❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛
❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡
❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛
❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❏❛✈❛
P❛❜❧♦ ❈és❛r ❈❛❧❝✐♥❛ ❈❝♦r✐
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛
❛♦
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
♣❛r❛
♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦
❞❡
▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✿ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝♦ ❉✐♠❛s ●✉❜✐t♦s♦
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈◆Pq
❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛
❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡
❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛
❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❏❛✈❛
❊st❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r P❛❜❧♦ ❈és❛r ❈❛❧❝✐♥❛ ❈❝♦r✐ ❡♠ ✶✹✴✵✻✴✷✵✶✶✳
❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛✿
• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝♦ ❉✐♠❛s ●✉❜✐t♦s♦ ✭♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮ ✲ ■▼❊✲❯❙P
• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❘❡✈❡r❜❡❧ ✲ ■▼❊✲❯❙P
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s
❘❡s✉♠♦
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥✲ s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❏❛✈❛✳ ➱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✲ ❢❛❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ❡ ♦ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼ ❡ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ❣❡r❛♠ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❙❚▼✱ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡✳
❆❜str❛❝t
■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡♠♦r② ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❡❞✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ✐t ❛s ❛ s②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❧✐❜r❛r② t♦ ✇♦r❦ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❏❛✈❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✳ ■t ✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❧❛②❡r ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦✱ ❛♥❞ ✐ss✉❡s ❛❜♦✉t ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ✐♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡♠♦r②✱ ❙❚▼✱ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✷ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❚r❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❡♠♦r②✮ ✸
✷✳✶ ❚r❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷✳✷ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❚r❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷✳✷✳✶ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s❡♥❤❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷✳✸ ❈♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❇ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙❚▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✸✳✶ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❛tô♠✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✸✳✷ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✸✳✸ ■♥str✉çã♦ r❡tr② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✸✳✹ ■♥str✉çã♦ ♦r❊❧s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✸✳✺ ❊①❝❡çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✹ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✹✳✶ ●r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✹✳✷ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡ ♣♦st❡r❣❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✹✳✸ ■s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦rt❡ ❡ ❢r❛❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✹✳✹ ❚r❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✹✳✺ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✹✳✻ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞❛ ❡ t❛r❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✺ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❙❚▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✶✸
✸✳✶ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✶✳✶ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✶✳✷ P♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✶✳✸ ❘❡❝✉rs✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✈✐✐✐ ❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✸✳✶✳✹ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❧✐①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✷ ❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✷✳✶ ❚✐♣♦s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✷✳✷ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s refs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸✳✷✳✸ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸✳✷✳✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✸ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❏❛✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❚r❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✹✳✶ ❚r❛♥s❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✹ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ✷✸
✹✳✶ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹✳✶✳✶ ❙❚❆▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹✳✶✳✷ ❲♦r♠❜❡♥❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹✳✶✳✸ ▲❡❡✲❚▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹✳✶✳✹ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✶✳✺ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ♣❛r❛ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✷ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✷✳✶ ❖❖✼ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✷✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✹✳✷✳✸ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✹✳✷✳✹ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✺ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✷✾
✺✳✶ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼ ♣❛r❛ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✺✳✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✺✳✷✳✶ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❋á❜r✐❝❛s ✭❋❛❝t♦r✐❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✺✳✷✳✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✺✳✷✳✸ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✸✸
✻✳✶ ❚❡st❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✻✳✶✳✶ ❊♥t♦r♥♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✻✳✶✳✷ ▼étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✻✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✸✼
✼✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✼✳✷ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❢✉t✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
