❊▲❊❘❙❖◆ ❘❯❇❊◆❙ ❉❆ ❙■▲❱❆ ❙❆◆❚❖❙
❘❖❇Ô❙ ▼Ó❱❊■❙ ❘❖❚❊❆❉❖❘❊❙ ❆P▲■❈❆❉❖❙ ➚
❈❖◆❙❚❘❯➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❘❊❉❊❙ ❆❉✲❍❖❈
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ▼❛r❝♦s ❆✉❣✉st♦ ▼❡♥❡③❡s ❱✐❡✐r❛
❝
✷✵✶✺✱ ❊❧❡rs♦♥ ❘✉❜❡♥s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❙❛♥t♦s✳
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳
❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❊❧❡rs♦♥ ❘✉❜❡♥s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
❙✷✸✼r ❘♦❜ôs ▼ó✈❡✐s ❘♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s à ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ❆❞✲❍♦❝ ✴ ❊❧❡rs♦♥ ❘✉❜❡♥s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❙❛♥t♦s✳ ✖ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ✷✵✶✺
①①✐✐✱ ✻✵ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾❝♠
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ▼❛r❝♦s ❆✉❣✉st♦ ▼❡♥❡③❡s ❱✐❡✐r❛
✶✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✷✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✸✳ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛ ✲❚❡s❡s✳ ■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ◆✐❧t♦♥ ❡ ❮r✐s✱ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦✱ ❊r❧♦♥✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ▼❛r❝♦s ❱✐❡✐r❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ✈ár✐❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ q✉❡ t✐✈❡ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧♦s s❡✉s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥♦✉ s✉❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧ ❡ út✐❧ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✳
P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞♦ ❱❡❘▲❛❜ q✉❡ t✐✈❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r✳ ❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ▼ár✐♦✱ ❈❤❛✐♠♦✱ ▲✉✐③ ❋✐❧✐♣❡ ❡ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s q✉❡ ❛ss✐st✐ ❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛✳ ❆♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s ●r❛❝✐❛♥♦✱ ❈❧á✉❞✐♦ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡r❛ ♥♦✈♦ ♥♦ ❱❡❘▲❛❜✳ ❊ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❉❛✈✐❞✱ ▲❡✈✐✱ ❘❛♠♦♥✱ ■❣♦r✱ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥ ❚❛✈❛r❡s✱ ❍❡❝t♦r✱ ❖♠❛r ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ❇❛❧❜✐♥♦✱ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥ P✐r❡s✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❈♦❧❛r❡s✱ q✉❡ t✐✈❡ ♦ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❡ t❡r ✈ár✐❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t❡♠❛s✳
✏➱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ ❛✈❡♥t✉r♦s♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦✐s❛s✑ ✭▼♦♥t❡sq✉✐❡✉✮
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛ ▼ó✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ ❤✉♠❛♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥♦ r❡s❣❛t❡ ❡♠ ❞❡s❛str❡s✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s s❡♠ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ é ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥t❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ r❡s❣❛t❡ ♣♦❞❡r❡♠ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥✲ ❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡stát✐❝♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♠✉♥✐q✉❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❊ss❛ ár✈♦r❡ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❡✱ ♣♦r ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ é ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ár✈♦r❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ r♦❜ô ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ s❡❥❛ ✐♥s✲ t❛❧❛❞❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛ ❡ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ tr❛t❛r ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✳ P❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛✐s ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ t❡ór✐❝❛ ♣r❡✈ê ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛✐s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✈❛③ã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛♠ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s r❡❛✐s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❘♦❜♦t✐❝s ❝❛♥ ❤❡❧♣ ❤✉♠❛♥✐t② ✐♥ ♠❛♥② t❛s❦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❛ss✐st r❡s❝✉❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❞✐s❛st❡rs✳ ■♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡s✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤ ❛♥ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ r❡s❝✉❡ t❡❛♠s t♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ❞❡♣❧♦②✐♥❣ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦❡❞ r♦❜♦ts t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛♥ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ st❛t✐❝ ❝❧✐❡♥ts✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥ts t♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❤❛s t✇♦ ♣❤❛s❡s✳
❋✐rst✱ ❛ ❙t❡✐♥❡r tr❡❡ ✐s ❜✉✐❧t ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥ts✳ ❚❤✐s tr❡❡ ✐s ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡s ❛♥❞✱ ❜② ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ✐s t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ tr❡❡ ✐♥✲ t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❝❧✐❡♥ts✳ ■♥ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❤❛s❡✱ ❡❛❝❤ r♦❜♦t r✉♥s ❛ st❛t❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ t♦ ❜❡ ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠♦✉s❧②✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ❞❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✲ ✐③❡❞✱ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠♦✉s ❛♥❞ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ s✐❣♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛✳ ❲❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ ♦✉r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤♦✉❣❤ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❚❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❜♦✉♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦❡❞ r♦❜♦ts t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♠❡tr✐❝✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐♥ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡stát✐✲ ❝♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✳ ◆❡ss❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✹ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✸ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❊✉❝❧✐❛♥❛✳ ❆ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✺✸✷ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛✳ ✭❊①❡♠♣❧♦ r❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❲❛r♠❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✵❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▼❙❚ ✭ár✈♦r❡ ❞❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮ ❝♦♠ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❊❙❚ ✭ár✈♦r❡ ❞❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✮✳ ◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛✱ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s sã♦ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ♣♦r ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ▼í♥✐♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❜✲
stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ❆ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛ ✶✵✱ ✺✵ ❡ ✶✺✵ ♣♦♥t♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ✭❊①❡♠♣❧♦ r❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❩❛❝❤❛r✐❛s❡♥ ✫ ❲✐♥t❡r ❬✶✾✾✾❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦✳ ❆ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛ ✷✸ ♣♦♥t♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ✭P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦r ♠❛✐s ❡s❝✉r❛✮✳ ✭❊①❡♠♣❧♦ r❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❇❛②❛t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✽❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❝♦♠ ♦ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ▼í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ P♦♥t♦s ❞❡
❙t❡✐♥❡r✳ ❆ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛ ✾ ♣♦♥t♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✸ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r✳ ✭❊①❡♠♣❧♦ r❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥ ✫ ❳✉❡ ❬✶✾✾✾❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✻ ❆ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♦♥❞❛ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦✳ ❖ s♦♠❜r❡❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✱ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡✳ ❖s ❝❛♠✲ ✐♥❤♦s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♣❡❧❛s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ♦♥❞❛s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s✐♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ❛♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r✱ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ♥❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✹✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❈❊❋❙▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✹✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈❊❋❙▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✸ ❖ r♦❜ô ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ♠♦✈❡ ✭✶✮ ♠♦✈❡ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛té
♣❡r❞❡r ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ✭❧✐♠✐❛r ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✮ ♠✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✳ ◆♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ♦ r♦❜ô ♠♦✈❡ ♣❛r❛ trás ❛té r❡❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❡r✲ ❞✐❞❛ ✭❧✐♠✐❛r s✉♣❡r✐♦r✮✱ ♠✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✭✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✹ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✺ ❈❊❋❙▼ ❈♦♥tr❛ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ Ót✐♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✺✳✼ ▼é❞✐❛✱ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞♦ ❘❙❙ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✺✳✶ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✺✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❡ ✺ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ✭♣♦♥t♦s✮✳ ❆
❧✐♥❤❛ ♣r❡t❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t♦✉ ❞❡ ✷✻ r♦❜ôs ✭q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✸ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♠❛♣❛ ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✹ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✹ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✺ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✻ ❘♦❜ô ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✽ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠ ✸ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✾ ❱❛③ã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠ ✸ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✶✵ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠ ✷ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✶✶ ❱❛③ã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠ ✷ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✶✷ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✜♥❛❧ ❡ ❧❛②♦✉t ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✶✸ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✜♥❛❧ ❡ ❧❛②♦✉t ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✶✹ ❱❛③ã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ✶✺
✹✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❈❊❋❙▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❆çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❊✈❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✺ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ t❡ór✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✺✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❡ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦✳ ✹✸ ✺✳✷ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✸✽ ✉✳♠✳ ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐①
❘❡s✉♠♦ ①✐✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✼
✷✳✶ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡s ❊stát✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡s ▼ó✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✸ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✹ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡ ●❛t❡✇❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✺ ◆❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✻ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✼ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✽ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✶✼
