries, Membrane Conference of Visegrad Countries - PERMEA and International Conference on Membrane and Electromembrane Processes - MELPRO. 15.05.2016- 19.05.2016, Prague
6. B. Galajdová, J. Žitka, S. Wiemers-Meyer, X. Mönnighoff: Novel polymer gel electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries based on polyphosphazene,Membrane Conference of Visegrad Countries - PERMEA and International Conference on Membrane and Electromembrane Processes - MELPRO. 15.05.2016-19.05.2016, Prague, CZ
7. B. Galajdová, J. Žitka, L. Pavlovec, S. Nováková, Z. Pientka: Synthesis and characterization of novel phosphonium based ionic liquid electrolyte for Li-ion battery, International Symposium on Polymer Electrolytes /15./ - ISPE-XV. 15.08.2016- 19.08.2016, Uppsala, SW