❙❚▼ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❚r❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❡♠♦r②✮ ❍❚▼ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❚r❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡
✭❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❡♠♦r②✮ ❚▼ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❚r❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
✭▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❚r❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮
❆❈■❉ ❆t♦♠✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❈♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ■s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❉✉r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❆t♦♠✐❝✐t② ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ■s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ❉✉r❛❜✐❧✐t②✮ ❈❆❉ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❆ss✐st✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r
✭❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❆✐❞❡❞ ❉❡s✐❣♥✮
❈❆▼ ▼❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ❆ss✐st✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✭❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❆✐❞❡❞ ▼❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣✮
❈❆❙❊ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❆ss✐st✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✭❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❆✐❞❡❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✮
●❯■ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❯s✉ár✐♦ ✭●r❛♣❤✐❝ ❯s❡r ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✮
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ▲♦♠❡t ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛tô♠✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❛tô♠✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✸ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❡ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ r❡tr② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ♦r❊❧s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❛❜❡rt❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✶ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♠ ❏❛✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ✉♠❛ ❙tr✐♥❣ ❡stá ❡♠ ❜r❛♥❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✷ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♠ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ✉♠❛ ❙tr✐♥❣ ❡stá ❡♠ ❜r❛♥❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❧✐st❛s ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ✭❱❛♥❞❡r❍❛rt ❡ ❙✐❡rr❛✭✷✵✶✵✮ ♣á❣✳ ✼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ár✈♦r❡s ❜✐♥ár✐❛s ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ✭❱❛♥❞❡r❍❛rt ❡ ❙✐❡rr❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ♣á❣✳ ✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ deref ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❛ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡♠ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡♠ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❛♥ô♥✐♠❛ ❡♠ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❡ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ if ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✶✵ ❯s♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ do♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r t❡①t♦ ♥❛ s❛í❞❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✶✶ ❈❤❛♠❛❞❛ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ recur ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✶✷ ❈❤❛♠❛❞❛ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦loop❡ recur ✶✾
✸✳✶✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❏❛✈❛ ❡♠ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✶✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛✲❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣❛✲ râ♠❡tr♦ ✭★✂❈❧♦❥✉r❡❙❚▼❈♦♠♣♦s✐t❡P❛rt✮ q✉❡ ❡✈✐t❛ ♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✹✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❖❖✼ ❡ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼ ✭●✉❡rr❛♦✉✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✵✼✮✱ ♣á❣ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✻✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦✮ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s três ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✐♥✲ ❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
①✐✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
✻✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦✮ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s três ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✐♥✲ ❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✺✳✶ ❈❧❛ss❡s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❢á❜r✐❝❛ ❉❡s✐❣♥❖❜❥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✺✳✷ ❈❧❛ss❡s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❢á❜r✐❝❛ ❇❛❝❦❡♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✺✳✸ ❈❧❛ss❡s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❢á❜r✐❝❛ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❊①❡❝✉t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✻✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ r❡❣✐str❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧♦❝❦s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✻✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ r❡❣✐str❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ❙❚▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss❛❞❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ▼♦♦r❡ ❢♦✐ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♥ã♦ ❡r❛ ♠❛✐s ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ r❡❧ó❣✐♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♦✉ ✈❛③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡♠ ✭❉♦♥❣❛rr❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✵✼✮✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ✭♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♠❛✲ ♥❡✐r❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❡♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐tór✐♦✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦rtát❡✐s ❡ ❛té ❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s✳
❈♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ▼✐♥❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ❡st❡ ✉s♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❡①ã♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡st❡s ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s s❡ ✈❡❡♠ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❞❛✱ ❞❡❛❞❧♦❝❦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ s❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❡ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s✉r❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛r ❡st❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❈♦♠ ❛ ❛♣❛r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❙❚▼✱ s✉r❣❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r✲s❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✱ ❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♠ét♦❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦❝❦s✳
❆s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♦ ❈✱ ❈✰✰✱ ❈★✱ ❏❛✈❛ ❡ ❍❛s❦❡❧❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt❡♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❡stát✐❝♦s ❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❡①❝❡çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✐♠♣❡r❛t✐✈❛s✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣r❡st♦✉✲s❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛t❡♥çã♦ à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛✲ ❣❡♠ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s✳ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ❡❧❡❣❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✐♠♣❡r❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡ ♣♦r s❡r ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❝✐s❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
❯♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡st❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛ss❡ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ é ❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❏❛✈❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s✱ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡tá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❏❛✈❛✳ ■st♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡✱ s❡❥❛ ❡①♣♦rt❛❞♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♠ ❏❛✈❛✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✸
❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡♠ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✭❥á q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❝✐s❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡♠ ♣♦✉❝❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✮✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❏❛✈❛✱ ❡ ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♠ ❏❛✈❛✳
P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❏❛✈❛✳ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐st❛ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡✳
P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❙❚▼ ❞❡ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✭✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❡♠ ❏❛✈❛✮ ❡ ❛ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❧♦❝❦s✳
P❛r❛ ❡st❡ ✜♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✈❛r✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✳
✶✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❋♦✐ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞❛ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❙❚▼ ❞❡ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✭✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❡♠ ❏❛✈❛✮ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❧♦❝❦s✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼✳
❋♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❧✐♥✲ ❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ❡ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼✳ ■st♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐rá q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❙❚▼ ❞❡ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❙❚▼✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡s s❡❥❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼✳
❋♦✐ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❙❚▼❇❡♥❝❤✼ q✉❡✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r s❡♥s✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ t❤r❡❛❞ ❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✿ ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡♠ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♠❛✐s ✜❡❧ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♥❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♥t❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳
✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❚r❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
✭❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❡♠♦r②✮
✷✳✶ ❚r❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s
❚r❛♥s❛çã♦ é ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❛ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❡ ✐♥st❛♥tâ♥❡❛ ✭❙✐❧❜❡rs❝❤❛t③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚r❛♥s❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✿ ❛t♦♠✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐s♦❧❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞✉r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❆❈■❉✮✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
• ❛t♦♠✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♦✉ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s✳
• ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛✿ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ é ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❛❜♦rt❛✿ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❞❡s❢❡✐t❛s✳
• ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥✲ t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳
• ❞✉r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❡st❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♠✐t ♣❡❧❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦✉tr❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s✳
✷✳✷ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❚r❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❆ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s✉r❣✐✉ ❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✱ ❛s três ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ✭❆❈■✮ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s❀ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞✉r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❥á q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ é ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧át✐❧✳ ❚r❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♠❛♥t❡♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦s✳
✹ ▼❊▼Ó❘■❆ ❚❘❆◆❙❆❈■❖◆❆▲ ❊▼ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ✭❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ❚❘❆◆❙❆❈❚■❖◆❆▲ ▼❊▼❖❘❨ ✮ ✷✳✷
✷✳✷✳✶ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛
❈♦♠♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✱ ❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞❛s ♥❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❡ tr❛t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ▲❛r✉s ❡ ❘❛❥✇❛r✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❡❈❤✉♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✿
• ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r❡s✐❞❡♠ ❡♠ ❞✐s❝♦✱ ❝✉❥♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ é ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✹ ♦r❞❡♥s ❞❡ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❧❡♥t♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛✳
• ❆s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡①t❡♥s❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣♦♥t♦✉✲s❡ ♥♦ ✐t❡♠ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❝♦♥s✉♠❛♠ ♠❛✐s t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s✳ ❆s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❝♦st✉♠❛♠ t❡r ♠❡♥♦s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❡ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦r✳
• ❆s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♥ã♦ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
• ❆ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦❡①✐st✐r ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✿ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
✷✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s❡♥❤❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛
▼✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❙❚▼ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞♦s ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▲♦♠❡t ✭✶✾✼✼✮✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣ôs ❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛tô♠✐❝♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❛çã♦ ✭❛❝t✐♦♥✮✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ s✐♥t❛①❡ ♠♦str❛❞❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
<identifier> : action(<parameter-list>); await <predicate> then
<statement-list> end
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ▲♦♠❡t ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛tô♠✐❝♦s
❖ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❛ ❛çã♦ é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r r♦t✐♥❛✱ ♠❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛tô♠✐❝❛ ❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♦✉tr❛s t❤r❡❛❞s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❡r ❡st❛❞♦s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦s ❞❛ ❛çã♦ ❛té q✉❡ ❡st❛ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛❞❛ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❡ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♠✐t✳ ❆ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❛çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ss✐♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❡♠predicate s❡❥❛
❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ t❤r❡❛❞s ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ shared✳ ❖ ❛✉t♦r s❡ ✐s❡♥t♦✉ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
❍❡r❧✐❤② ❡ ▼♦ss ✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❝✉♥❤❛r❛♠ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡♠♦r②✮ ❡ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❚▼ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡♠ ✉s❛r ❧♦❝❦s✳ ❆ ✐❞é✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ é ❡st❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❛❝❡ss❛♠ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s✿
• load-transactional: ❝❛rr❡❣❛ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦✳
✷✳✸ ❈❖◆❙❚❘❯➬Õ❊❙ ❇➪❙■❈❆❙ ❉❊ ❙❚▼ ✺
• store-transactional: ❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❝❤❡✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r é ✈✐sí✈❡❧ às ♦✉tr❛s t❤r❡❛❞s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♠✐t✳
• commit:t❡♥t❛ ❢❛③❡r ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s ❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ s❡ ♥ã♦ ❤♦✉✈❡r ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛✱ ♥❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ abort✳ ❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ r❡q✉❡r ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♥❡♠ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞❡
❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳
• abort:❞❡s❝❛rt❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✳
• validate: t❡st❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡ ❢❛❧s♦ s❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❜♦rt❛❞❛ ♦✉ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✳
❙❤❛✈✐t ❡ ❚♦✉✐t♦✉✭✶✾✾✺✮ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r❛♠ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭s♦❢t✇❛r❡ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡♠♦r②✮ ❡ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s ❧♦❝❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ sã♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞❛✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❡stát✐❝❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ✭✇♦r❞✮ ✉♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝á✲❧❛❀ ♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❧❡✈❛ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡✈✐t❛✲s❡ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❛❞❧♦❝❦ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❧♦❝❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♠ ❛s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❡st❛s ❥á ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❝✉❥♦ ❝❛s♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r♦❧❧❜❛❝❦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❛❞q✉✐r❡ ❛ ♣♦ss❡ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❧♦❝❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❛té ♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ s❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r♦❧❧❜❛❝❦✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❚▼ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ✭❉❙❚▼✮ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❍❡r❧✐❤② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❊st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ❝♦♠ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❤❛✈✐t ❡ ❚♦✉✐t♦✉✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ✭❝♦♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡r✮ ❝✉❥❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ é r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❡♥tr❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r q✉❛❧ ❞❡❧❛s ✐rá ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❛q✉✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ é ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♠✐t ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣♦✉♣❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ é ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛r ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s✳
P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱❍❛rr✐s ❡ ❋r❛s❡r✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r❛♠ ❲❙❚▼ ✭❲♦r❞✲❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐t② ❙❚▼✮✳ ❊st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛ s❡r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛
atomic à ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❏❛✈❛✱ q✉❡ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛
❛tô♠✐❝❛✳
P❛r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✲s❡▲❛r✉s ❡ ❘❛❥✇❛r ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❡◆❛s✐r✭✷✵✵✾✮✳
✷✳✸ ❈♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❇ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙❚▼
✻ ▼❊▼Ó❘■❆ ❚❘❆◆❙❆❈■❖◆❆▲ ❊▼ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ✭❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ❚❘❆◆❙❆❈❚■❖◆❆▲ ▼❊▼❖❘❨ ✮ ✷✳✸
✷✳✸✳✶ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❛tô♠✐❝♦
❯♠ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❛tô♠✐❝♦ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳
void transferir( Account de, Account para, double quantidade ){ atomic {
de.retirada( quantidade ); para.deposito( quantidade ); }
}
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❛tô♠✐❝♦
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❛tô♠✐❝♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡stá ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s
retirada❡ depositoé ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳
✷✳✸✳✷ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛çõ❡s
❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❙❚▼ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ❞✉❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❡ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♠♦str❛ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛✷✳✸✳
public atomic int transferencia(); public int transferencia();
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❡ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ✐❧✉str❛ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛✷✳✹✳
Account shared conta_corrente;
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s
P♦ré♠ ❡st❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛r ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ♦♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛r ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥ã♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛t❛ r❛❝❡s ✭▲❛r✉s ❡ ❘❛❥✇❛r✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ◆ã♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❍❛rr✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❡ ❇❧❛♥❝❤❡t✭✷✵✵✸✮✳
✷✳✸✳✸ ■♥str✉çã♦ r❡tr②
❍❛rr✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ r❡tr②✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s✳
✷✳✹ ◗❯❊❙❚Õ❊❙ ❉❊ P❘❖❏❊❚❖ ❉❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆❙ ❉❊ ▼❊▼Ó❘■❆ ❚❘❆◆❙❆❈■❖◆❆▲ ❊▼ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ✼
atomic {
if (buffer.isEmpty()) retry; Object x = buffer.getElement(); ...
}
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ r❡tr②
✷✳✸✳✹ ■♥str✉çã♦ ♦r❊❧s❡
❆ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ♦r❊❧s❡ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r❍❛rr✐s ❡t ❛❧✳✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦r ❞✉❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ só é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♥ã♦ t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳
◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ♦r❊❧s❡✳
atomic { //Process A { obj1.CalculateMatrixMulti(); } orElse //Process B { obj2.CalculateMatrixMulti(); } }
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ♦r❊❧s❡
✷✳✸✳✺ ❊①❝❡çõ❡s
❯♠❛ ❡①❝❡çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✐♥❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❛♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♥✉s✉❛❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛♥✉s❡á✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ✭❙❝♦tt✱✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❯♠❛ ❡①❝❡çã♦ ❧❛♥ç❛❞❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❛✐ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦✉ ❛❜♦rt❛r ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ t❡r♠✐♥❡✱ ❡st❛ t❡♥t❛ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠♠✐t ❡ ❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠✳ ❆ ❡①❝❡çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❝❛✉s❛r q✉❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ r❡✲❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❡①❝❡çã♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛✳
✷✳✹ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠
s♦❢t✇❛r❡
✽ ▼❊▼Ó❘■❆ ❚❘❆◆❙❆❈■❖◆❆▲ ❊▼ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ✭❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ❚❘❆◆❙❆❈❚■❖◆❆▲ ▼❊▼❖❘❨ ✮ ✷✳✹
✷✳✹✳✶ ●r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡
❊♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ à ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡t❡❝t❛ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ✭▲❛r✉s ❡ ❘❛❥✇❛r✱✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❡st❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛✱ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦✶ ❡ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦✳
❊st♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ❆❞❧✲❚❛❜❛t❛❜❛✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✷✵✵✼✮✿
●r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❛♦ s❡r ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❛♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ r❡❞✉③ ❛ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s✳ P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❢❛❧s♦s ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ s❡ ❞✉❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s t❡♥t❛r❡♠ ❛❝❡ss❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r✳
❏á ♥❛ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡✲s❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✜♥♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ t❡r ❛❝❡ss♦s s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡♦s ❛♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♣r♦❞✉③ ✉♠❛ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✇♦r❞ ♦✉ ❜❧♦❝♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ♦t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳
✷✳✹✳✷ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡ ♣♦st❡r❣❛❞❛
❯♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ s✉❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐st♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✿ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ✭❞✐r❡❝t ✉♣❞❛t❡✮ ❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦st❡r❣❛❞❛ ✭❞❡❢❡rr❡❞ ✉♣❞❛t❡✮ ✭▲❛r✉s ❡ ❘❛❥✇❛r✱✷✵✵✻✮✳
❈♦♠ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦st❡r❣❛❞❛ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❛ s❡r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♠✐t✱ ❡st❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣r✐✈❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❝ó♣✐❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛ é ❞❡s❝❛rt❛❞❛ s❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❛❜♦rt❛✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❙❚▼✳
❈♦♠ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥✲ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ✉♠❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ r❡st❛✉rá✲❧♦ ❝❛s♦ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦rt✳ ❊st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡q✉❡r ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ✏❞❡s❢❛③❡r✑ ❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❝❡ss♦s ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳ ❊st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❛ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳
✷✳✹✳✸ ■s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦rt❡ ❡ ❢r❛❝♦
❈♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ é ♦ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✐st♦ é✿ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ é ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❡st❛r s❡♥❞♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s✳ ❇❧✉♥❞❡❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦rt❡ ❡ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢r❛❝♦✳
●r♦ss♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❞✐s❝✉t❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢r❛❝♦✱ ✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❣✉✐r ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❚r❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
✶❖ t❡r♠♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ✇♦r❞s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ✉s❛❞♦ ♥♦ r❡st♦ ❞❡st❡
✷✳✹ ◗❯❊❙❚Õ❊❙ ❉❊ P❘❖❏❊❚❖ ❉❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆❙ ❉❊ ▼❊▼Ó❘■❆ ❚❘❆◆❙❆❈■❖◆❆▲ ❊▼ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ✾
P❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡st♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♥ã♦ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✲s❡ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❝❡ss♦s ♥ã♦ s❡ s♦❜r❡♣♦♥❤❛♠ s❡❥❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♦✉ ♥❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳
❖s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐✲ ❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ♥✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡str✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❖ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ s❡r✐❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❡rr♦✳ ❊st❛ é ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❙❚▼ ❞❡ ❍❛s❦❡❧❧ ✭❏♦♥❡s✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ❡ ❞❡ ❈❧♦❥✉r❡ ✭❱❛♥❞❡r❍❛rt ❡ ❙✐❡rr❛✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♠✉tá✈❡✐s sã♦ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✳
❈♦♠ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦rt❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❝❡ss♦s ❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❛tô♠✐❝♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❞♦s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✱ ✐st♦ ♣♦ré♠ ♥ã♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦♥✲ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ s❡❥❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛✱ ♣♦✐s ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ✐♥❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❛tô♠✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✳
✷✳✹✳✹ ❚r❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞❛s
❯♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞❛ é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠▼♦r❛✈❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♥❤❛r tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s s✉r❣❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❛♦ t❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠♣♦r ❝ó❞✐❣♦ tr❛♥✲ s❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
▼♦ss ❡ ❍♦s❦✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s✿ ❛❜❡rt❛s ❡ ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛s✳
◆❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❛❜❡rt❛s ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦✉tr❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ss✐♠ q✉❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♠✐t é ❡❢❡t✉❛❞❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❝✐r❝✉♥❞❛♥t❡s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛❜♦rt❡✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞❛s ❛❜❡rt❛s ♣r❡✈❛❧❡❝❡rá ❛♣ós s❡✉ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♠✐t✳ ◆♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❛❜♦rt❛r ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛✱ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ x✜❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✸✳
int x = 1;
atomic {
x = 2;
atomic open { x = 3; }
abort; }
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❛❜❡rt❛
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠♠✐t ♦✉ é ❛❜♦rt❛❞❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❞❛♥t❡✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❛♥✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈❡❡♠ ❡st❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❡①t❡r♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♠✐t✳ ◆♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✽❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ x ✜❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✷✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛
