• Nenhum resultado encontrado

Escore de incerteza em bancos de dados categóricos

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Share "Escore de incerteza em bancos de dados categóricos"

Copied!
44
0
0

Texto

(1)

❉❊■❱❊ ❈■❘❖ ❉❊ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆

❊❙❈❖❘❊ ❉❊ ■◆❈❊❘❚❊❩❆ ❊▼ ❇❆◆❈❖❙ ❉❊ ❉❆❉❖❙

❈❆❚❊●.❘■❈❖❙

(2)

❯♥✐✈❡%&✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡%❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛& ●❡%❛✐&

■♥&.✐.✉.♦ ❞❡ ❈✐2♥❝✐❛& ❇✐♦❧5❣✐❝❛&

7%♦❣%❛♠❛ ❞❡ 75&✲●%❛❞✉❛:;♦ ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦%♠=.✐❝❛

❊❙❈❖❘❊ ❉❊ ■◆❈❊❘❚❊❩❆ ❊▼ ❇❆◆❈❖❙ ❉❊ ❉❆❉❖❙

❈❆❚❊●.❘■❈❖❙

❚❡"❡ ❛♣%❡"❡♥'❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈✉%"♦ ❞❡ ,-"✲ ●%❛❞✉❛01♦ ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦%♠6'✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✲ ✈❡%"✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡%❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛" ●❡%❛✐" ❝♦♠♦ %❡=✉✐"✐'♦ ♣❛%❝✐❛❧ ♣❛%❛ ❛ ♦❜'❡♥01♦ ❞♦ ❣%❛✉ ❞❡ ❉♦✉'♦% ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦%♠6'✐❝❛✳

❉❊■❱❊ ❈■❘❖ ❉❊ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆

(3)

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙

❊!❝♦$❡ ❞❡ ■♥❝❡$)❡③❛ ❡♠ ❇❛♥❝♦! ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦! ❈❛)❡❣1$✐❝♦!

❉❊■❱❊ ❈■❘❖ ❉❊ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆

-❤✳ ❉✳ ❲❛❣♥❡% ▼❡✐%❛ ❏✉♥✐♦% ✕ ❖2✐❡♥6❛❞♦2 ❯♥✐✈❡2;✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡2❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛; ●❡2❛✐;

-❤✳ ❉✳ ▼❛%❝❡❧♦ ▼❛-♦. ❙❛♥-♦%♦ ✕ ❈♦✲♦2✐❡♥6❛❞♦2 ❯♥✐✈❡2;✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡2❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛; ●❡2❛✐;

(4)

❘❡"✉♠♦

❚❡♠♦$ ♦❜$❡&✈❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❣&❛♥❞❡ ❝&❡$❝✐♠❡♥/♦ ♥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦$ ❜✐♦❧1❣✐❝♦$✱ ❡♠ ♣❛&/✐❝✉✲ ❧❛& ❞❡ ♥❛/✉&❡③❛ ❜✐♦♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛&✱ ❛&♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦$ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦$ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦$ ❝♦♠♦ ●❡♥❜❛♥❦✱ ❑❖●● ❙❈❖<✱ <❉❇ ❡ ❯♥✐♣&♦/✱ ♦$ @✉❛✐$ $A♦ ❛❝❡$$❛❞♦$ ❧✐✈&❡♠❡♥/❡ ❛/&❛✈B$ ❞❛ ✐♥/❡&♥❡/ ❡ /❡♠ /✐❞♦ ✉♠ ✐♠♣❛❝/♦ ❡♥♦&♠❡ ♥❛$ ❛/✐✈✐❞❛❞❡$ ❞❡ ♣❡$@✉✐$❛ ❡ ❞❡$❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥/♦✳ ❊$$❡ ❝&❡$❝✐♠❡♥/♦ B ❡①✲ ♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡$❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥/♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛$ ❡ ♠❡♥♦$ ❞✐$♣❡♥❞✐♦$❛$ /B❝♥✐❝❛$ ❞❡ ♦❜/❡♥FA♦ ❞❛@✉❡❧❡$ ❞❛❞♦$✱ ❛$$✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡♥♦& ❝✉$/♦ ❡ ♠❛✐♦& ❞✐$♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦$ ❞❡ ❛&♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥/♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛FA♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❞✐$/✐♥FA♦ ✐♠♣♦&/❛♥/❡ ❡♥/&❡ ❡$$❡$ ❜❛♥❝♦$ B ❝♦♠ &❡❧❛FA♦ G ❢♦&♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡✲ &❛FA♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉/❡♥FA♦ ❞❛ ❜❛$❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦$✳ ❆❧❣✉♥$ ❜❛♥❝♦$ /J♠ $❡✉$ ❞❛❞♦$ ❣❡&❛❞♦$ ❛ ♣❛&/✐& ❞❡ ♠B/♦❞♦$ ❝♦♠♣✉/❛❝✐♦♥❛✐$ ✭✐♥ "✐❧✐❝♦✮ ❡ ♥A♦ $A♦ $✉❜♠❡/✐❞♦$ ❛ ♣&♦❝❡$$♦$ ❞❡ &❡✈✐$A♦✳ ❖✉/&♦$ ❜❛♥❝♦$✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦$ ❝✉&❛❞♦$✱ ❛❞♦/❛♠ $✉♣❡&✈✐$A♦ ❡$♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦$ ♣&♦❝❡$$♦$ ❞❡ ❣❡&❛FA♦ ❡ &❡✈✐$A♦ ❞❡ ❝❛&❛❝/❡&M$/✐❝❛$✱ ❛ @✉❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ $❡& ❢❡✐/❛ ♣❡❧♦$ ✉$✉N&✐♦$ @✉❡ ❛❝❡$$❛♠ ❡$$❡$ ❜❛♥✲ ❝♦$ ❛/&❛✈B$ ❞❛ ✐♥/❡&♥❡/✳ ❖$ ❜❛♥❝♦$ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦$ ❝✉&❛❞♦$ ❛❧❝❛♥F❛♠ ❛❧/♦ ♣❛❞&A♦ ❞❡ @✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ /❡&♠♦$ ❞❡ ❛♥♦/❛FA♦ ♠❛$ ♣♦$$✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❛❧/♦ ❝✉$/♦ ❝♦♠♣❛&❛❞♦ ❛ ♣&♦❝❡$$♦$ ❛✉/♦♠❛/✐✲ ③❛❞♦$✳ ◆❡$/❡ ❝♦♥/❡①/♦✱ ♠❡/♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛$ ❡ /B❝♥✐❝❛$ ♣❛&❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛& ♥♦ ♣&♦❝❡$$♦ ❞❡ &❡✈✐$A♦ $A♦ &❡❧❡✈❛♥/❡$✱ ♣♦✐$ /♦&♥❛♠ ❛ ❝✉&❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐$ ❡✜❝✐❡♥/❡ ❡ &❡❞✉③❡♠ ♦ ❝✉$/♦ ❞❡ &❡❛❧✐③N✲❧❛✳ ❊$/❡ /&❛❜❛❧❤♦ /❡♠ ♣♦& ♦❜❥❡/✐✈♦ ✐♥✈❡$/✐❣❛&✱ ❞❡$❡♥✈♦❧✈❡& ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛& /❛✐$ ♠❡/♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛$ ❡ /B❝♥✐❝❛$ ❡ ❛♣&❡$❡♥/❛ ❞✉❛$ ❝♦♥/&✐❜✉✐FS❡$ ♣&✐♥❝✐♣❛✐$✳ ❆ ♣&✐♠❡✐&❛ B ✉♠❛ ♠❡/♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛&❛ ❝❛&❛❝/❡✲ &✐③❛& /❡♠♣♦&❛❧♠❡♥/❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛FS❡$ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦$ ❝❛/❡❣1&✐❝♦✳ ❊$$❛ ♠❡/♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ B ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❯♥✐♣&♦/❑❇✴❙✇✐$$✲♣&♦/✱ @✉❛♥/✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛$ /❛①❛$ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛FS❡$ ❡$♣❡❝M✜❝❛$ ❡♠ ♣❛❧❛✈&❛$✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣&♦/❑❇✴❙✇✐$$✲♣&♦/✳ ❚❛♠❜B♠ $A♦ ❛♣&❡$❡♥/❛❞❛$ ❛$ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛FS❡$ ♥❛$ ❛$$♦❝✐❛FS❡$ ❡①✐$/❡♥/❡$ ❡♥/&❡ ❛$ ♣❛❧❛✈&❛$✲❝❤❛✈❡✱ $♦❜ ♣❡&$♣❡❝/✐✈❛ /❡♠♣♦&❛❧✳ ❆ $❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝♦♥/&✐❜✉✐FA♦ B ✉♠❛ ♠❡/♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛&❛ ❛✉①M❧✐♦ ♥♦ ♣&♦❝❡$$♦ ❞❡ &❡✈✐$A♦ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦$ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦$ ❝❛/❡❣1&✐❝♦$✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛FA♦ B ❛ &❡✈✐$A♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣❛❧❛✈&❛$✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦$ ❯♥✐♣&♦/❑❇✴❙✇✐$$✲♣&♦/✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♣✉❞❡♠♦$ ♦❜$❡&✈❛& @✉❡ ❛ ♠❡/♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣&♦♣♦$/❛ B ❡❢❡/✐✈❛✳

(5)

❆❜"#$❛❝#

❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✇✐)♥❡**✐♥❣ ❛ *✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥) ❣.♦✇)❤ ✐♥ )❤❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛)❛✱ ✐♥ ♣❛.✲ )✐❝✉❧❛. ❜✐♦♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛. ❞❛)❛ )❤❛) ❛.❡ *)♦.❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❛)❛❜❛*❡* *✉❝❤ ❛* ●❡♥❜❛♥❦✱ ❑❖●● ❙❈❖>✱ >❉❇✱ ❛♥❞ ❯♥✐♣.♦)✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛.❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ )❤.♦✉❣❤ )❤❡ ✐♥)❡.♥❡) ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛✉*✐♥❣ ❛ ♠❛❥♦. ✐♠♣❛❝) ✐♥ .❡*❡❛.❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥) ❛❝)✐✈✐)✐❡*✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❣.♦✇)❤ ✐* ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② )❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥) ♦❢ ♥♦✈❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❧❡** ❝♦*)❧② ❞❛)❛ ❣❛)❤❡.✐♥❣ )❡❝❤♥✐F✉❡*✱ ❛* ✇❡❧❧ ❛*✱ ❧♦✇❡. ❝♦*)* ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❡. ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐)② ♦❢ *)♦.❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛)✐♦♥ .❡*♦✉.❝❡*✳ ❆ ❦❡② ❢❡❛)✉.❡ )❤❛) ❞✐*✲ )✐♥❣✉✐*❤❡* )❤♦*❡ ❞❛)❛❜❛*❡* ✐* .❡❣❛.❞✐♥❣ )❤❡ ♣.♦❝❡❞✉.❡ )♦ ❣❡♥❡.❛)❡ ❛♥❞ )♦ ♠❛✐♥)❛✐♥ )❤♦*❡ ❞❛)❛❜❛*❡*✳ ❙❡✈❡.❛❧ ❞❛)❛❜❛*❡* ❛.❡ ❝.❡❛)❡❞ ✉*✐♥❣ ❛✉)♦♠❛)❡❞ ♣.♦❝❡❞✉.❡* ✭✐♥ *✐❧✐❝♦✮ ❛♥❞ )❤❡ .❡*✉❧)✐♥❣ ❞❛)❛ ✐* ♥♦) ❝✉.❛)❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ ❡①♣❡.)✳ ❖)❤❡. ❞❛)❛❜❛*❡*✱ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❝✉.❛)❡❞✱ ❡♠♣❧♦② *♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❡❞ *✉♣❡.✈✐*✐♦♥ ❢♦. ❜♦)❤ ❣❡♥❡.❛)✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ .❡✈✐*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❛.❛❝)❡.✐*)✐❝*✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❜❡ ♣❡.❢♦.♠❡❞ ❜② )❤❡ ✉*❡.* )❤❛) ❛❝❝❡** )❤❡ ❞❛)❛❜❛*❡* )❤.♦✉❣❤ )❤❡ ✐♥)❡.♥❡)✳ ❚❤❡ ❝✉.❛)❡❞ ❞❛)❛✲ ❜❛*❡* ♣.❡*❡♥) ❛ ♠✉❝❤ ❤✐❣❤❡. F✉❛❧✐)② ✇✐)❤ .❡*♣❡❝) )♦ ❛♥♥♦)❛)✐♦♥*✱ ❜✉) ❛.❡ ✈❡.② ❝♦*)❧② ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛.❡❞ )♦ ❛✉)♦♠❛)✐❝ ♣.♦❝❡**❡*✳ ■♥ )❤✐* *❝❡♥❛.✐♦✱ .❡*❡❛.❝❤ ♦♥ ♥♦✈❡❧ ♠❡)❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡* ❛♥❞ )❡❝❤♥✐F✉❡* )❤❛) ❤❡❧♣ ♦♥ )❤❡ .❡✈✐*✐♦♥ ♣.♦❝❡** ❛.❡ .❡❧❡✈❛♥)✱ *✐♥❝❡ )❤❡② ♠❛❦❡ ✐) ♠♦.❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥) ❛♥❞ ❧❡** ❝♦*)❧②✳ ❚❤✐* ✇♦.❦ ❛✐♠* )♦ ✐♥✈❡*)✐❣❛)❡✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛)❡ )❤❡*❡ ♠❡)❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡* ❛♥❞ )❡❝❤♥✐F✉❡* ❛♥❞ ❤❛* )✇♦ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥).✐❜✉)✐♦♥*✳ ❚❤❡ ✜.*) ✐* ❛ ♠❡)❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ❢♦. )❡♠♣♦.❛❧❧② ❝❤❛.❛❝)❡.✐③✐♥❣ )❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥* ✐♥ ❛ ❝❛)❡❣♦.✐❝❛❧ ❞❛)❛❜❛*❡✳ ❚❤✐* ♠❡)❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✐* ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ )♦ )❤❡ ❯♥✐♣.♦)❑❇✴❙✇✐**✲♣.♦)✱ ❛♥❞ F✉❛♥)✐✜❡❞ )❤❡ .❡❝♦.❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡* ✐♥ ❦❡②✇♦.❞* ❢.♦♠ )❤✐* ❞❛)❛❜❛*❡✳ ❲❡ ❛❧*♦ ❝❤❛.❛❝)❡.✐③❡ )❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥* ♦♥ )❤❡ ❦❡②✇♦.❦ ❛**♦❝✐❛)✐♦♥*✱ ✉♥❞❡. ❛ )❡♠♣♦.❛❧ ♣❡.*♣❡❝)✐✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ *❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♥).✐❜✉)✐♦♥ ✐* ❛ ♠❡)❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ❢♦. ✐♠♣.♦✈✐♥❣ )❤❡ .❡✈✐✲ *✐♦♥ ♣.♦❝❡**✳ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛)✐♦♥ *❝❡♥❛.✐♦ ✐* )❤❡ .❡✈✐*✐♦♥ ♦❢ )❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ❦❡②✇♦.❞* ❢.♦♠ )❤❡ ❯♥✐♣.♦)❑❇✴❙✇✐**✲♣.♦) ❞❛)❛❜❛*❡✱ ✇❤❡.❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❧❡❛.❧② *❡❡ )❤❛) ♣.♦♣♦*❡❞ ♠❡)❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✐* ❡✛❡❝)✐✈❡✳

(6)

✧✳✳✳✳✳❉❡ ♣❡%&♦ ♥✐♥❣✉,♠ , ♥♦%♠❛❧✳✧

❈❛❡&❛♥♦ ❱❡❧♦2♦

(7)

❆❣"❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥*♦,

❆❣"❛❞❡&♦ ❛ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❆❞❡❧-♦♥✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠1❡ ▼❛"✐❛✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐"♠1 ❉✐❧✐ ❡ ❛ 4♦❞♦- ♠❡✉-❢❛♠✐❧✐❛"❡- ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦- ♠♦♠❡♥4♦- ♣♦-✐4✐✈♦- ❡ ♥❡❣❛4✐✈♦-✳

❆❣"❛❞❡&♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡-♣♦-❛ ❈❛"♦❧❧✐♥❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦" ❡ -♦❜"❡4✉❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ 4♦❧❡";♥❝✐❛ ♥✉♠ ♣❡"<♦❞♦ =✉❡ ❛ ❛✉->♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐♦" ❞♦ =✉❡ ❛ ♣"❡-❡♥&❛✳

❆❣"❛❞❡&♦ ❛♦- ♦"✐❡♥4❛❞♦"❡- ❲❛❣♥❡" ▼❡✐"❛ ❡ ▼❛"❝❡❧♦ ❙❛♥4♦"♦ ♣❡❧❛ -❡"❡♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦- ♠♦✲ ♠❡♥4♦- 4❡♥-♦-✱ ♣❡❧❛ -❡✈❡"✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦- ♠♦♠❡♥4♦- ♥❡❝❡--B"✐♦- ❡ -♦❜"❡4✉❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥&❛ ❞✉✲ "❛♥4❡ 4♦❞♦ ♦ ♣❡"<♦❞♦ ❞♦ ❝✉"-♦✳

❆❣"❛❞❡&♦ ❛♦- ❝♦❧❡❣❛- ❇❡"♥❛"❞♦ ✧F❛"❞❛❧✧✱ ❲❛❣♥❡" ▼❛❣❛❧❤1❡-✱ ❘✐❝❛"❞♦ ❆♥❞"❡③✱ ❈"②-4✲ 4✐❛♥ ❆"❛♥4❡-✱ ❈❛"❧♦- ❍❡♥"✐=✉❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❡✐"❛✱ ❘❛=✉❡❧ ▼✐♥❛"❞✐✱ ❉♦✉❣❧❛- F✐"❡-✱ ❱❛❧❞❡4❡ ❆❧✲ ♠❡✐❞❛✱ F"✐-❝✐❧❛ ●"②♥❜❡"❣✳ ❚♦❞♦- ♣❛"4✐❝✐♣❛"❛♠ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦"❛"❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❡-4❡ 4"❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛--✐❞✉❛✲ ♠❡♥4❡ ❛4"❛✈N- ❞❡ "❡✈✐-O❡-✱ ❞✐-❝✉--O❡-✱ ❝♦♥-✉❧4❛-✳

❆❣"❛❞❡&♦ ❛♦- ❝♦❧❡❣❛- ❞❛ ❯◆■❋❆▲✲▼●✭❱❛"❣✐♥❤❛✮ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥-4❛♥4❡ ❞✐B✲ ❧♦❣♦✳ ❙❛✐❜❛♠ =✉❡ ❛ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦"♠B4✐❝❛ N ♠✉❧4✐❞✐-❝✐♣❧✐♥❛" ♣♦" ♥❛4✉"❡③❛✳ ❖ ❞❡-❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥4♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❧4✐❞✐-❝✐♣❧✐♥❛"✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❝❡♥4✉❡✐ ♥♦ ❞♦✉4♦"❛♠❡♥4♦✱ ♠❛- ❡①❡"❝✐4❡✐ 4❛♠❜N♠ ❡♠ ❱❛"❣✐♥❤❛✳

❆❣"❛❞❡&♦ ❛♦- ♣❡-=✉✐-❛❞♦"❡-✴❞♦❝❡♥4❡-✴❝♦❧❛❜♦"❛❞♦"❡- ❞♦ ♣"♦❣"❛♠❛ ❡ =✉❡ ♣❛"4✐❝✐♣❛"❛♠ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦"♠❛&1♦ ❛❝❛❞>♠✐❝❛✳ ❉❡ ❞✐-4✐♥4❛- ♠❛♥❡✐"❛- ✈♦❝❡- ❛❥✉❞❛"❛♠ ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉&1♦ ❞❡-4❡ 4"❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❆❣"❛❞❡&♦ ❛ ❋❆F❊▼■● ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐"♦ ♣❛"❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ 4"❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

(8)