✸✳✶ ➪r✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✶✳✶ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ▼í♥✐♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✶✳✷ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ▼í♥✐♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❜stá❝✉❧♦s ✷✶ ✸✳✶✳✸ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✶✳✹ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❝♦♠ ♦ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ▼í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷ Pr♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❧♦❣✲❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❛t❡♥✉❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✷✾
✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✷ P❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❆r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥❛ ❝♦♠ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ❖❜stá❝✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷✳✷ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✸ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘♦❜ôs ❘♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✹✶
✺✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❘❡❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❘❡❛✐s ❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✺✸
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✺✺
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈♦♠ ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s r♦❜ôs✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝r✐❛r ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥❡t✇♦r❦❡❞ r♦❜♦ts✳ ❊ss❡s r♦❜ôs sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡✲ ❜❡r ❡ ❛t✉❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s r♦❜ôs✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✜♥❛✐s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♥✈✐❛♥❞♦ ❡✴♦✉ r❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ♦✉ ❛❣✐r ❝♦♠♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ r❡tr❛♥s♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛s ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳
❘♦❜ôs ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ s❛❧✈❛♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ✈✐s✐t❛r ❧♦❝❛✐s ✐♥ós♣✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳ ▼❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r♠♦s ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡str✉í❞❛s✱ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ✜①♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❜♦♠❜❡✐r♦s ❡ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♠✉♥✐q✉❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ◆♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦s r♦❜ôs✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r t❛r❡❢❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ s❛❧✈❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛t❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡st✉❞❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❡s❣❛t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ❜♦♠❜❡✐r♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛♠é❞✐❝♦s✳ ◆♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❡stát✐❝♦s ❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♦s r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ P♦r ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ ❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛rá ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ár✈♦r❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✱ ❝❛❞❛ r♦❜ô ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❣✉✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥❡①♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦✱ ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦s r♦❜ôs s❡❣✉✐r❡♠ ❡ss❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ é ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠✉♥✐q✉❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st❛ é ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛✱ ❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✳ P❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ❡ r❡❛✐s✳
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡stát✐❝♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲ ❤♦❝ é ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✳ ◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❱✐❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✶❪✱ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♦✤✐♥❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐ss♦✱ ❈❤✐✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✾❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❜✐♦✲✐♥s♣✐r❛❞❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ❝r✐❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s✳ ❏á ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✢✉①♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ r❡♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❝♦♠ ♦❜✲ ❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ✢✉①♦s✳ ◆❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥ã♦ é ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ♦♥❧✐♥❡✱ ❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
❊♠ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ●✐❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✷❪ ❡ ❋❡❧❞♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✸❪✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❝♦♥✲ ❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✳ ◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡stát✐❝♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
✶✳✶✳ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✸
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❆s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡ ♦♥❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ sã♦ ✐♥❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡str✉í❞❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝✐t❛r ♦ ❢✉r❛çã♦ ❑❛tr✐♥❛✱ q✉❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐✉ ❛ ❝♦st❛ ❧❡st❡ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❞❡str✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s t♦rr❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s t✐♠❡s ❞❡ r❡s❣❛t❡ ✐♥❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭P♦rt♠❛♥♥ ✫ P✐r③❛❞❛ ❬✷✵✵✽❪✮✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r✱ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s t✐♠❡s ❞❡ r❡s❣❛t❡ ❛té q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡❥❛♠ r❡♣❛r❛❞❛s✳
