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Early diagnosis of melanoma by surface microscopy (dermatoscopy)

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M E D icA L

J O U R N A L

~ f\S E

R E P O H .T

Francisco Macedo Paschoal

E a rly d ia g n o sis o f m e la n o m a b y

su rfa c e m ic ro sc o p y (d e rm a to sc o p y )

Department

of Dermatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina

- Sao Paulo, Brazil

T h e m a in o b je c t iv e o f s u r f a c e m ic r o s c o p y is t h e e a r ly a n d a c c u r a t e d ia g n o s is o f m e la n o m a in it s in it ia l p h a s e s o f e v o lu t io n a n d in f ilt r a t io n . S in c e t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e d e r m a t o s c o p e in t h e 1 9 9 0 's , s u r f a c e m ic r o s c o p y h a s b e c o m e a s im p le t e c h n iq u e . D if f e r e n t ia l d ia g n o s is o f p ig m e n t e d s k in le s io n s c a n b e a c h ie v e d w it h a d ia g n o s t ic s e n s it iv it y o f a b o u t 9 0 p e r c e n t , a n d t h e p r o p e r d if f e r e n t ia t io n o f p ig m e n t e d m e la n o c y t ic a n d n o n - m e la n o c y t ic le s io n s , a n d m a lig n a n t a n d b e n ig n m e la n o c y t ic le s io n s , m a y a ls o b e s a f e ly d e t e r m in e d .

U N I T E R M S : D e r m a t o s c o p y . M e la n o m a . S u r f a c e M ic r o s c o p y .

I N T R O D U C T I O N

T h e c lin ic a l e v a lu a tio n o f p ig m e n te d s k in le s io n s

f r e q u e n tly im p o s e s d if tic u ltie s o n th e p h y s ic ia n ( in d e p e n d e n t

o f s p e c ia lty ) , m a in ly in th e d if f e r e n tia tio n o f b e n ig n a n d

m a lig n a n t p ig m e n te d le s io n s , a n d m e la n o c y tic a n d n o n

-m e la n o c y tic le s io n s . C lin ic a l s tu d ie s to d e te r m in e th e

a c c u r a c y o f th e d ia g n o s is , a n d d if f e r e n tia tio n o f p ig m e n te d

le s io n s b a s e d s o le ly o n th e n a k e d e y e h a v e d e m o n s tr a te d

r e s u lts v a r y in g f r o m 6 0 to 8 0 p e r c e n t. H o w e v e r , th is

d if f e r e n tia tio n b e c o m e s e s s e n tia l in e s ta b lis h in g c lin ic a l a n d

s u r g ic a l p r o c e d u r e s , w h ic h a r e d if f e r e n t f o r e a c h o f th e

p ig m e n te d le s io n s .

T h e a la r m in g in c r e a s e in th e in c id e n c e o f

m e la n o m a in th e la s t th r e e d e c a d e s h a s p r o m p te d th e

d e v e lo p m e n t o f a u x ilia r y d ia g n o s tic m e th o d s f o r . th e

e a r ly d e te c tio n a n d b e tte r d if f e r e n tia tio n o f m e la n o m a

f r o m o th e r p ig m e n te d s k in le s io n s , th a t m a y p r e c e d e it.

A n in a d e q u a te a p p r o a c h to m e la n o m a m a y s ig n if ic a n tly

c o m p r o m is e th e p r o g n o s is . I n th is c o n te x t, s u r f a c e

Adress for correspondence:

Francisco Macedo Paschoal

Rua Cardoso de Almeida, 7 8 8 -Perdizes

Sao Paulo/SP - Brasil- CEP 05013-001

m ic r o s c o p y h a s b e e n d i s ti n g u i s h e d a s a n a u x iii a r y

m e th o d f o r th e d if f e r e n tia l d ia g n o s is o f p ig m e n te d le s io n s

o f b e n ig n , p r e m a lig n a n t a n d m a lig n a n t ty p e s .

I n 1 6 3 6 , J o h a n C h r ito p h o r u s K o lh a u s r e c o g n iz e d

s m a ll v e s s e ls in th e n a il b e d u s in g m ic r o s c o p y . L a te r o n ,

in 1 8 9 3 U n n a u s e d o il im m e r s io n , w h ic h m a d e th e s k in

m o r e tr a n s p a r e n t, to e x a m in e v u lg a r lu p u s le s io n s . I n

1 9 2 1 , J o h a n n S a p h ie r ( c o n s id e r e d b y m a n y th e f a th e r o f

m o d e r n s u r f a c e m ic r o s c o p y ) p u b lis h e d f o u r r e p o r ts o n

th e m e th o d , a n d w a s th e f ir s t to u s e th e te r m

" d e r m a to s c o p y ." G O L D M A N ( 1 9 5 1 ) a n d M A C K I E

( 1 9 7 1 ) r e p o r te d o n th e u s e f u ln e s s o f th is te c h n iq u e f o r

p ig m e n te d le s io n s o f d if f ic u lt c l i n ic a l d if f e r e n tia tio n .

P E H A M B E R G E R , S T E I N E R a n d W O L F F ~ u s e d a

s te r e o m ic r o s c o p e to s tu d y 3 ,0 0 0 p ig m e n te d le s io n s in

1 9 8 7 , a n d e s ta b lis h e d m o r p h o lo g ic a l c r ite r ia f o r e a c h o f

th e d is e a s e s . D u e to th e d im e n s io n s o f th e a p p a r a tu s u s e d ,

th is m e th o d d id n o t b e c o m e p o p u la r . I n 1 9 9 0 , th e

in tr o d u c tio n o f in s tr u m e n ts s im ila r to o to s c o p e s , c a lle d

d e r m a to s c o p e s , a llo w e d f o r r a p id a n d m o r e f e a s ib le

s u r f a c e m ic r o s c o p y . T h e te r m " d e r m a to s c o p y " h a s b e e n

u s e d f o r s u c h p r o c e d u r e s e v e r s in c e .

C u r r e n tly , th e te r m " e p ilu m in e s c e n c e m ic r o s c o p y "

is a c c e p te d a s a s y n o n y m o f d e r m a to s c o p y . IT h e b a s ic

p r in c ip le o f th is te c h n iq u e is to d e c r e a s e lig h t r e f r a c tio n

b y u s in g o il im m e r s io n . T h u s , lig h t p e n e tr a te s a n d e n a b le s

(2)

F ig u re 1

th e s tu d y o f d e e p s k in la y e rs , s u c h a s th e d e rm o e p id e rm a l ju n c tio n a n d p a p illa ry d e rm is , b y a n o n -in v a s iv e m e th o d .

T h u s , b y u s in g th e d e rm a to s c o p e , w e h a v e a c c e s s to v a rio u s c u ta n e o u s s tru c tu re s n o t v is ib le to th e n a k e d e y e , a n d h a v e o p e n e d u p a n e w s e m io lo g ic fie ld .3

T h e m a in in d ic a tio n w o u ld b e in th e d iffe re n tia l d ia g n o s is o f m e la n o m a ; p rin c ip a lly o f fla t le s io n s , w h e re it is b e s t a p p lie d , a n d o f le s io n s s m a lle r th a n 6 m m , w h e re th e A B C ru le (a s y m m e try , b o rd e r, c o lo r, a n d d ia m e te r o f p ig m e n te d le s io n s ) is u s u a lly le s s re la ib le . T h e p ro p e r d iffe re n tia tio n o f m e la n o c y tic a n d n o n -m e la n o c y tic p ig m e n te d le s io n s , a n d o f b e n ig n a n d m a lig n a n t m e la n o c y tic le s io n s , is p o s s ib le w h e n u s in g th e d e rm a to s c o p e . T h e p h o to g ra p h ic d o c u m e n ta tio n w ith a m a c ro c o n ta c t le n s

F ig u re 2

a llo w s th e m o n ito rin g o f le s io n s c o n s id e re d to b e p re c u rs o rs o f m e la n o m a ; e .g . th e a ty p ic a l m e la n o tic n e v u s (d y s p la s tic n e v u s ) a n d th e g ia n t c o n g e n ita l m e la n o tic n e v u s .

C o n s id e rin g o u r p e rs o n a l e x p e rie n c e a n d d a ta , a n d th e lite ra tu re ,2 ,4 it m a y b e c o n c lu d e d th a t s u rfa c e m ic ro s c o p y im p ro v e s d ia g n o s tic s e n s ib ility fro m 6 0 to 9 0 p e rc e n t w h e n e v a lu a tin g p ig m e n te d s k in le s io n s . Its c lin ic a l im p o rta n c e is b a s e d o n fo u r m a in p o in ts , th a t it:

1 . A ffe c ts fu tu re s tra te g ie s fo r e a rly d e te c tio n o f m e la n o m a , m a k in g th e m m o re ra tio n a l.

2 . M in im iz e s u n n e c e s s a ry s u rg e ry .

3 . In flu e n c e s th e c h o ic e o f th e a p p ro p ria te s u rg ic a l p ro c e d u re , in a c c o rd a n c e w ith th e ty p e o f p ig m e n te d le s io n . 4 . A s c e rta in s a d ia g n o s is fo r th e p a tie n t p rio r to b io p s y .

RESUMO

a

o b je tiv o m a io r d a M ic ro s c o p ia d e s u p e rfic ie e0 d ia g n 6 s tic o p re c o c e e c o rre to d o M e la n o m a n a s fa s e s in ic ia is d e e v o lu 9 a o

e in filtra 9 a o . C o m a in tro d u 9 a o d o D e rm a to s c o p io n a d e c a d a d e 1 9 9 0 a M ic ro s c o p ia d e S u p e rfic ie to rn o u -s e d e fa c il a p lic a 9 a o . C o m e la e p o s s iv e l p ro c e d e r 0 d ia g n 6 s tic o d ife re n c ia l d a le s 6 e s p ig m e n ta d a s c u ta n e a s c o m u m a a c u id a d e d ia g n 6 s tic a e m to rn o d o s 9 0 % , e d e te rm in a r d e fo rm a s e g u ra a d ife re n c ia 9 a o d a s le s 6 e s p ig m e n ta d a s m e la n o c ftic a s e n a o m e la n o c ftic a s e d a s le s 6 e s m e la n o c ftic a s b e n ig n a s e m a lig n a s .

REFERENCES

I . B a h m e r F A , e t a l. T e rm in o lo g y In S u rfa c e M ic ro s c o p y . J A m A c a d D e rm a to l 1 9 9 0 ;2 6 : 1 1 5 9 -6 2 .

2 . K e n e r R O , e t a l. C lin ic a l d ia g n o s is o f p ig m e n te d le s io n s u s in g d ig ita l e p ilu m in e s c e n c e m ic ro s c o p y . A rc h D e rm a to l

1 9 9 3 ; 1 2 9 : 1 5 7 -7 4 .

3 . P e h a m b e rg e r H , e t a l. In v iv o e p ilu m in e s c e n c e m ic ro s c o p y o f p ig m e n te d s k in le s io n s . 1 . P a tte rn a n a ly s is o f p ig m e n te d s k in le s io n s . JA m A c a d D e rm a to l 1 9 8 7 ; 1 7 :5 7 1 -8 3 . 4 . S te in e r A , e t a l. In v iv o e p ilu m in e s c e n c e m ic ro s c o p y o f

p ig m e n te d s k in le s io n s . II. D ia g n o s is o f s m a ll p ig m e n te d s k in le s io n s a n d e a rly d e te c tio n in m a lig n a n t m e la n o m a . J A m A c a d D e rm a to l 1 9 8 7 ; 1 7 :5 8 4 -9 1 .

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