❙✉♠#$✐♦

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉()♦ ✶

✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥#♦/ ✻

✷✳✶ ❇❛♥❝♦( ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦( ❇✐♦❧.❣✐❝♦( ✲ ✭❇❉❇✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❇❛♥❝♦( ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✸ ❚:❛❜❛❧❤♦( :❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶

✸ ❖❜❥❡#✐✈♦/ ✶✸

✸✳✶ ❈♦♥>❡①>♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✷ ❖❜❥❡>✐✈♦ ●❡:❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✸ ❖❜❥❡>✐✈♦( ❊(♣❡❝G✜❝♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹

✹ ▼❡#♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✶✺

✹✳✶ ❱✐(J♦ ●❡:❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛MN❡( ❡♠ ❇❛♥❝♦( ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦( ❇✐♦❧.❣✐❝♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✹✳✸ ❘❡❣:❛( ❞❡ ❆((♦❝✐❛MJ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✹✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦( ❞❡ ▼❛:❦♦✈ ❖❝✉❧>♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✹✳✺ ❊①❝❡MJ♦ ❡♠ ❉❛❞♦( ❈❛>❡❣.:✐❝♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦( ▲✐♥❡❛:❡( ●❡♥❡:❛❧✐③❛❞♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

✺ ❈❛$❛❝#❡$✐③❛()♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛()♦ ❡♠ ♣❛❧❛✈$❛/✲❝❤❛✈❡ ♥♦

❯♥✐♣$♦#❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣$♦# ✸✻

✺✳✶ ■♥>:♦❞✉MJ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✺✳✷ ❉❛❞♦( ❡ ▼❡>♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✸ ❘❡(✉❧>❛❞♦( ❡ ❉✐(❝✉((J♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✻ ❈❛$❛❝#❡$✐③❛()♦ ❞❛/ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛(I❡/ ❡♠ $❡❧❛(I❡/ ❡♥#$❡ ♣❛❧❛✈$❛/✲❝❤❛✈❡ ♥♦

❯♥✐♣$♦#❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣$♦# ✹✺

✻✳✶ ■♥>:♦❞✉MJ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✻✳✷ ❉❛❞♦( ❡ ▼V>♦❞♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✻✳✸ ❘❡(✉❧>❛❞♦( ❡ ❉✐(❝✉((J♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

(9)

✼✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉*+♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✼✳✷ ❉❛❞♦0 ❡ ▼❡%♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✼✳✸ ❘❡0✉❧%❛❞♦0 ❡ ❉✐0❝✉00+♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

✽ ❈♦♥$✐❞❡(❛*+❡$ ❋✐♥❛✐$ ✽✼

✽✳✶ ❈♦♥%&✐❜✉✐*<❡0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✽✳✷ ❚&❛❜❛❧❤♦0 ❋✉%✉&♦0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼

❆ ❙✉❜♠✐$$3♦ ✲ ❇▼❈ ●❡♥♦♠✐❝$ ✽✾

❘❡❢❡(<♥❝✐❛$ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣(?✜❝❛$ ✾✷

(10)

▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉*❛"

✹✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦( ❞❡ ❛♥-❧✐(❡( ❞♦ ❝❛♣12✉❧♦ ✺✳ ❊①25❛67♦ ❞❡ ❡55♦( ❡ ❛2✉❛❧✐③❛69❡( ❡♥25❡ ✈❡5✲ (9❡( ❞✐(2✐♥2❛( ❞♦ ♠❡(♠♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦( (❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛( ❞❡✜♥✐69❡( ♣♦(2❡5✐♦5♠❡♥2❡ ❛♣5❡(❡♥2❛67♦ ♥❛ (❡67♦ ✹✳✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✹✳✷ ❋❧✉①♦( ❞❡ ❛♥-❧✐(❡( ❞♦ ❝❛♣12✉❧♦ ✻✳ ❊①25❛67♦ ❞❡ 5❡❣5❛( ❞❡ ❛((♦❝✐❛67♦ ❡♥25❡

♣❛❧❛✈5❛(❝❤❛✈❡✱ (❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛( ❞❡✜♥✐69❡( ❛ (❡5❡♠ ❛♣5❡(❡♥2❛❞❛( ♥❛ (❡67♦ ✹✳✸✱ ❝♦♥(✐✲ ❞❡5❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡5(7♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦(✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣♦52❛♠❡♥2♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉✲ ❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛( 5❡❣5❛( ❞❡ ❛((♦❝✐❛67♦ ❛25❛✈F( ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦( ❞❡ ▼❛5❦♦✈ ♦❝✉❧2♦( ❧(❡67♦ ✹✳✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✹✳✸ ❋❧✉①♦( ❞❡ ❛♥-❧✐(❡( ❞♦ ❝❛♣12✉❧♦ ✼✳ ❊♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡5(7♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦( (7♦ ❛✈❛❧✐✲

❛❞♦( ♦( ❡(❝♦5❡( ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡52❡③❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ 5❡❣✐(25♦✳ ❖ ❡(❝♦5❡ F ❝♦♥(25✉1❞♦ ❡(2✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ 5❡❧❛67♦ ❞❡ ❡55♦( ❡♥25❡ ✈❡5(9❡( ❡ ♦ 1♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧❞❡(❝5✐2♦ ♥❛ (❡✲ 67♦ ✹✳✺✮✳ ❊(2❛ 5❡❧❛67♦ F ❡(2✉❞❛❞❛ ✉2✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲(❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦( ❧✐♥❡❛5❡( ❣❡♥❡5❛❧✐③❛❞♦( ❧(❡67♦ ✹✳✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✹✳✹ ❱❛5✐❛67♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥6❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ 5❡❣5❛ ❤✐♣♦2F2✐❝❛ X →Y ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ 2❡♠♣♦ ❧✶✵✵

✈❡5(9❡(✮✳ ◆♦( ❣5-✜❝♦( (7♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛( ✹ (✐2✉❛69❡( ❞❡ ✈❛5✐❛67♦ ❞❡ 5❡❣5❛(✿ ✐55❡❧❡✈❛♥2❡( ❧❝♦♥✜❛♥6❛ ❝♦♥2✐♥✉❛♠❡♥2❡ ❜❛✐①❛✮✱ ❝♦♥(✐(2❡♥2❡( ❧❝♦♥✜❛♥6❛ ❝♦♥2✐♥✉✲ ❛♠❡♥2❡ ❛❧2❛✮✱ ❞❡❝❛❞❡♥2❡( ❧Q✉❡❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥6❛✮ ❡ ❡♠❡5❣❡♥2❡( ❧(❛❧2♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥6❛✮ ✷✼ ✹✳✺ ●5-✜❝♦ ❞❛ ✈❛5✐❛67♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥6❛( ❞❛( 5❡❣5❛( ❞❛ 2❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✻ ❉✐(25✐❜✉✐67♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❧✮ ❡♠ ✹ ❝❛(♦( ❞❡ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ 5❡❣✐(25♦( t✳ ❙7♦ ❞❡(2❛✲

❝❛❞♦( ✹ Q✉❛♥2✐( ❞❛ ❝❛✉❞❛ ❧Q0.8, Q0.85, Q0.90, Q0.95✮✳ ❉✐(25✐❜✉✐67♦ ❞❡ Q✉❛♥2✐( ♠❛✐(

❛((✐♠F25✐❝❛ V ❡(Q✉❡5❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦5 ✈❛5✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ 5❡✢❡2❡♠ 5❡❣✐(25♦( ♠❛✐( ❡①✲ ❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛✐(✳ ❘❡❧❛2✐✈❛♠❡♥2❡ Q✉❛♥2♦ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ 2❡♠✲(❡✿ tA < tB < tC < tD ✸✷

✺✳✶ ❋5❡Q✉Y♥❝✐❛ ❛❜(♦❧✉2❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈5❛(✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❝♦55✐❣✐❞❛( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✺✳✷ ❋5❡Q✉Y♥❝✐❛ 5❡❧❛2✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈5❛(✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❝♦55✐❣✐❞❛( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✸ ❋5❡Q✉Y♥❝✐❛ ❛❜(♦❧✉2❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈5❛(✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺✳✹ ❋5❡Q✉Y♥❝✐❛ 5❡❧❛2✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈5❛(✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✺ ❋5❡Q✉Y♥❝✐❛ ❛❜(♦❧✉2❛ ❞❡ 5❡❣✐(25♦( ❝♦♠ ❡55♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✻ ❋5❡Q✉Y♥❝✐❛ 5❡❧❛2✐✈❛ ❞❡ 5❡❣✐(25♦( ❝♦♠ ❡55♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✼ ❋5❡Q✉Y♥❝✐❛ ❛❜(♦❧✉2❛ ❞❡ 5❡❣✐(25♦( ❝♦♠ ❛2✉❛❧✐③❛69❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✽ ❋5❡Q✉Y♥❝✐❛ 5❡❧❛2✐✈❛ ❞❡ 5❡❣✐(25♦( ❝♦♠ ❛2✉❛❧✐③❛69❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✺✳✾ ◆[♠❡5♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈5❛(✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❡ ❝♦♥25✐❜✉✐67♦ ♥❛ ♦❝♦55Y♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡55♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

(11)

✺✳✶✵ ◆%♠❡(♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈(❛/✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❡ ❝♦♥4(✐❜✉✐89♦ ♥❛ ♦❝♦((:♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛4✉❛❧✐③❛8<❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹

✻✳✶ ❈(❡/❝✐♠❡♥4♦ ❞♦ ♥%♠❡(♦ ❞❡ (❡❣(❛/ ♠✐♥❡(❛❞❛/ ♣♦( ✈❡(/9♦ ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲ ♣(♦4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✻✳✷ ❈(❡/❝✐♠❡♥4♦ ❞♦ ♥%♠❡(♦ ❞❡ (❡❣(❛/ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥✜❛♥8❛ /✉♣❡(✐♦( ❛ ✵✳✾ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛

✈❡(/<❡/ ❡/4✉❞❛❞❛/ ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✻✳✸ ❉✐/4(✐❜✉✐89♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦(❡/ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥8❛ ♣❛(❛ ♠✐♥❡(❛8<❡/ /♦❜ /✉♣♦(4❡ 0.001 ❞❡ ✶✺

✈❡(/<❡/ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦/ ❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4✳ ❊♠ ✈❡(♠❡❧❤♦ /9♦ ❞❡/4❛❝❛✲ ❞❛/ ❛ ❢(❡O✉:♥❝✐❛ ❞❛/ (❡❣(❛/ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥✜❛♥8❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✵✳✾✳ ❊/4❛/ ❛✉♠❡♥4❛♠ ♦ ♥%♠❡(♦ ❡♠ 159% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

✻✳✹ ❙P(✐❡/ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥8❛ (❡❢❡(❡♥4❡/ ❛/ ✶✺ ✈❡(/<❡/ ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4✱ ❛/ O✉❛✐/ ♦/ ♠♦❞❡❧♦/ ✐❞❡♥4✐✜❝❛♠ ♣❛❞(9♦ %♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✈❛(✐❛89♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✻✳✺ ❙P(✐❡/ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥8❛ (❡❢❡(❡♥4❡/ ❛/ ✶✺ ✈❡(/<❡/ ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4✱ ❛/ O✉❛✐/

♦/ ♠♦❞❡❧♦/ ✐❞❡♥4✐✜❝❛♠ ♣❛❞(9♦ ❡♠❡(❣❡♥4❡ ❞❡ ✈❛(✐❛89♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✻✳✻ ❙P(✐❡/ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥8❛ (❡❢❡(❡♥4❡/ ❛/ ✶✺ ✈❡(/<❡/ ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4✱ ❛/ O✉❛✐/

♦/ ♠♦❞❡❧♦/ ✐❞❡♥4✐✜❝❛♠ ♣❛❞(9♦ ❞❡❝❛❞❡♥4❡ ❞❡ ✈❛(✐❛89♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✻✳✼ ◆%♠❡(♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥4♦/ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥8❛ ♥❛/ /P(✐❡/ ❞❡ ✷ ❡/4❛❞♦/ ✭♣❛❞(9♦ ❡♠❡(❣❡♥4❡✮ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✻✳✽ ◆%♠❡(♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥4♦/ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥8❛ ♥❛/ /P(✐❡/ ❞❡ ✷ ❡/4❛❞♦/ ✭♣❛❞(9♦ ❞❡❝❛❞❡♥4❡✮ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✾ ❉✐❢❡(❡♥8❛ ❡♥4(❡ ♦ ♣❛❞(9♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥8❛ ❞❛/ (❡❣(❛/ ❡♠❡(❣❡♥4❡/ ✭✐♥4❡♥/✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦

/❛❧4♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✶✵ ❉✐❢❡(❡♥8❛ ❡♥4(❡ ♦ ♣❛❞(9♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥8❛ ❞❛/ (❡❣(❛/ ❞❡❝❛❞❡♥4❡/ ✭✐♥4❡♥/✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛

O✉❡❞❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹

✼✳✶ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥4❡/ ❞♦/ O✉❛♥4✐/ (❡❢❡♥4❡ ❛♦/ ❛❥✉/4❡/ ❞❛ 4❛❜❡❧❛ ✼✳✶✱ ♣❛(❛ ♦/ ❞❛❞♦/ ❞❡ ✶✸ ♣❛(❡/ ❞❡ ✈❡(/<❡/ ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✼✳✷ ❈✉(✈❛/ ❘❖❈ ♣❛(❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛89♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉/4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥Y❧✐/❡ ❞♦ ♣❛( ❞❡ ❱❡(/<❡/

❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4 ✶✲✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✼✳✸ ❈✉(✈❛/ ❘❖❈ ♣❛(❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛89♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥Y❧✐/❡ ❞♦ ♣❛( ❞❡ ❱❡(/<❡/

❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4 ✶✲✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✼✳✹ ❈✉(✈❛/ ❘❖❈ ♣❛(❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛89♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉/4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥Y❧✐/❡ ❞♦ ♣❛( ❞❡ ❱❡(/<❡/

❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4 ✷✲✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✼✳✺ ❈✉(✈❛/ ❘❖❈ ♣❛(❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛89♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥Y❧✐/❡ ❞♦ ♣❛( ❞❡ ❱❡(/<❡/

❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4 ✷✲✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✼✳✻ ❈✉(✈❛/ ❘❖❈ ♣❛(❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛89♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉/4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥Y❧✐/❡ ❞♦ ♣❛( ❞❡ ❱❡(/<❡/

❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4 ✸✲✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✼✳✼ ❈✉(✈❛/ ❘❖❈ ♣❛(❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛89♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥Y❧✐/❡ ❞♦ ♣❛( ❞❡ ❱❡(/<❡/

❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4 ✸✲✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✼✳✽ ❈✉(✈❛/ ❘❖❈ ♣❛(❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛89♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉/4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥Y❧✐/❡ ❞♦ ♣❛( ❞❡ ❱❡(/<❡/

❯♥✐♣(♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐//✲♣(♦4 ✹✲✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✼✳✾ ❈✉(✈❛/ ❘❖❈ ♣❛(❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛89♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥Y❧✐/❡ ❞♦ ♣❛( ❞❡ ❱❡(/<❡/

(12)

✼✳✶✵ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡) ❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✺✲✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✼✳✶✶ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✺✲✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✼✳✶✷ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✻✲✼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✼✳✶✸ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✻✲✼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✼✳✶✹ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✼✲✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✼✳✶✺ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✼✲✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✼✳✶✻ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✽✲✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✼✳✶✼ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✽✲✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✼✳✶✽ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✾✲✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✼✳✶✾ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✾✲✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✼✳✷✵ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✶✵✲✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✼✳✷✶ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✶✵✲✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✼✳✷✷ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✶✶✲✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✼✳✷✸ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✶✶✲✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✼✳✷✹ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✶✷✲✶✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✼✳✷✺ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✶✷✲✶✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✼✳✷✻ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✶✸✲✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✼✳✷✼ ❈✉&✈❛) ❘❖❈ ♣❛&❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆♥:❧✐)❡ ❞♦ ♣❛& ❞❡ ❱❡&)<❡)

❯♥✐♣&♦4❑❇✴❙✇✐))✲♣&♦4 ✶✸✲✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✼✳✷✽ ●&:✜❝♦ ◗◗✲♣❧♦4 ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦) &❡)P❞✉♦) ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ )♣✲✵✶✲✵✷ ✳ ✽✹ ✼✳✷✾ ●&:✜❝♦ ◗◗✲♣❧♦4 ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛/0♦ ❞❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦) &❡)P❞✉♦) ❞♦ ❛❥✉)4❡ )♣✲✶✷✲✶✸ ✳ ✽✺

(13)

✼✳✸✵ ❱❛❧♦(❡* ❞❛* ,(❡❛* *♦❜ ❛ ❝✉(✈❛ ❘❖❈ ♥❛* ✶✸ ❛♥,❧✐*❡✳ ❱❛❧♦(❡* ❡♠ ✈❡(♠❡❧❤♦ ❛♣(❡✲ *❡♥;❛♠ ♦* (❡*✉❧;❛❞♦* ❞❡ ❛❥✉*;❡✳ ❖* (❡*✉❧;❛❞♦* ❡♠ ❛③✉❧ *>♦ ✈❛❧♦(❡* ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛?>♦✳ ❊♠ ♣(❡;♦ ❞❡*;❛❝❛✲*❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦(;❛♠❡♥;♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛**✐✜❝❛❞♦( ❛❧❡❛;B(✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻

(14)

▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛"

✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦* ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛01❡* ❡♠ ❡♥34❛❞❛* ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦* ❯♥✐♣4♦3❑❇✴❙✇✐**✲ ♣4♦3 ✭✈❡4*1❡* ✶✹ ♣❛4❛ ✶✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✹✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦* ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈4❛*✲❝❤❛✈❡ T ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✹✳✸ ❈♦♥❥✉♥3♦ ❞❡ ✐!❡♠$❡!$ ✭♣❛43❡* ❞❡ I✮ 4❡❢❡4❡♥3❡ ❛♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦* ❞❛ 3❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳✷ ✳ ✷✷

✹✳✹ ❘❡❣4❛* ❡①34❛K❞❛* ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦* ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦* ❞❛ 3❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✹✳✺ ❘❡❣4❛* ❞❡ ❆**♦❝✐❛0M♦ ♠✐♥❡4❛❞❛* ✉*❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❈❤❆❘▼✱ ❛ ♣❛43✐4 ❞❛ ❜❛*❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦*

❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♠ ✹✳✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✹✳✻ ❙Q4✐❡* ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥0❛ ❞❡ 4❡❣4❛* ❞❡ ❛**♦❝✐❛0M♦ ♣❡4*✐*3❡♥3❡* *♦❜4❡ N = 10 ✈❡4*1❡*

❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦* ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦* T ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✹✳✼ ❘❡*✉❧3❛❞♦* ❞♦* ❛❥✉*3❡* ❞❛* ❝❛❞❡✐❛* ❞❡ ♠❛4❦♦✈ θˆ❞❛* *Q4✐❡* ❡①❡♠♣❧♦* ❞❛ 3❛❜❡❧❛

✹✳✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✽ ❈♦♥❥✉♥3♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝❡01❡* Texcecoes

X→Y 4❡❢❡4❡♥3❡ ❛♦* ❞❛❞♦* T ❞❛ 3❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳✷ ❡ *✉❛ 4❡*✲

♣❡❝3✐✈❛ ♠✐♥❡4❛0M♦ ✈✐❛ ❈❤❆❘▼ ♥❛ 3❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✾ ❈♦♥❥✉♥3♦ ❞❡ 4❡❣4❛* 4❡❢✉3❛❞❛* Ttregras❴ref utadas 4❡❢❡4❡♥3❡ ❛♦* ❞❛❞♦* T ❞❛ 3❛❜❡❧❛

✹✳✷ ❡ *✉❛ 4❡*♣❡❝3✐✈❛ ♠✐♥❡4❛0M♦ ✈✐❛ ❈❤❆❘▼ ♥❛ 3❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✶✵ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ Outt4❡❢❡4❡♥3❡ ❛♦* ❞❛❞♦* ❞❛ 3❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳✷ ❡ *✉❛* 4❡❣4❛*

♠✐♥❡4❛❞❛* ♥❛ 3❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳✺✱ ❝♦♥*✐❞❡4❛♥❞♦ ρ = conf() ❡ f() = maximo✳ ◆❡*3❡

❝❛*♦ ✈❛❧♦4❡* ♣4X①✐♠♦* ❞❡ 1 *❡4M♦ ❛**♦❝✐❛❞♦* ❛ 4❡❣✐*34♦* ♠❛✐* ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛✐* ❡

✈❛❧♦4❡* ♠❛✐* ♣4X①✐♠♦* ❞❡ ✵ ❛ 4❡❣✐*34♦* ♠❡♥♦* ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛✐*✳ ❖* 4❡❣✐*34♦* t2✱t6✱

t8 ❡ t10 *M♦ ♠❛✐* ❝♦♠✉♥* ♥❛ ❜❛*❡ ❡ ♦ 4❡❣✐34♦ t7 ♦ ♠❛✐* ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✹✳✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ 4❡❧❛0M♦ ❡♥34❡ ♦ K♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦❝♦44Z♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧3❡4❛0M♦ ♥♦* 4❡❣✐34♦* ❡♠ T ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✹✳✶✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❥✉*3❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❧✐♥❡❛4 ❣❡♥❡4❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ V dep ❜✐♥♦♠✐❛❧ Bin(1, p) ✭❛❧3❡4❛0M♦ ♥❛ 34❛♥*❛0M♦ ti✮✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥3♦ *✐*3❡♠\3✐❝♦ Q ❢♦4♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦

K♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❡①❝❡0M♦ Outti✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✺✳✶ ❊*3❛3K*3✐❝❛* *♦❜4❡ ❛* ✈❡4*1❡* ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦* ❯♥✐♣4♦3❑❇✴❙✇✐**✲♣4♦3❀ ❙M♦ ❛♣4❡*❡♥3❛❞❛* ❛ ❞❛3❛✱ ❛ ✈❡4*M♦✱ ♦ ♥^♠❡4♦ 3♦3❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥34❛❞❛*✱ ♦ ♥^♠❡4♦ ❞❡ ❡♥✲ 34❛❞❛* 4❡✈✐*❛❞❛*✱ ♦ ♥^♠❡4♦ ❞❡ ❡♥34❛❞❛* ❝♦♠✉♥* ❛ ❞✉❛* ✈❡4*1❡* *✉❜*❡_✉❡♥3❡*✱ ♦ 3♦3❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈4❛*✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❡ ♦ ♣❛❧❛✈4❛*✲❝❤❛✈❡* ❝♦♠✉♥* ❡♠ ❞✉❛* ✈❡4*1❡* *✉❜*❡✲ _✉❡♥3❡* ✭Inter✮✳ ◆❛* ✈❡4*1❡* ❡♠ ✯ ♥M♦ *M♦ ❛♣4❡*❡♥3❛❞❛* ❛* ✐♥❢♦4♠❛01❡* ♥♦*

(15)

✺✳✷ ❈❧❛&&✐✜❝❛*+♦ ❞❛& ✶✵ 0❛❧❛✈2❛&✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦2 ❢2❡8✉:♥❝✐❛ ❛❜&♦❧✉=❛ ❡♠ ❛=✉❛❧✐③❛✲ *?❡& ❡ ❝♦22❡*?❡& ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ =♦❞❛& ❛& ✈❡2&?❡& ❡&=✉❞❛❞❛& ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣2♦=❑❇✴❙✇✐&&✲♣2♦= ✹✵

✼✳✶ ❆❥✉&=❡& ✭βˆ✮ ❝♦♠ 2❡&♣❡❝=✐✈♦& ❡22♦ ♣❛❞2+♦ ✭EP✮ ❞♦ ❡&❝♦2❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡2=❡③❛ ✭0✿ 0❛✲

2O♠❡=2♦ ❡&=✐♠❛❞♦✱ ❱0✿ 0❛2❡& ❞❡ ✈❡2&+♦ ❞❡ ❛♥R❧✐&❡✱ ■✿ ■♥=❡2❝❡♣=♦✱ ❚❙✿ ◆V♠❡2♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈2❛&✲❝❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ 2❡❣✐&=2♦✱ ◆❘✿ ◆V♠❡2♦ ❞❡ 2❡❣2❛& 2❡❢✉=❛❞❛& ❡ qconf✿ 8✉❛♥=✐❧

❞❛ ❞✐&=2✐❜✉✐*+♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥*❛ ❞❛& 2❡❣2❛& 2❡❢✉=❛❞❛&✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

(16)

❈❛♣#$✉❧♦ ✶

■♥$+♦❞✉-.♦

❉❡"❞❡ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❞)❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✽✵✱ ♦ ❝.❡"❝✐♠❡♥1♦ ❞♦" ❝♦♥❥✉♥1♦" ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦" ❜✐♦❧5❣✐❝♦" ❞✐"♣♦✲ ♥9✈❡✐" ; ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥19✜❝❛ 1❡♠ ❝❛.❛❝1❡.9"1✐❝❛" ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛✐"✳ >♦❞❡✲"❡ ❝✐1❛. ❛ ✐♥1❡.♥❡1 ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛1♦. ✐♠♣♦.1❛♥1❡ ♥♦ ❛✉♠❡♥1♦ ❞❡"1❡ ❛❝❡""♦✳ ❆❧)♠ ❞✐""♦ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥1♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡.❛AB♦ ❞❡"1❡" ❞❛❞♦" 1❛♠❜)♠ ✐♥✢✉✐✉ ♥❡"1❡ ❝.❡"❝✐♠❡♥1♦✳ ■"1♦ "❡ 1♦.♥❛ ♠❛✐" ❛❝❡♥1✉❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥1❡①1♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦" ❜✐♦♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛.❡"✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♦❜1❡♥AB♦ ✭❣❡.❛AB♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦" ✈✐❛ 1❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛" ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥1❛✐"✮ 1♦.♥♦✉✲"❡ ✉♠ ♣.♦❝❡""♦ ❞❡ ❧❛.❣❛ ❡"❝❛❧❛✳ ❊"1❡ ❝.❡"❝✐♠❡♥1♦ "❡ ❞❡✈❡ ; .❡❞✉AB♦ ❞❡ ❝✉"1♦" ❞❡ 1❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛" ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✉"♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛" ♠❡1♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛" ♠❛✐" ❡✜❝✐❡♥1❡"✳ ❋.❡♥1❡ ❛ ❡"1❛ ❣.❛♥❞❡ ♠❛""❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦"✱ ♥♦✈♦" ❞❡"❛✜♦" "✉.❣❡♠✳ ❊♥1.❡ ❡❧❡" ♣♦❞❡♠ "❡. ❝✐1❛❞♦" ❛ ♥❡❝❡""✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥1❡❣.❛AB♦ ❞❡ ❞✐"1✐♥1❛" ❢♦♥1❡" ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦.♠❛AB♦ ❛""✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❣❛.❛♥1✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥1❡❣.✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ I✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ❡①✐"1J♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤❛.❡" ❞❡ ❜❛"❡" ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦" I✉❡ 1.❛1❛♠ ❞❡ ❡♥1✐❞❛❞❡" .❡❧❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❞❛" ❛♣.❡"❡♥1❛ ♦ ❞❡"❛✜♦ ❞❡ ✐♥1❡❣.❛AB♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡"1❛❜❡❧❡❝❡. ♦ .❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥1♦ ❡♥1.❡ ❡"1❛" ❡♥1✐❞❛❞❡" ❡♠ .❡♣♦"✐15.✐♦" ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦" ❞✐"1✐♥1♦"❄ ◆B♦ "5 ❛ ✐♥1❡❣.❛AB♦ ) ♥❡❝❡""O.✐❛✱ ♠❛" 1❛♠✲ ❜)♠ ❛ ❣❛.❛♥1✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥1❡❣.✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦" ❞❛❞♦"✳ ❆ ✐♥1❡❣.✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥"1✐1✉✐ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥1♦ ❞❡ .❡❣.❛" "✐♥1O1✐❝❛" ❞❡ ✉1✐❧✐③❛AB♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❢♦.♠❛ ❛ ❡✈✐1❛. ❡..♦"✳ ▼❡"♠♦ ❛""✐♠ ❛❞♦1❛. ♣♦❧91✐❝❛" ❞❡ ✐♥1❡❣.✐❞❛❞❡ ♥B♦ ❣❛.❛♥1❡♠ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛AB♦ ❞❛ 1♦1❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡..♦" ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✳ ◆❡"1❡ "❡♥1✐❞♦ ♦ ❞❡"❛✜♦ ❛❜.❛♥❣❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛AB♦ ❞❡"1❡" ❡..♦" ✐♥❝.❡♠❡♥1❛♥❞♦ ❛ I✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①✐"1❡♥1❡ ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✳ ❖ 1❡.♠♦ I✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ I✉❛♥❞♦ 1.❛1❛♠♦" ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦"✱ ) ❜❛"1❛♥1❡ ❛♠♣❧♦✳ ❆ I✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛" ❜❛"❡" ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦" 1❡♠ "✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣.❡♦❝✉♣❛AB♦ ❡♠❡.❣❡♥1❡ ♥❛ ❧✐1❡.❛1✉.❛ ❡♠ ✈O.✐❛" O.❡❛" ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛AB♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉"✐✈❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❜✐♦❧5❣✐❝♦✳ ◆❡"1❡ 1.❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ I✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ) .❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❝❡.1❡③❛✳ ❉❡✜♥✐♠♦" ✐♥❝❡.1❡③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❣❛.❛♥1✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦..❡AB♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦✳ ❯♠❛ ").✐❡ ❞❡ ❛"♣❡❝1♦" ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛. ♥❛ ✐♥❝❡.1❡③❛ "♦❜.❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦✳ ❉♦✐" ♣♦❞❡♠ "❡. ❧✐"1❛❞♦"✿ ❛ ❢♦.♠❛ ❞❡ ♦❜1❡♥AB♦ ❡ ❛ .❡✈✐"B♦✳ ❊♠ ❞❛❞♦" ❞❡ ♥❛1✉.❡③❛ ❜✐♦♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛. ❛ ✐♥❝❡.1❡③❛ ) ✐♥❡.❡♥1❡ ❛♦" "❡✉" ♣.♦❝❡""♦" ❞❡ ♦❜1❡♥AB♦ ♦✉ ❣❡.❛AB♦✳ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥1❡ ❞♦ ♠)1♦❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✱ 1♦❞♦" ❡"1B♦ "✉❥❡✐1♦" ❛ 1❛①❛" ❞❡ ❡..♦" I✉❡ .❡"✉❧1❛♠ ❡♠ ✐♥❝❡.1❡③❛✳ ❊""❛" 1❛①❛" "B♦ ❜❛✐①❛" ✭❍❛.✐"♠❡♥❞② ❡1 ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✱ ♣♦.)♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ I✉❛♥1✐❞❛❞❡ ❣.❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦"✱ .❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛1✉❛❧✱ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❡..♦" ) ♠❛✐♦. ❡♠ 1❡.♠♦" ❛❜"♦❧✉1♦"✳ ❆❞❡♠❛✐" ❡①✐"1❡ 1❛♠❜)♠ ♦ ❛"♣❡❝1♦ ❞❡ .❡✈✐"B♦✳ ❋.❡♥1❡ ❛♦ ❞❡"❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥1♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦" ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥1♦"✱ ❞❛❞♦" ♦❜1✐❞♦" ✈✐❛ ♠❡1♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛" ♠❡♥♦" ❡✜❝✐❡♥1❡" ✭♠❛✐" ❛♥1✐❣❛"✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ 1❡. ❛ ♥❡❝❡""✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ "❡.❡♠ .❡❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦" ♦ I✉❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛AB♦

(17)

✶✳ ■♥$%♦❞✉)*♦ ✷

❞❡ ♣$♦❝❡''♦' ❞❡ $❡✈✐'*♦✳

❊♠ .❡$♠♦' ❞❛ ❣❡$❛1*♦✱ .❛♠❜4♠ ❝✐.❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥♦.❛1*♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥.❡①.♦ ❜✐♦❧8❣✐❝♦✱ ♦' ❝♦♥✲ ❥✉♥.♦' ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' ♣♦❞❡♠ '❡$ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦' ❡♠✿ ❜❛♥❝♦' ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' ❞❡ ❛♥♦.❛1*♦ ❛✉.♦♠=.✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❛♥♦.❛1*♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧✳ ❖' ♣$✐♠❡✐$♦' '*♦ ❣❡$❛❞♦' ♣♦$ ♣$♦❝❡''♦' ❝♦♠♣✉.❛❝✐♦♥❛✐' ❞❡ ❢♦$♠❛ ❛✉.♦✲ ♠❛.✐③❛❞❛✳ ❊♠❜♦$❛ '❡❥❛♠ ♠❡.♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛' ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦$ ❝✉'.♦✱ ❡♠ ✈✐$.✉❞❡ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥.♦ ❞❛ ❡'❝❛❧❛ ✭.$❛.❛♠❡♥.♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣$❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥.♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' $❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥.❡✮✱ ❡❧❛' ❛♣$❡'❡♥.❛♠ ✉♠ ♥C✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡$.❡③❛ ♠❛✐♦$ D✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛$❛❞❛' ❝♦♠ ❜❛♥❝♦' ❞❡ ❛♥♦.❛1*♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧✳ ❆❧❣✉♥' ❡①❡♠♣❧♦' ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦' ❝✉❥♦ ❝♦♥.❡F❞♦ 4 ❣❡$❛❞♦ ❛✉.♦♠❛.✐❝❛♠❡♥.❡ '*♦ ❯♥✐♣$♦.❑❇✴❚❘❊▼❇▲ ❡ ❊♥'❡♠❜❧✳ ❇❛'❡' ❝♦♠ ❛♥♦.❛1*♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ '*♦ ❣❡$❛❞❛' ❝♦♠ ❛ '✉♣❡$✈✐'*♦ ✐♥.❡❣$❛❧ ❡✴♦✉ ♣❛$❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡'♣❡✲ ❝✐❛❧✐'.❛'✳ ❊❧❡' '*♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦' ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛♥❝♦' ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' ❝✉$❛❞♦'✳ ❖ ❝✉'.♦ ❞❛ '✉♣❡$✈✐'*♦ ❡'♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ 4 ❛❧.♦ '❡ ❝♦♠♣❛$❛❞♦ ❛ ❜❛♥❝♦' ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' ❞❡ ❛♥♦.❛1*♦ ❛✉.♦♠=.✐❝❛✱ ♣♦$4♠ ♦' $❡'✉❧.❛❞♦' '*♦ ♠❡❧❤♦$❡'✳ ❘❡✢❡①♦ ❞✐'.♦ ❡'.= ♥❛ ✉.✐❧✐③❛1*♦ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦' ❝✉$❛❞♦' ♣❛$❛ ❛❥✉'.❡✱ .$❡✐♥❛♠❡♥.♦✱ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛1*♦ ❞❡ ♣$♦❝❡''♦' ❞❡ ❣❡$❛1*♦ ❛✉.♦♠=.✐❝❛✳ ❙*♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦' ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦' ❝✉$❛❞♦' ♦ ❙.$✉❝.✉$❛❧ ❈❧❛''✐✜❝❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ T$♦.❡✐♥' ✭❙❈❖T✮ ❡ ♦ ❯♥✐♣$♦.❑❇✴❙✇✐''✲♣$♦.✳

T$♦❝❡''♦' ❞❡ $❡✈✐'*♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ '❡$ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦' ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦' ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦'✳ ❊'.❡' ♣$♦❝❡''♦'✱ ♠❡✲ ❞✐❛♥.❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛1*♦✱ ♣$♦❝✉$❛♠ ❛.✉❛❧✐③❛$ ♦ ❝♦♥.❡F❞♦ ❞❛ ❜❛'❡✳ ❊'.❛ $❡✈✐'*♦ ♣♦❞❡ '❡ ❞❛$ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝$❡♠❡♥.♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛1*♦ ❡✴♦✉ ❝♦$$❡1*♦ ♦✉ ❛❞❡D✉❛1*♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡.❡$♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥.❡F❞♦✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦' ❞❡ $❡✈✐'*♦ '*♦ ❛ $❡❛♥♦.❛1*♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥♦♠❛'✱ ❛ $❡✈✐'*♦ ❞❡ ❛♥♦.❛1V❡' ❡♠ ❞❛❞♦' ❞❡ '❡D✉W♥❝✐❛' ♣$♦.4✐❝❛'✱ ❛ ❝♦$$❡1*♦ ♦✉ ❛❞✐1*♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦' ✈❛$✐❛♥.❡' ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦' ❞❡ ❡'.$✉.✉✲ $❛' ❜✐♦♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛$❡'✳ ❚❛✐' $❡✈✐'V❡' ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥' ❜❛♥❝♦' ♣♦❞❡♠ '❡ ❞❛$ '♦❜ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ✭♣✳ ❡①✳✿ ❝♦♥'.❛.❛1*♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡$$♦ ✈✐❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐'.$❛❞♦$ ❡✴♦✉ ✉'✉=$✐♦✮ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❢♦$♠❛ '✐'.❡♠=.✐❝❛ ✭♣✳ ❡①✳✿ ✐♥'♣❡1*♦ ♣❡$✐8❞✐❝❛ ❞♦' ❜❛♥❝♦'✮✳ ❚❛♥.♦ D✉❛♥.♦ ♦ ♣$♦❝❡''♦ ❞❡ ❛♥♦.❛1*♦✱ ❛ $❡✈✐'*♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ 4 ♦♥❡$♦'❛✳ ❊♠ ❜❛♥❝♦' ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' ❞❡ ❛❝❡''♦ ♣F❜❧✐❝♦✱ ❛ $❡✈✐'*♦ '♦❜ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ 4 ❢❛❝✐❧✐.❛❞❛ ❞❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥.❡$❛1*♦ ❞♦' ♠✉✐.♦' ✉'✉=$✐♦'✳ ❖ ❯♥✐♣$♦.❑❇✴❙✇✐''✲♣$♦. 4 ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' ♣F❜❧✐❝♦ ❝✉$❛❞♦ D✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥.❛ ❛ $❡✈✐'*♦ ♣❡$✐8❞✐❝❛ ❞♦' $❡❣✐'.$♦'✳

❆ ✐♥❝❡$.❡③❛ '♦❜$❡ ♦' ❞❛❞♦' ❛$♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦' ❣❡$❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛'✳ ❉❡♥.$❡ ❛' D✉❡ ♣❡$♠❡✐❛♠ ❡'.❡ .$❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ '❡$ ❝✐.❛❞❛'✿

❊✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝❛%❛❝&❡%✐③❛% ❡ *✉❛♥&✐✜❝❛% ✐♥❢♦%♠❛/0❡1 ❡1♣3%✐❛1 ❡①✐1&❡♥&❡1 ♥❛ ❜❛1❡❄ ■♥❢❡$✐$ .❛①❛' ❞❡ ❛♥♦.❛1V❡' ✐♥❝♦$$❡.❛' 4 ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥.❛❧ ♣❛$❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛$ ❛ D✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛'❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦'✳ ❊'♣❡$❛✲'❡ D✉❡ ❜❛'❡' ❞❡ ❛❧.❛ D✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ .❡♥❤❛♠ ❢$❡D✉W♥❝✐❛' ❜❛✐①❛' ❞❡ ❡$$♦'✳ ◗✉❡'.V❡' ❛''♦❝✐❛❞❛' ♣❛''❛♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❛$❛❝.❡$✐③❛1*♦ ❞♦ D✉❡ 4 ✉♠ ❡$$♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛$ '✉❛ ❢$❡D✉W♥❝✐❛✳ ❱❛♠♦' ❞❡'.❛❝=✲❧❛' ❝♦♠♦ D✉❡'.V❡' ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡$W♥❝✐❛✳

(18)

✶✳ ■♥$%♦❞✉)*♦ ✸

✸✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛❣%❡❣❛% ❛ ✐♥❢♦%♠❛*+♦ ❞❡ -✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦0 ❞❛❞♦0 ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛*+♦ ❞❡ ♠34♦❞♦0 ❞❡ ❡①4%❛*+♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥4♦❄ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ (✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥.♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦0 ♣♦00✉✐ ♠❡♥♦3 ♦✉ ♠❛✐♦3 ✐♥❝❡3.❡③❛ ❛00♦❝✐❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛3 ♠6.♦❞♦0 ❞❡ ❡①.3❛89♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥.♦ (✉❡ ❝♦♥0✐❞❡3❡♠ ❡0.❛ ✐♥❝❡3.❡③❛ ❡ ❛ ❛❣3❡❣✉❡♠ ❡♠ 0❡✉0 3❡0✉❧.❛❞♦0❄ ❊0.❛0 (✉❡0.>❡0 ❡0.9♦ 3❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛0 ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①.3❛89♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦3♠❛89♦ 0♦❜ ✐♥❝❡3.❡③❛✳

❆ ❧✐.❡3❛.✉3❛ .❡♥.❛ 0❛♥❛3 ❡0.❛0 (✉❡0.>❡0 0❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡3❡♥.❡0 ❡0♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡0✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛0 09♦✿

• ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❇❛♥❝♦0 ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦0 ❇✐♦❧;❣✐❝♦0 ✭❇❉❇0✮✿ ❉❡♠❛♥❞❛ ✶ ✲ ■♥❢❡✲

%B♥❝✐❛

❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♦ (✉❡ 6 ✉♠ ❡33♦✱ ♦ ♣3♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡3D♥❝✐❛ 0♦❜3❡ 0✉❛ .❛①❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥.♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦0 ♣♦❞❡ 0❡3 .3❛.❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛0 ❢♦3♠❛0✿ ♠6.♦❞♦0 ❛ ♣"✐♦"✐ ♦✉ ❛ ♣♦%&❡"✐♦"✐ ❣❡3❛89♦ ❞♦0 ❞❛❞♦0✳ ▼6.♦❞♦0 ❛ ♣"✐♦"✐ ❝♦♥0✐❞❡3❛♠ .❛①❛0 ❞❡ ❡33♦0 ❛♥.❡0 ❞♦ ♣3♦❝❡00♦ ❞❡ ❣❡3❛89♦ ❞♦ ❞❛❞♦✳ F♦❞❡♠ 0❡3 ❝✐.❛❞♦0 .❡0.❡0 ❞❡ ❤✐♣G.❡0❡0 (✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡✜♥❡✲0❡ ✉♠ ♥I✈❡❧ ❞❡ 0✐❣♥✐✜❝J♥❝✐❛✱ ♠6.♦❞♦0 ❞❡ ❝❧❛00✐✜❝❛89♦ ❡ ❛❣3✉♣❛♠❡♥.♦ (✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❢❡3❡✲0❡ ✈✐❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛89♦ 0✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡✜❝✐D♥❝✐❛✳ ▼6.♦❞♦0 ❛ ♣♦%&❡"✐♦"✐ .3❛.❛♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡0.✐♠❛3 ❛ .❛①❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛8>❡0 ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥.♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦0 ❛♣G0 0❡✉ ♣3♦❝❡00♦ ❞❡ ❣❡3❛89♦✳ F❛3❛ .❛♥.♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡3.❡♥.❡ 6✱ ❛ ♣❛3.✐3 ❞❡ ♠❡.♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛0 ✐♥❞✐3❡.❛0✱ ❢❛③❡3 ✉♠❛ ❡0.✐♠❛89♦ 0♦❜3❡ ❛ .❛①❛ ❞❡ ❡33♦0 ❞❡ ❛♥♦.❛89♦✳ ❖✉.3❛ ❡0.3❛.6❣✐❛ ♠❛✐0 0✐♠♣❧❡0✱ ♣♦36♠ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦3 ❝✉0.♦✱ 6 ❛ ❡0.✐♠❛89♦ ✈✐❛ ♦❜0❡3✈❛89♦ ❞❛ ❢3❡(✉D♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦❝♦33D♥❝✐❛ ❞❛0 ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛8>❡0✳

• ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❇❛♥❝♦0 ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦0 ❇✐♦❧;❣✐❝♦0 ✭❇❉❇0✮✿ ❉❡♠❛♥❞❛ ✷ ✲ ▼❛✲

♥✉4❡♥*+♦

❈♦♥❤❡❝❡3 ❛0 .❛①❛0 ❣❧♦❜❛✐0 ❞❡ ❡33♦0 6 ✐♠♣♦3.❛♥.❡✱ ♣♦36♠ ♥9♦ 6 ♠✉✐.♦ ✐♥❢♦3♠❛.✐✈♦ ♣❛3❛ ✜♥0 ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉.❡♥89♦ ❞♦0 ❞❛❞♦0✳ ❆ ❞❡.❡❝89♦ ❞❡ ❡33♦0 ♦✉ ❛.✉❛❧✐③❛8>❡0 ❡①✐❣❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥M❧✐0❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ 3❡❣✐0.3♦✳ ❖✉ 0❡❥❛✱ ❛ ♣3♦♣❡♥09♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡.❡3♠✐♥❛❞♦ 3❡❣✐0.3♦ 0♦❢3❡3 ❛❧.❡3❛8>❡0✳ ❆❧❣✉♥0 ♠6.♦❞♦0 .3❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ♥♦ ❝❛0♦ ❞❡ ❡33♦0 0✐♥.M.✐❝♦0✱ ♣♦36♠ ♦0 ❞❡ ❞✐❢I❝✐❧ ❞❡.❡❝89♦ 09♦ ♦0 ❞❡ ❝❛3❛❝.❡3I0.✐❝❛ 0❡♠J♥.✐❝❛✳ ❱✐0.♦ (✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥0 ❜❛♥❝♦0 .D♠ 3❡✈✐09♦ ♣❡3✐G❞✐❝❛ ❡ ♥9♦ 09♦ ♣O❜❧✐❝♦0✱ ❛ ✐♥❡①✐0.D♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝3✐.63✐♦0 (✉❡ ❛❣✐❧✐③❡♠ ❛ ❞❡0❝♦❜❡3.❛ ❞❡ ❡33♦0 ♦✉ ❛ ♥❡❝❡00✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛.✉❛❧✐③❛8>❡0 ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ♠❛♥✉.❡♥89♦ ❞❡0.❛0 ❜❛0❡0✳ ❆ ♣3♦♣♦0✐89♦ ❞❡ ❝3✐.63✐♦0 ❛✉.♦♠M.✐❝♦0 ♣❛3❛ 3❡✈✐09♦ 6 ♦ ♦❜❥❡.✐✈♦ ♣3✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡0.❡ .3❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

• ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❇❛♥❝♦0 ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦0 ❇✐♦❧;❣✐❝♦0 ✭❇❉❇0✮✿ ❉❡♠❛♥❞❛ ✸ ✲ ❊①✲

4%❛*+♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦%♠❛*+♦

(19)

✶✳ ■♥$%♦❞✉)*♦ ✹

✐♥❝❡%&❡③❛✳ ❊❧❛ ❡,&❡♥❞❡ ♦, ♠0&♦❞♦, ❞❡&❡%♠✐♥1,&✐❝♦, ♣❛%❛ ❞❛❞♦, ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦%♠❛45♦ ♣%0✈✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡%&❡③❛✳ ❖✉&%❛ 9%❡❛ ❝♦♥❡①❛ 0 ❛ ♠✐♥❡%❛45♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡%&❡③❛ ,♦❜%❡ ♦, ♣❛❞%<❡, ❡♠❡%,♦, ,♦❜%❡ ♦, ❞❛❞♦,✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛% ❝♦♠♦ ♦, ♣❛❞%<❡, ✭❛,,♦❝✐❛4<❡,✱ ❛❣%✉♣❛♠❡♥&♦,✱ ❝❧❛,,✐✜❝❛4<❡,✮ ✈❛%✐❛♠ &❡♠♣♦%❛❧♠❡♥&❡ 0 ❡①&%❡♠❛♠❡♥&❡ ✐♠♣♦%&❛♥&❡ ♣❛%❛ C✉❛♥&✐✜❝❛% ❡ ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛% ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛4<❡, ❣❡♥❡%❛❧✐③❛❞❛, ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥&♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦,✳

❙❡❥❛♠ ❛ ✐♥❢❡%F♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ ♠❛♥✉&❡♥45♦✱ ❛ ❡①&%❛45♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦%♠❛45♦ ❡♠ ❝❡♥9%✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡%&❡③❛✱ C✉❛,❡ &♦❞❛, ❡,&❛, ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛, ♥❡❝❡,,✐&❛♠ ❞❡ ,✉❜,1❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦%♠❛4<❡, ,♦❜%❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛4<❡, ♦✉ ❡%%♦,✳ ❈✐&❛✲,❡ ❛ ❡①❝❡45♦ ❞❡ ♣%♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥&♦, ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡%F♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡%%♦, ♣%0✲❛♥♦&❛45♦ ❞♦, ❞❛❞♦, ✭❚❡,&❡, ❞❡ ❤✐♣K&❡,❡,✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✐♥✈❡,&✐❣❛% ❛ C✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦, ❞❛❞♦, ❝♦♠ ❞✐,♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛%❝✐❛❧ ♦✉ ♥✉❧❛ ❞❡,&❛, ✐♥❢♦%♠❛4<❡,❄ ❆❧❣✉♠❛, ✐♥✐❝✐❛&✐✈❛, C✉❡ &❡♥&❛♠ ,✉♣%✐% ❡,&❛ ❛✉,F♥❝✐❛ ,❡%5♦ &%❛&❛❞❛, ♥♦ ❝❛♣1&✉❧♦ ,❡❣✉✐♥&❡✳ ●%❛♥❞❡ ♣❛%&❡ ❞❡,&❛, ✐♥✐❝✐❛&✐✈❛, ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛, ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛4<❡, ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦, ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ &❡♠♣♦✳

❆❧❣✉♥, ❜❛♥❝♦, ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦, ❜✐♦❧K❣✐❝♦, ❥9 ❡,&5♦ ❛&✐♥❣✐♥❞♦ ✷✱ ✸ ❞❡❝9❞❛, ❞❡,❞❡ ,✉❛ ❝%✐❛45♦✳ ▼✉✐&♦, ❞❡,&❡, ❜❛♥❝♦, ,♦❢%❡%❛♠ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛4<❡, ❡♠ &❡%♠♦, ❞❡ ❝♦♥&❡Q❞♦✱ ❛❝❛❜❛♥❞♦ ♣♦% ❣❡%❛% ❞✐❢❡%❡♥&❡, ✈❡%,<❡, ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ &❡♠♣♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥, ❞❡❧❡, ❥9 ,❡ ♣%❡♦❝✉♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❞✐,♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛% ❛♦, ✉,✉9%✐♦, ♦, ❤✐,&K%✐❝♦, ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛4<❡, ❞❛, ❡♥&✐❞❛❞❡, ❛%♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛,✳ ❊,&❛ ❞✐,♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ,❡ ❞9 ❛&%❛✈0, ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦, ❜%✉&♦, ♦✉ ❞❛❞♦, ❥9 ❡,&%✉&✉%❛❞♦,✱ ❝♦♥,✐❞❡%❛♥❞♦ ♦ &❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ ❡①✐,&F♥❝✐❛ ❞❡,&❡, ❞❛❞♦, ♣♦,,✐❜✐❧✐&❛ ❛ ♣%♦♣♦,✐45♦ ❡✴♦✉ ✈❛❧✐❞❛45♦ ❞❡ ♠❡&♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛, ♣❛%❛ ❛❥✉❞❛% ♥❛ &❛%❡❢❛ ❞❡ %❡✈✐,5♦✳ ❆❧0♠ ❞✐,,♦✱ 0 ♣♦,,✐✈❡❧ %❡♣♦%&❛% ,♦❜%❡ ♠✉❞❛♥4❛, ❞♦, ♣❛❞%<❡, ❡①✐,&❡♥&❡, ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ &❡♠♣♦✳

❙❡❥❛ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦, ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦, ❝✉%❛❞♦, ♦✉ ❛✉&♦♠9&✐❝♦,✱ ♦, ♣%♦❝❡,,♦, ❞❡ ❛♥♦&❛45♦ ❡ %❡✈✐,5♦ ,♦❢%❡♠ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛4<❡, ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ &❡♠♣♦✳ ❋❡%%❛♠❡♥&❛, ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐♦ T ❛♥♦&❛45♦ ❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦% ❞✐,✲ ♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦, ❡①♣❡%✐♠❡♥&❛✐, ,5♦ ❢❛&♦%❡, C✉❡ ❝♦♥&%✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛%❛ ❡,&❛ ❡✈♦❧✉45♦✳ ❯♠ ♣#♦❜❧❡♠❛ ) ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛#❛❝+❡#✐③❛#✱ /✉❛♥+✐✜❝❛# ❡ ✐❞❡♥+✐✜❝❛# ♠♦♠❡♥+♦4 4✐❣♥✐✜❝❛+✐✲ ✈♦4 ❞❡4+❛4 ♠✉❞❛♥8❛4❄ ❆✈❛❧✐❛% ❝♦♥,✐,&F♥❝✐❛,✱ ♠✉❞❛♥4❛, ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ &❡♠♣♦ ❡ ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛% ♣♦♥&♦, ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥4❛, ❣❡♥❡%❛❧✐③❛❞❛, ✐♥❢♦%♠❛♠ ,♦❜%❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡,,✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞❡C✉❛45♦ ❞❛ ❜❛,❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦, ❡ ❞♦, ♠0&♦❞♦, ♣K,✲❣❡%❛45♦ ❞❡♥&%❡ ♦✉&%♦,✳

(20)

✶✳ ■♥$%♦❞✉)*♦ ✺

❝♦❡$❡♥&❡' ❝♦♠ ❛ ❜❛'❡ ❛&✉❛❧✳ ❈♦♥&$✐❜✉✐01❡' ♥❡'&❡ '❡♥&✐❞♦ '3♦ ✈5❧✐❞❛' '♦❜ ❛ ❞✐♠❡♥'✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❡&♦❞♦❧6❣✐❝❛ ✭♠9&♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡'&✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥0❛' ❞❡ ♣❛❞$1❡' ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✮ ❡ ❞❡ $❡'✉❧&❛❞♦' ✭'✉❜'<❞✐♦ ♣❛$❛ ❢✉&✉$❛' ❞❡❝✐'1❡' $❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛' ❛♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' ❛♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦✮

❖ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' ❯♥✐♣$♦&❑❇✴❙✇✐''✲♣$♦& ❞✐'♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ✈❡$'1❡' ❛♥&✐❣❛'✱ ♦ H✉❡ ♣♦''✐❜✐✲ ❧✐&❛ '❡✉ ❡'&✉❞♦ '♦❜ ♣❡$'♣❡❝&✐✈❛ &❡♠♣♦$❛❧✳ ❊♠ &❡$♠♦' ❞❡ ❝♦♥&❡J❞♦ ❡❧❡ 9 ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❝✉$❛❞♦ ❡ ❛$♠❛③❡♥❛ ❞❛❞♦' ❞❡ ❛♥♦&❛03♦ ♣$♦&9✐❝❛✳ ❆ ✈❡$'3♦ ♠❛✐' $❡❝❡♥&❡ ❥5 ❝♦♥&❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐' ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ♠✐❧❤3♦ ❞❡ ♣$♦&❡<♥❛' ❛♥♦&❛❞❛'✳ ❊'&✉❞♦' '♦❜$❡ ❛' ♠✉❞❛♥0❛' ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣$♦&❑❇✴❙✇✐''✲♣$♦& ♣♦✲ ❞❡♠ ❝♦♥'✐❞❡$❛$ &♦❞♦' ♦' ❛&$✐❜✉&♦' ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♦✉&$❛ ❡'&$❛&9❣✐❛✱ ♠❛✐' ♣❛$❝✐♠♦♥✐♦'❛✱ 9 ❛✈❛❧✐❛$ '♦♠❡♥&❡ ✉♠ ❣$✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❛&$✐❜✉&♦' ♦✉ ❛♥♦&❛01❡' $❡♣$❡'❡♥&❛&✐✈❛' ❞❡ &♦❞♦ ✉♠ $❡❣✐'&$♦ ✭♦✉ ❡♥&$❛❞❛✮✳ ❊'&❛ ❞❡❝✐'3♦ ♣♦❞❡ &❡$ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛01❡' ♣$5&✐❝❛' ♥❛ $❡❞✉03♦ ❞❡ ❝✉'&♦ ❝♦♠♣✉&❛❝✐✲ ♦♥❛❧ ♣❛$❛ '❡ $❡❛❧✐③❛$ ❛ ❛♥5❧✐'❡✳ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ &9❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♥5❧✐'❡ ❡♠♣$❡❣❛❞❛ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥&♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦'✱ ♣♦❞❡ '❡$ ❝♦♠♣✉&❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥&❡ ✐♥✈✐5✈❡❧ &$❛&❛$ ♦ ♣$♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡'&✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉03♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✳ ❉❡♥&$❡ ❛' ❛♥♦&❛01❡' ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣$♦&❑❇✴❙✇✐''✲♣$♦&✱ ✉♠❛ ❡♠ ♣❛$&✐❝✉❧❛$ &$❛&❛ ❞❡ '✉♠❛$✐③❛$ ❛ ♣$♦&❡<♥❛✳ ❊'&❛ ❛♥♦&❛03♦ 9 ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❦❡②✇♦$❞' ✭♣❛❧❛✈$❛'✲❝❤❛✈❡✮✳ ❖ ❛'♣❡❝&♦ ❞❡ $❡'✉♠♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ H✉❡ ❛' ♣❛❧❛✈$❛'✲❝❤❛✈❡' '❡❥❛♠ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ $❡♣$❡'❡♥&❛&✐✈♦ ❞❡♥&$❡ ♦' ❡①✐'&❡♥✲ &❡' ❡♠ ✉♠ $❡❣✐'&$♦ ❯♥✐♣$♦&❑❇✴❙✇✐''✲♣$♦&✳ ❊❧❛' ❛&✉❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ <♥❞✐❝❡'✱ &♦$♥❛♥❞♦✲'❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛03♦ $❡❧❡✈❛♥&❡ ♥❛ $❡❛❧✐③❛03♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥'✉❧&❛✱ ♥❛ $❡♣$❡'❡♥&❛03♦ ❞❡ ❝❛$❛❝&❡$<'&✐❝❛' ✐♠♣♦$&❛♥&❡' ❞❛' ♣$♦&❡<♥❛'✱ ❡&❝✳ ❚❛✐' ♣$♦♣$✐❡❞❛❞❡ &♦$♥❛♠✲❛' ❡①❝❡❧❡♥&❡' ❛&$✐❜✉&♦' ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛✲ &♦' '♦❜ ♦' H✉❛✐' ✐♥✈❡'&✐❣❛$ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉03♦ ❞♦ ❯♥✐♣$♦&❑❇✴❙✇✐''✲♣$♦&✳

Referências

Documentos relacionados

10 - O incumprimento da obrigação de permanência prevista no n.º 4, bem como a não conclusão do respetivo internato médico por motivo imputável ao médico interno, salvo não

Foram realizados testes em garrafões de 20 litros para estabelecer critérios de operação e dimensionamento de uma planta de lixiviação em pilhas permanentes para tratar

O sistema tem como cenários de utilização a gestão de agendamentos de atendimentos da Área de Saúde, a geração automática de relacionamento entre cliente e profissional

 Numéricos das das Propriedades Propriedades do do Ar Ar Úmido, Úmido, Cartas Cartas Psicrométricas, Psicrométricas, Processos Processos Psicrométricos, Psicrométricos,

a) Não transferir a outrem, no todo ou em parte, o objeto deste Contrato, sem prévia e expressa anuência e autorização da TERRACAP. b) Em tudo agir segundo as diretrizes da

O presente experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento até os vinte e oito meses de idade e o desempenho reprodutivo no primeiro período de acasalamento de fêmeas

As seguintes características foram avaliadas: período, em dias, da semeadura à emergência das plantas em 75% das covas; dias da semeadura à abertura da primeira flor; dias da

Do ponto de vista técnico, conseguiu convencer o corpo médico presente ao encontro que a doença seria transmissível, como comprova o primeiro item da resolução final do encontro: