This article considers major trends in the spatial and sectoral structure of na-tional production and analyses the patterns of transformation of industrial systems into integrated industrial complexes, which show higher efficiency in transit conditions. The author presents a new approach to studying the structural transformation of industrial systems during the transition of the national economy, which will make it possible to identify major trends in national production. The article seeks to draw atten-tion to the methodology of developing and implementing industrial policy and devis-ing an algorithm of effective transition of Russian industries in the modern condi-tions of international division of labor.
The modernization and transnationaliza-tion of natransnationaliza-tional productransnationaliza-tion rests on a number of methods that make it possible for the cor-porate management to react rapidly to changes in the global market situation. These methods include strategic segmentation, ana-lyzing the ability to adapt to the expected conditions, devising a company’s entrepre-neurial strategy, and changes in the spatial and industrial structure of production.
The transformation of national industry is associated with the introduction of mecha-nisms of industrial integration structures us-ing sus-ingle organizational production modules capable of rational combination and trans-formation of the elements of national produc-tion structure to create competitive transna-tional production associations, such as clus-ters and other production forms serving as ‘growth poles’ and becoming elements of the emerging framework for national production. This methodology makes it possible to de-velop new approaches, methods, and princi-ples for analyzing the transformation of the national spatial and industrial system during economic transition. Current factors, fea-tures, patterns and trends in the transforma-tion of natransforma-tional industrial systems are identi-fied; a mechanism for devising and imple-menting a more structured industrial policy in Russia is developed.
Key words: Тndustrв, spatТal and
Тndus-trТal cСanРes, transТtТon perТod, transfor-matТon economв, transnatТonal productТon poles, ТnternatТonal ТnteРratТon, economТc ‘РroаtС poles’, ТndustrТal polТcв
KEY DIRECTIONS OF SECTORAL
AND SPATIAL CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN
INDUSTRY
V. Chasovsky
*,
* Immanuel Kant BaltТc Federal UnТversТtв 14 A. NevskТ St., KalТnТnРrad,
βγ6041, RussТa
Submitted on November 15, 2015
doТŚ 10.59ββ/β079-8555-β015-γ-10
Introduction
At tСe current staРe of tСe аorld economв’s development, tСe formatТon of strateРТc areas of natТonal ТndustrТal development requТres ТdentТfвТnР and ТnvestТРatТnР tСe economТc cores. TСТs Тs especТallв true for countrТes аТtС transТtТonal economТes, for Тnstance, RussТa. ScТentТfТc understandТnР of struc-tural sСТfts Тn tСe ТndustrТal sector Тs tradТtТonallв ТdentТfТed as a prТorТtв of economТc РeoРrapСв. Manв of Тts acСТevements Тn tСe fТelds of aбТomatТsatТon and leРТslatТon are assocТated аТtС ТndustrТal development and sТtТnР [β0].
In tСe earlв 1990s, RussТa аas not readв for structural transformatТons Тn tСe natТonal Тndustrв, аСose sectors dТd not meet ТnternatТonal standards. TСerefore, tСe process of structural and spatТal modernТsatТon of manufactur-ТnР аas often sporadТc [19]. Hoаever, an effectТve structural polТcв toаards all terrТtorТal levels of tСe natТonal Тndustrв Сas not been developed вet, аСere-as solvТnР tСe problem Тs complТcated bв a poor researcС frameаork for tСe structural transformatТon of ТndustrТal facТlТtТes Тn post-SovТet states. DurТnР tСe post-SovТet transТtТon to a market economв, tСe focus of economТc Рe-oРrapСers sСТfted from tСeoretТcal problems of natТonal Тndustrв restructurТnР to otСer Тssues. TСТs makes tСe current studв ТncreasТnРlв relevant [β1].
TerrТtorТal and sectoral cСanРes takТnР place Тn RussТa’s manufacturТnР ТndustrТes seldom become tСe focus of a tСeoretТcal analвsТs or metСodoloРТ-cal justТfТcatТon. TСere are more questТons tСan ansаers concernТnР tСe pros-pects of natТonal manufacturТnР sector development. For Тnstance, Тt Тs not clear Сoа a countrв can benefТt from ТnternatТonal ТndustrТal cooperatТon be-tаeen crТsТs-rТdden CIS states, аСТcС often Сave a sТmТlar raа-materТal spe-cТalТsatТon. Hoа sСould RussТa treat Тts natural resource potentТal аСen adaptТnР tСe manufacturТnР sector to tСe Рlobal market? Is Тt vertТcallв Тnte-Рrated or netаork structure tСat can make natТonal produce competТtТve Тn tСe Рlobal market? DespТte tСe eбТstТnР efforts of RussТan scСolars to analвse structural transformatТon Тn natТonal manufacturТnР sectors, tСere are stТll feа conceptual Тdeas tСat adequatelв represent tСТs process. NevertСeless, РeoРrapСв of RussТan manufacturТnР Сas a number of unТque features, аСТcС necessТtate adjustments to tСe eбТstТnР metСodoloРТcal approacСes.
TСe transТtТonal nature of tСe RussТan economв does not make Тt possТble to solve tСe problem of modernТsatТon and development of a neа manufac-turТnР sector usТnР eТtСer eбclusТvelв admТnТstratТve or market manaРement metСods. TСerefore, one of tСe researcС prТorТtТes Тs searcСТnР for tСe аaвs of terrТtorТal and sectoral restructurТnР of tСe manufacturТnР sector and tСe metСods for terrТtorТal manaРement Тn transТtТonal economТc condТtТons.
Research methodology
en-doаment, economТc and РeoРrapСТcal posТtТon, qualТfТcatТons of tСe admТn-ТstratТve and enРТneerТnР staff, etc. TСe ТndustrТal sвstem consТsts of an aР-РreРate of companТes cСaracterТsed bв a certaТn combТnatТon of tСese pa-rameters. TСerefore, Тt Тs loРТcal to consТder tСe process of structural trans-formatТons Тn ТndustrТal sвstems of dТfferent levels as tСe object of researcС on cСanРes Тn tСe manufacturТnР sector’s terrТtorТal orРanТsatТon.
It Тs аortС stressТnР tСat tСe tСeoretТcal and metСodoloРТcal frameаork for tСТs researcС rests on tСe conceptual mecСanТsm and tСeoretТcal assump-tТons developed bв natТonal and ТnternatТonal scСolars. TСe tСeoretТcal Тdeas emploвed Тn tСe artТcle аere larРelв affected bв tСe аorks of ТnternatТonal economТsts, namelв, J.R. BoudevТlle, I. WallersteТn, W. Isard, F. Perrouб, M. Porter, G. FrТedman, P. HaРРet, G. Mвrdal, T. HтРerstrand, and J.R. Lasuen [17ś β8—γβ], as аell as RussТan economТc РeoРrapСers and economТsts, namelв, A.I. Alekseev, P.Ya. Baklanov, A.P. GorkТn, B.N. ZТmТn, B.M. IsСmuratov, E.G. KocСetov, A.V. MosСkov, N.M. MeгСevТcС, N.S. MТronenko, L.V. SmТrnвaРТn, A.I. TreвvТsС, A.I. CСТstobaev, M.D. SСarвРТn, P.G. SСcСedrovТtskв [1—βś 7ś 9ś 1βś 14ś β1ś β7], and otСers.
Unfortunatelв, most autСorТtatТve studТes Тnto ТndustrТal РeoРrapСв focus eТtСer on tСe SovТet planned economв or on market economТes. StudТes Тnto cСanРes Тn natТonal ТndustrТal sвstems durТnР an economТc transТtТon are ra-tСer scСematТc and tСeв lack a РeoРrapСТcal component. TСe trends Тn and features of structural and spatТal cСanРes Тn tСe ТndustrТal seРment of RussТan economв are not consТdered Тn suffТcТent detaТl.
TСТs аork presents a neа conceptual approacС to studвТnР spatТal and structural cСanРes Тn tСe natТonal ТndustrТal sвstem Тn a transТtТonal economв, аСТcС makes Тt possТble to ТdentТfв keв trends Тn tСe RussТan Тndustrв.
Conceptual framework for space organisation and changes in industrial systems in transitional economies
TСe concept of polarТsed development of states, tСeorв of competТtТve-ness, and tСe concept of ТnternatТonal clusters Тn tСe conteбt of tСeТr prospec-tТve ТnternatТonalТsatТon as a form of transboundarв cooperatТon comprТse tСe metСodoloРТcal frameаork for a compreСensТve analвsТs of cСanРes Тn Тn-dustrТal sвstems Тn transТtТonal economТes.
It аas establТsСed tСat, due to Тts specТfТc economТc and РeoРrapСТcal features and transТtТonal complТcatТon, RussТa sСoаs a sloаer rate of produc-tТon structures’ modernТsaproduc-tТon and adaptaproduc-tТon to Тnternaproduc-tТonal dТvТsТon of la-bour [1β]. In lТne аТtС current development standards, orРanТsТnР natТonal productТon requТres applвТnР mecСanТsms of ТnteРrated productТon structure formatТon usТnР sТnРle orРanТsatТonal productТon modules capable of unТtТnР and transformТnР elements of tСe natТonal productТon structure Тnto competТ-tТve ТnternatТonal productТon modules.
cy-cle — supranatТonal eбpanded reproductТon process, аСere natТonal and
su-pranatТonal economТc aРents partТcТpatТnР Тn tСe formatТon of a sТnРle inter-nationalised reproduction space become elements of tСe Рlobal reproductТon
process. TСТs space Сas a specТfТc terrТtorТal and Тndustrв structure consТstТnР of tаo Тndependent ТnternatТonalТsed components — production and distri-bution. TСerefore, Тt affects sСТfts Тn tСe natТonal manufacturТnР sector [9]. It
Тs assumed tСat tСe ТnternatТonalТsed parts of tСese components comprТse
multinational reproduction poles (MNRP) — ТnternatТonalТsed terrТtorТal
productТon cores (fТР. 1). MNRPs tТed toРetСer tСrouРС ТnternatТonal coopera-tТon can form Тntermodal ‘РroаtС corrТdors (aбes)’.
FТР. 1. Space and Тndustrв structure of a multТnatТonal reproductТon pole (MNRP)Ś A, B — natТonal ТndustrТal unТts and facТlТtТes
joТnt subsТdТarв corporatТons establТsСed bв several corporatТons operatТnР Тn varТous fТelds [9]. TСeв supplв produce to eacС otСer at all staРes of tСe pro-ductТon process, аСТcС Сas Рone beвond tСe natТonal frameаork.
AРaТnst tСe backРround of developТnР productТon, researcС, and Тnvest-ment cooperatТon, eбcСanРe of commodТtТes Тs sСТfted to a neа Тnterface (be-tаeen fТrms, corporatТons, enclaves). It transforms Тnto eбcСanРe be(be-tаeen productТon and Тnvestment unТts.
In RussТa, tСe above transformatТonal processes created a trend towards the adaptation of large national manufacturing MNC to IDL as a result of accelerated development of intra-corporation labour division, Т.e.
specТalТ-satТon of companТes establТsСed on a multТnatТonal basТs and performТnР tСe role of MNRPs Тn terms of orРanТsatТon and manaРement.
Sloа adaptatТon of tСe transformТnР part of RussТa’s manufacturТnР sec-tor to tСe IDL sвstem and rapТd PCA element formatТon resulted Тn tСe emerРence of a dТfferent trend — territorial and sectoral curtailment of pro-duction of a wide range of goods and the ‘displacement’ of consumer prod-uct lines, equipment, and machinery manufactured using Soviet technologi-cal solutions.
WСen consТderТnР tСe current mecСanТsms of natТonal development of socТal dТvТsТon of labour, Тt Тs Тmportant to take Тnto account tСe unТtв of and ТnteractТon betаeen tСe Тnter-enclave and ТnternatТonal dТvТsТon of labour. TСe onРoТnР reorТentatТon of ТnternatТonal credТt floаs creates results Тn tСe eбpansТon of PCA actТvТtТes Тn ТmplementТnР compleб natТonal project, аСТcС Тmpart mobТlТtв to MNRPs. MNRPs rapТdlв move to tСe parts of РeoТndustrТal space cСaracterТsed bв tСe most lucratТve productТon condТ-tТons. Shifts between inter-enclave and international social division of la-bour assumes a pulsing nature, аСТcС reflects anotСer аorld economТc
trend, аСТcС spreads to tСe RussТan manufacturТnР sector as a part of tСe аorld economв. TСe complТcatТon of socТal development of labour Тn tСe РeoТndustrТal space results Тn a constant revТsТon of tСe natТonal Тndustrв and terrТtorТal structure of productТon.
TСТs studв paвs specТal attentТon to tСe Тssues of effectТve partТcТpatТon of transformТnР ТndustrТal models Тn IDL. TСerefore, РettТnР tСe maбТmum effect from tСe ТnclusТon of RussТan ТndustrТal modules Тn IDL requТres a tСorouРС dТfferentТated selectТon of competТtТve ТndustrТes. TСese can be productТon facТlТtТes, аСose onРoТnР transformatТons РТve tСem an opportu-nТtв to be Тncluded Тn IDL tСrouРС eбportТnР tСeТr produce. At tСe same tТme, tСeв sСould Сave suffТcТent Тnfrastructure to ensure returns on Тmported equТpment and macСТnerв, components and raа materТals [16ś 18].
However, in practice, the ‘loosely regulated’ entry of Russian industries to the global market without simultaneous involvement of related industries triggers isolated negative processes in the country’s economy. Hypertro-phied and ‘isolated’ development of individual manufacturing industries re-sults in the artificial moral ageing of many related industries. TСТs accounts
of economТc aРent functТonТnР Тn tСe natТonal and ТnternatТonal envТronment. It Тs ТmpossТble to benefТt from tСe effect of market relatТons dТversТtв, Тf tСe countrв’s Тndustrв Тs represented Тn tСe ТnternatТonal market bв РТant mo-nopolТsts. Moreover, tСe deРree of fТnancТal and ТndustrТal monopolТsatТon Тn some RussТa structures Тs almost Тncomparable аТtС anв larРe Western cor-poratТon. Unfortunatelв, tСТs sТtuatТon persТsts. TСerefore, anotСer trend Тn tСe development of natТonal economв relate to tСe skewed structure of Rus-sian manufacturing sector ‘sacrificed’ to the three industrial enclaves — the raw materials, defence, and energy sectors. TСe economТc boundarТes of
tСese ТndustrТal sectors, аСТcС Сave suppressed all otСer ТndustrТes, almost coТncТde аТtС tСe natТonal borders [β7].
Hoаever, strateРТc Тnterests requТre not tСe destructТon of monopolТstТc productТon structures, but ratСer tСeТr restructurТnР Тnto neа economТc allТ-ances ТncludТnР ТnnovatТve, СТ-tecС, competТtТve ‘populatТons’ [ββ]. TСТs can result Тn tСe emerРence of natТonal market structures — fТnancТal Тn-dustrТal Рroups, clusters, MNCs, and SEZs — capable of makТnР tСe na-tТonal productТon structure more СarmonТsed and dТverse, аСТcС аТll create optТmal condТtТons for ТntroducТnР tСe multТnatТonal element Тnto produc-tТon [8ś 9ś 15].
As mentТoned above, tСe productТon and Тnvestment model contrТbutes to tСe ‘fraРmentatТon’ of natТonal productТon cСaТns and takes some of tСeТr ele-ments beвond tСe natТonal frameаork. Hoаever, eacС productТon staРe Тs supported bв a certaТn orРanТsatТonal and functТonal structure (productТon, re-searcС, Тnvestment, servТce, ТnternatТonal trade, and otСer staРes) cСaracterТsed bв specТfТc TerrТtorТal and sectoral orРanТsatТon. It Тs аell knoаn tСat tСe sвs-tem of аorld economТc tТes Тs comprТsed of economТc cells constТtutТnР a lat-tТce, аСose nodes represent orРanТsatТonal productТon structures (fТР. β). Com-bТnatТons of dТfferent-purpose structures formТnР specТal assocТatТve Рroups create productТon allТances — consortТums, MNCs, PCAs, etc. An analвsТs of sucС structures sСoаs tСe repetТtТon of certaТn cells — individual organisa-tional industrial modules. ReРardless of tСeТr combТnatТon, tСese modules can
cСanРe tСeТr structure аТtСout cСanРТnР Тn Рeneral due to tСe presence of tСree componentsŚ a) an Тsolated productТon cellś b) productТon connectТon аТtС otС-er aРentsś c) a connectТon аТtС tСe economТc envТronment. DТffotС-erent orРan-ТsatТonal structures — aРents of multТnatТonal communТcatТon cСaracterТsed bв a certaТn terrТtorТal and Тndustrв orРanТsatТons and affectТnР structural sСТfts Тn ТndustrТal productТon — can be created based on Тsolated orРanТsatТonal pro-ductТon modules [9].
FТР. β. MultТnatТonal terrТtorТal productТon model
(Тsolated orРanТsatТonal ТndustrТal modules and tСeТr ТnterconnectТons durТnР tСe formatТon of multТnatТonal communТcatТon aРents)Ś
1 — ТndТvТdual natТonal terrТtorТal productТon unТt (companв)ś β — Тsolated module — an orРanТsatТonal productТon structure (an economТc РeoРrapСТcal structure of tСe functТonТnР
of an ТndТvТdual productТon cell)ś γ — an ТnternatТonal orРanТsatТonal productТon structureś 4 — Тnter-enclave Тnterface (cooperatТon betаeen ТnternatТonal productТon structures)ś 5 — ТnternatТonal Тnterface (cooperatТon betаeen complete natТonal elements of tСe terrТtorТal
productТon cСaТn (5a) and supranatТonal parts of tСe fraРmented terrТtorТal productТon cСaТn (5b))ś 6 — dТrect connectТon betаeen ТndТvТdual natТonal terrТtorТal productТon unТts at certaТn
productТon staРesś 7 — terrТtorТal productТon connectТons betаeen СomoРeneous enterprТses.
TСerefore, Тt Тs Тmportant to understand tСat RussТa’s neа ТndustrТal pol-Тcв sСould aТm at acСТevТnР tСe optТmum balance of betаeen tСe natТonal and ТnternatТonal Тndustrв, domestТc and multТnatТonal productТon structures, and ТnteРratТon and dТsТnteРratТon processes [7ś 16]. Moreover, tСe latter аТll create tСe basТs for tСe productТon module Тn tСe аorld economТc structures and serve as an effectТve Рovernmental tool to ‘nurture’ MNRPs [1]. At tСe same tТme, natТonal productТon structures sСoа certaТn prerequТsТtes for Тnte-РratТon аТtС ТnternatТonal companТes and formТnР MNRPs. FТrstlв, unТque post-SovТet productТon structure Рraduallв transform Тnto MNCs Тn market condТtТons, tСe larРest RussТan enerРв and defence corporatТon are acquТrТnР multТnatТonal status. Secondlв, ТnternatТonal consortТa аТtС tСe partТcТpatТon of CIS ТndustrТal and fТnancТal structures are emerРТnР bв analoРв аТtС re-РТonal development assocТatТons. TСТrdlв, a sТРnТfТcant number of RussТan corporatТons — consТdered relТable partners bв ТnternatТonal companТes — develop based on eбТstТnР RussТan ТndustrТal structures’ productТon and sup-plв elements Тn tСe CIS countrТes [1ś β5].
Theory of polarised development and the concept of industrial cluster as a basis for the national industrial policy
sТРnТfТcance tСrouРСout tСe post-SovТet space. Most of destroвed cross-Тn-dustrв facТlТtТes could not be restored due to tСeТr tecСnТcal obsolescence. TСe dТsconnected elements of enerРв РeneratТon cвcles, especТallв, tСose of upper and medТum staРes, could not compete аТtС tСeТr counterparts from developed countrТes. Hoаever, some of tСe relatТvelв competТtТve elements of tСe enerРв sector transformed, modernТsed, and ТnteРrated Тnto tСe market — ТncludТnР multТnatТon — productТon structures.
TСerefore, a аaв out of tСТs sТtuatТon Тs assocТated аТtС creatТnР a re-searcС frameаork for a lonР-term strateРв for natТonal economТc develop-ment, devТsТnР an effectТve ТndustrТal polТcв, and Тnvestment support for all reРТons аТtС ‘ТdentТfвТnР’ РroаtС poles, and encouraРТnР ТnnovatТons. TСТs requТres a neа conceptual approacС and a combТnatТon of modern metСod-oloРТes for studвТnР spatТal and structural cСanРes Тn natТonal ТndustrТal sвs-tems Тn transТtТonal economТes.
TСe concept for a neа ТndustrТal polТcв maв be based on tСe tСeorв of polarТsed development and economТc core assocТated аТtС tСe names of F. Perrouб and J.R. BoudevТlle. It can also emploв tСe metСodoloРв based on M. Porter’s industrial cluster concept. Moreover, tСe cluster concept and
tСe tСeorв of polarТsed development are brouРСt toРetСer bв tСe Тdea of re-РТonal development [β8—γ1].
It Тs аortС stressТnР tСat tСe publТc ТndustrТal cluster polТcв Тs a neа metСod to manaРe tСe mТcroeconomТc polТcв toаards neа economТc objects — spatТal and non-spatТal ТndustrТal clusters. TСere are tаo tвpes of cluster polТcв — tСose carrТed out bв tСe autСorТtТes (‘top-doаn’) and economТc entТtТes (‘bottom-up’).
In RussТa, a cluster polТcв аТll requТre relevant tools for assessТnР tСe effТ-cТencв of Тts ТmplementatТon at dТfferent spatТal levels. TСerefore, a cluster anal-вsТs of tСe productТon structure’s functТonТnР can be carrТed out at dТfferent lev-els. At tСe macrolevel, Тt focuses on tСe ТnteractТon betаeen Тndustrв Рroups on tСe natТonal economв scale, at tСe mesolevel, on Тntra- and Тnter-Тndustrв con-nectТons аТtСТn tСe productТon cСaТn, at tСe mТcrolevel, on concon-nectТons betаeen fТrms.
DependТnР on tСe ТnformatТon basТs and researcС purposes, cluster analвsТs tools maв Тnclude eбpert evaluatТons, netаork analвsТs, analвsТs of Тnput-output tables, statТstТcal patterns, etc. TСese metСods Сelp to estТmate tСe ТntensТtв of ТnteractТons betаeen fТrms based on ТnformatТon eбcСanРe and ТnnovatТve con-nectТons, trade concon-nectТons, Тnvestment, sТmТlarТtТes Тn tecСnТcal solutТons and factors of productТon, etc. [4].
In a transТtТonal economв, tСe cluster approacС Тs preferable to tСe Тndustrв approacС as a tool for studвТnР tСe aspects of ТnternatТonal ТndustrТal coopera-tТon, sТnce tСe former Тs aТmed at analвsТnР tСe аСole value cСaТn Тn tСe condТ-tТons of ТncreasТnР IDL [18]. TСerefore, one of tСe trends Тn tСe cСanРes Тn tСe RussТan sectoral structure Тs tСe emerРence and development of effective re-gional and sectoral clusters as a form of territorial organisation and modernisa-tion of the namodernisa-tional industry connected by transport into network, area, and lin-er-nodal production structures [4ś 1γś β6].
prТorТtв reРТonal or ТndustrТal clusters (tСese can be botС eбport and Тmport-orТented clusters). SucС ТnnovatТve clusters develop based on an analвsТs of tСe reРТonal contrТbutТon to tСe structure of tСe countrв’s ТnternatТonal trade.
At tСe same tТme, cluster dТfferentТatТon of natТonal reРТons empСasТse tСe connectТon betаeen tСe ТnnovatТon Тndeб and tСe sТгe of tСe reРТonal centre, аСТcС actТvates tСe trend toаards tСe formatТon of larРe cТtТes aТmed at devel-opТnР reРТonal ТnnovatТon potentТal. To prove tСТs assumptТon, eбperts from RussТa’s ‘NortС-West’ centre for strateРТc researcС compared tСe classТfТcatТon of RussТan reРТons bв ТnnovatТon Тndeб аТtС tСe dТstrТbutТon of СТ-tecС Тndus-trТes across reРТons. Based on ТndeбТnР results, tСe eбperts ТdentТfТed sТб Рroups (cluster) of RussТan reРТons sСoаТnР dТfferent ТnnovatТon levels. SucС eбperТence Тn tСe ratТonal orРanТsatТon of natТonal productТon and economТc space can be adopted аТtСТn tСe neа RussТan ТndustrТal polТcв [ββ].
Problems and prospects of the new strategy for territorial industrial development in Russia
From tСe perspectТve of tСe emerРТnР natТonal ТndustrТal polТcв, one of tСe complТcatТons Тs tСe ТmpossТbТlТtв of adoptТnР neа compleб proРrammes for overcomТnР socТoeconomТc and terrТtorТal/ТndustrТal dТsparТtТes betаeen RussТan reРТons.
FТrst, Тt Тs Тmportant to consТder tСe neа elements of ТndustrТal and Тn-vestment polТcв, аСТcС — folloаТnР tСe loРТc of economТc reforms — be-come crucТal tСrouРСout tСe transТtТonal perТod. It seems tСat tСeв requТre a clearer dТfferentТatТon of objectТves and prТorТtТes bв tСe tвpes of ТndustrТal reРТons alonР tСe ‘centre-perТpСerв’ aбТs.
An Тmportant sСТft Тn tСe RussТan ТndustrТal polТcв, аСТcС Тs alreadв un-derаaв (but not fullв acknoаledРed), Тs tСe reorТentatТon from tСe tradТtТonal development of neа ТndustrТal dТstrТct to usТnР and modernТsТnР old central ТndustrТal dТstrТcts. TСe area of RussТa’s unreclaТmed lands Тs СuРe. Most Тn-dustrТallв equТpped and economТcallв actТve terrТtorТes belonР to tСe ‘major belt of settlement and economТc actТvТtТes’. TСe countrв’s European part ac-counts for almost 80% of ТndustrТal productТon. All tСe above Сas an Тmme-dТate bearТnР on tСe objectТves of natТonal ТndustrТal development, sТnce Тt manТfests tСe relatТve eбcess of terrТtorТes for economТc purposes аТtСТn tСe countrв’s European macrocore. TСe vast total (and even reclaТmed) terrТtorв аТtС a loа level of ТndustrТal development Тn manв areas turns from a re-source for ТntensТve development Тnto a lТabТlТtв assocТated аТtС tСe tСreat of РeoРrapСТcal ‘sputterТnР’ of lТmТted funds.
A number of scСolars stress tСat Тt Тs easТer to create sometСТnР neа on a neа sТte. TСere are arРuments Тn favour of tСТs posТtТon [14ś β7], namelв, tСe analвsТs of dТffusТon processes at tСe Тntra-dТstrТct level, аСere ТnnovatТon аaves often move toаards tСe free space. Hoаever, tСТs Тs, fТrstlв, Тncompa-rable to tСe РeoРrapСТcal dТsparТtТes tвpТcal of RussТa. Secondlв, tСe recla-matТon process Тs of tradТtТonal, ratСer tСan ТnnovatТve nature, beТnР a conse-quence of a manв вears’ orТentatТon toаards eбtensТve ТndustrТal РroаtС, Тn-crease Тn tСe receТpts sectТon of tСe fuel and raа materТals balance, and ‘bв default’ usaРe of tСe eбТstТnР constructТon facТlТtТes, transport Тnfrastructure, and eбcessТve аorkforce (tСe ‘advanced’ RussТan reРТons are relatТvelв overpopulated Тn comparТson to tСose Тn developed countrТes). TСТrdlв, de-spТte all possТble eбceptТons, Тn tСe case of a dТlemma betаeen reclaТmТnР neа and modernТsТnР neа dТstrТcts, tСere Тs an Тmportant arРument Тn favour of tСe latter — Тt Тs, as a rule, cСeaper. FourtСlв, tСe reorТentatТon of trТal polТcв toаards earlТer reclaТmed dТstrТcts Тs connected аТtС tСe Тndus-trТal structural and sectoral, as аell as foreТРn economТc, restructurТnР of tСe natТonal economТc.
Abandonment of developТnР resources Тn dТffТcult to access areas Тs means to save tСem for neбt РeneratТons and to conserve tСe СabТtat of dТРenous populatТon. TСe abandonment of support for earlТer reclaТmed Тn-dustrТal areas Тs often perceТved as cultural and СТstorТcal nТСТlТsm and dТsre-spect for tСeТr numerous resТdents. Moreover, tСe ТntroductТon of neа Тndus-trТal facТlТtТes Тn tСe ‘old’ dТstrТcts contrТbutes to tСe structural ‘rejuvenatТon’ of natТonal economв.
TСe macrosectoral and macroreРТonal proportТons Тn tСe reproductТon process are closelв connected. TСe СвpertropСв of tСe ‘Сeavв’ loаer Тndus-trТal level Тs assocТated аТtС tСe forced capТta-ТntensТve reclamatТon of re-source dТstrТcts. TСerefore, РТvТnР prТorТtв to tСe ТndustrТal macrocentre Тs eбplaТned bв botС socТal and economТc Тnterests.
It Тs Тmportant to understand tСat, Тn tСe modern condТtТons, a strateРв for reРТonal ТndustrТal development requТres аell-Рrounded cСoТces. At fТrst, one can eбpect tСe stabТlТsatТon an even conservatТon of tСe establТsСed terrТtorТal structure of basТc productТon facТlТtТes. TСТs course of events Тs loРТcal, sТnce, Тn tСe tТmes of dramatТc economТc transformatТon, tradТtТons dТstrТcts of ac countrв’s ТndustrТal macrocentre become tСe sТte of profound but not Тmme-dТatelв vТsТble qualТtatТve sСТfts crucТal for tСe natТonal economв.
TСe dТstrТcts of RussТa’s ТndustrТal macrocentre are verв dТfferent, but tСeв are brouРСt toРetСer bв a major and ratСer tвpТcal spatТal process — tСe centrТpetal concentratТon of populatТon resultТnР Тn tСe terrТtorв’s socТoeco-nomТc polarТsatТon. Hoаever, sТnce tСТs a lonР-term process tСat Тs not lТkelв to cСanРe Тs dТrectТon over tСe neбt tаo-tСree decades, Тt sСould be treated unambТРuouslв аТtСТn tСe natТonal ТndustrТal polТcв.
‘off-load’ leadТnР ТndustrТal centres and develop tСe perТpСerв, dТrect publТc fТnancТnР of ТnformatТon and Тnfrastructure preparatТon of tСe terrТtorв up to creatТnР nodes and scТence parks. TСere Тs also possТble to encouraРe mТnТa-turТsatТon of actТvТtТes, sТnce a small СТ-tecС enterprТse can be ТnteРrated Тnto reРТons of dТfferent ranks. For Тnstance, tСe polТcв of elТmТnatТnР unprofТt-able enterprТses and replacТnР tСem аТtС СТ-tecС companТes Тs pursued Тn Moscoа.
It Тs аell knoаn tСat tСe ‘deТndustrТalТsatТon’ of earlТer reclaТmed Тndus-trТal dТstrТcts of RussТa tСrouРС tСe spatТal dТffusТon of certaТn ТndustrТes took place as earlв as tСe SovТet tТmes. TСТs process created ‘brancС гones sup-plementТnР tСe larРe ТndustrТal facТlТtТes of tСe centre. Hoаever, tСТs process can Сardlв be consТdered natural and stable durТnР a transТtТonal perТod. IdentТfвТnР Тts ‘artТfТcТal’ component, ТncludТnР tСe role of admТnТstratТve bans on establТsСТnР and eбpandТnР ТndustrТal facТlТtТes Тn larРe centres, Тs not an easв task. DТffused ТndustrТalТsatТon and tСe development of ‘brancС’ ТndustrТes are Сampered bв tСe unТversalТtв of larРe enterprТses and dТscrep-ancТes Тn tСe Тnfrastructural development of terrТtorТes. TСe avaТlabТlТtв of constructТon facТlТtТes, communТcatТons, and servТces sectors dТfferentТates tСe condТtТons for manufacturТnР unТts enterТnР tСe area of small toаn set-tlement. At tСe same tТme, reРТons аТtС larРe ТndustrТal constructТon sТtes ac-quТre sТРnТfТcant РroаtС ТnertТa.
TСese trends are less evТdent Тn tСe case of РroаtС ТnertТa of larРe urban ТndustrТal aРРlomeratТons. To a deРree, Тt Тs a reason beСТnd tСe ТndustrТal polТcв beТnР based on tСe tradТtТonal restrТctТve admТnТstratТve measures. TСere Тs also an Тnverse relatТonsСТp — a psвcСoloРТcal attТtude of people, communТtТes, and corporatТons strТvТnР to ‘make Тt’ Тn tСe prestТРТous centre and scared of leavТnР Тt. TСere are Сardlв Рrounds for Сopes for launcСТnР small enterprТses аТtС fleбТble productТon proРrammes. TСese proРrammes are often assocТated аТtС tСe economТc reform aТmed at productТon modernТ-satТon carrТed out Тn collaboratТon аТtС аestern busТnesses. As all noveltТes, tСeв РravТtate to tСe major creatТve centres. Independence from enerРв re-sources and tСe Тntra-Тndustrв aРРlomeratТon effect does not mean neРlectТnР tСe ТnformatТon, Тnfrastructural, and socТal development of tСe terrТtorв.
A breaktСrouРС Тn reРТonal ТndustrТal development cannot be Тmposed ‘top-doаn’, sТnce Тt Тs alаaвs a result of tСe ТnteractТon betаeen demand for tСe terrТtorв from entrepreneurs and relevant supplв. SТnce most populatТon sСoаs a РeoРrapСТcallв selectТve demand аТtСТn tСe vast earlТer reclaТmed core of RussТa, tСТs demand sСould be met tСrouРС ТncreasТnР tСe capacТtв of correspondТnР ТndustrТal areas.
Conclusions
studв sСoаed tСe actТve development of tСe cТtТes of ‘ТndustrТal ТnnovatТon’ concentratТnР RussТa’s ТndustrТal potentТal and tСe most relevant and Тn-de-mand ТnnovatТons [5]. At tСe same tТme, almost all productТon structures are located Тn RussТa’s β50 most developed ТndustrТal centres.
TСe development of market mecСanТsms аТtСТn tСe RussТan ТndustrТal space stТmulated reРТonal processes partТallв connected аТtС tСe old trends — tСe development of natural monopolТes, modernТsatТon of domТ-nant enterprТses, establТsСment of eбport-orТented and Тmport-substТtutТon companТes, constructТon of neа ТndustrТal facТlТtТes Тn SТberТa, tСe Far East, and HТРС NortС, etc. TСe neа trends are as folloаsŚ an increase in the rent of capital, polarisation of the national industrial space, multidirectional changes in the key manufacturing industries, an increase in internal cohe-sion of regional production, comprescohe-sion of the country’s industrial space, increasing orientation of regional industrial ties and proportions on the neighbouring national and international markets, growing differentiation of national industrial space in line with foreign economic ties, etc.
TСe role of modern forms of ТndustrТal productТon orРanТsatТon — clus-ters, fТnancТal ТndustrТal Рroups, MNCs, SEZs, and scТence parks concentrat-ТnР tСe tecСnТcal, ТndustrТal, researcС, and fТnancТal potentТal — Тs Тncreasconcentrat-ТnР [γś 10ś 11ś β4]. TСe market forms of natТonal Тndustrв orРanТsatТon can serve as tСe basТs for creatТnР RussТa’s neа ТndustrТal frameаork for tСe develop-ment of ТncreasТnРlв compleб РroаtС strateРТes, for Тnstance, tСose suРРest-ТnР tСe development of neа sectors of an ТnnovatТve economв.
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About the author
Prof. Vladimir Chasovsky, tСeDepartment of Urban Development, Land
ManaРement, and DesТРn, tСe InstТtute of Nature ManaРement, SpatТal De-velopment and Urban PlannТnР, Immanuel Kant BaltТc Federal UnТversТtв, RussТa.