❖✉tr♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦s ❛♣ós ✉♠ ❞❡s❛str❡✱ é ♦ t❡rr❡♠♦t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ✽✳✽ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♥♦ s✉❧ ❞♦ ❈❤✐❧❡ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✵✳ ◆❛ ♦❝❛s✐ã♦✱ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ❝♦rt❛❞❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s ❞❡ ✜❜r❛ ó♣t✐❝❛✱ ❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❊✐s❡❧t ✫ ▼❛r✐❛♥♦✈ ❬✷✵✶✷❪✮✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r✱ ❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r t❡♠♣♦r❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ r❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ ❞❡③❡♥❛s ❞❡ q✉✐❧ô♠❡tr♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s rá❞✐♦s ❯❍❋✱ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s♦❢r❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ❡①✐st✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞♦s rá❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐✲ ❝❛çã♦✳ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ♣ré❞✐♦s ♦✉ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡trô s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛r ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s✱ ♦s r♦❜ôs ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛❞❛✳
✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛❧♦❝❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs
r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s R={r1, r2, ..., rn} ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ q✉❡ ♣❡r✲ ♠✐t❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s C ={c1, c2, ..., cm}✳ ❊ss❡s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s sã♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ M✳ ❖s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s tê♠ s✉❛
♣♦s✐çã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❡ sã♦ ❡stát✐❝♦s✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❧♦❝♦♠♦✈❡r ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡r ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❡ ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❣✐r❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✳
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦✿
❊♥tr❛❞❛✿ ❉❛❞♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡sC ❡ ♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡M✳
❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✿ ❆❧♦❝❛r ♦s r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳
❙❛í❞❛✿ ❈❛❞❛ r♦❜ôri ♠♦✈❡ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛té ✉♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡stát✐❝♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✳ ◆❡ss❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✹ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✸ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦
✶✳✹✳ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✺
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛ ❡ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s r❡❛✐s✱ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦✉tr♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r❡✈❡r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
• ➱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦
✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ P♦r s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ q✉❡ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s r♦❜ôs✳
• ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❧❡✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧
✭♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ s♦♠❜r❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠✉❧t✐✲❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✮✳
• ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ r♦❜ôs ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
• ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❊❧❡rs♦♥ ❘✳ ❙✳✱ ❱✐❡✐r❛✱ ▼❛r❝♦s ❆✳ ▼✳ ❆✉t♦♥♦♠♦✉s ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❜❛❝❦❜♦♥❡
❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦❡❞ r♦❜♦ts ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ❘♦❜♦ts ❛♥❞ ❙②st❡♠s ✭■❘❖❙✮✱ ✷✵✶✹✳ ❬◗✉❛❧✐s✲❈❈ ❆✶❪
• ▼❛❝❤❛r❡t✱ ❉✳ ●✳✱ ❆ss✐s✱ ◆✳ ◆✳✱ ❱❛❧❧❡✱ ❉✳✱ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❊❧❡rs♦♥ ❘✳ ❙✳✱ ❱✐❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳ ❆✳
▼✳✱ ▼❛r✐♦ ❈❛♠♣♦s ❆ ●r❛♣❤✲❜❛s❡❞ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❘♦✉t❡r ❉❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t✳ ▲❛t✐♥ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❘♦❜♦t✐❝s ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ✭▲❆❘❙✮✱ ✷✵✶✹✳ ❬◗✉❛❧✐s✲❈❈ ❇✹❪
✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳
✷✳✶ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡s ❊stát✐❝♦s
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡stát✐❝♦s✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ é ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✳ ❈❤✐✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✾❪ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜✐♦✲✐♥s♣✐r❛❞❛ q✉❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ♦s r♦❜ôs sã♦ ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ✧t❡♥tá❝✉✲ ❧♦s✧ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❙❡ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✱ ♦s r♦❜ôs s❡❣✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✱ ❡ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✧t❡♥tá❝✉❧♦✧ s❡r ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ❡ss❡ é ❞❡s❢❡✐t♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs ❞❡ss❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ❱✐❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✶❪ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♦✤✐♥❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❞❡ s❡❥❛ ❝r✐❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳
❈❤✐✉ ✫ ❙❤❡♥ ❬✷✵✶✶❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ ❘❙❙ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱❘❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ ❙tr❡♥❣t❤✮ ❢❡✐t❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ◆❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s é ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❢❛③ ❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ss❛s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ é ót✐♠❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❢❡✐t❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá❢✐❝❛
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ é ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❛ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛s ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❘❙❙✳
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❘✐③③♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✸❪ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❢♦rt❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝❛✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ tú♥❡✐s ❡ ❣❛❧❡r✐❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ P❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✱ ❡ ❛♦ ❢♦r♠❛r ❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♦s r♦❜ôs sã♦ ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s ✉♠ ❛ ✉♠✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ r❡❢❡✐t❛ ❝❛s♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ s❡❥❛ ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳
❏á ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s r♦t❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r✐♦r✐③❛❞❛✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ r❡❞❡✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♥❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ss❡s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛♥t♦s r♦❜ôs ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ P❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ r♦❜ôs sã♦ ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❡q✉✐❞✐st❛♥t❡s ✉♥s ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ r❡t❛ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛ ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳
❆❜♦r❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♥ã♦ é ♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡stát✐❝♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡✱ t❡♠♦s ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❆❜❜❛s ✫ ❨♦✉♥✐s ❬✷✵✶✸❪✳ ◆❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❛tr❛s♦ ✭❉❚◆✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❉❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t ♥❡t✇♦r❦✐♥❣✮ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✉♠ t♦✉r q✉❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❛ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳
✷✳✷ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡s ▼ó✈❡✐s
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣r♦✈❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♠ó✈❡❧✱ ❚❡❦❞❛s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✾❪ ♠♦❞❡❧❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ✧♣❡❣❛ ❧❛❞rã♦✧✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ P✉rs✉✐t✲❡✈❛s✐♦♥✮✳ ◆♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ♦ ♣✐♦r ❝❡♥ár✐♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ✐rá t❡♥t❛r ❡✈❛❞✐r ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ P❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s sã♦ ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❜r✐r ❛s r♦t❛s ❞❡ ❢✉❣❛✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✳
✷✳✸✳ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✾
❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ●✐❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✷❪✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❋❡❧❞✲ ♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✸❪✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✳ ◆❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❛ ▼❇❙❚ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ❛ r❡❞❡ ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✱ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛t❡♥❞❡ ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s é s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✳
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠ r♦❜ô ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❙t✉♠♣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✽❪ ❡ ❋✐♥❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✷❪✳ ❙t✉♠♣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✽❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋✐❡❞❧❡r✱ ❝♦♠ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❘❙❙✱ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ r♦❜ô ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡✳ ◆❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ♦s r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s s❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛♠ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ q✉❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋✐❡❞❧❡r ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐ss♦✱ ❋✐♥❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✷❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r q✉❛❧ ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs ❞❡✈❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ✜♠✲❛✲✜♠ s❡❥❛ ♠❛♥t✐❞❛✳
✷✳✸ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✱ q✉❡ é ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ●❛❣❡ ❬✶✾✾✷❪ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧❛♥❦❡t ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡✱ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s✱ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛♠✲ ❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♥ã♦ r❡q✉❡r q✉❡ ♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛♠ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ❡ss❛ r❡str✐çã♦ é ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❢♦r♠❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛s✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs s❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛✳ ◆❛ ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❍♦✇❛r❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✷❪✱ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❛tr❛çã♦ ❡ r❡♣✉❧sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ r♦❜ôs ❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❛tr❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r♦❜ôs é ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❢♦rç❛s ❞❡ r❡♣✉❧sã♦✳
❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐ss♦✱ P♦❞✉r✐ ✫ ❙✉❦❤❛t♠❡ ❬✷✵✵✹❪ ❡st✉❞❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r♦❜ô✱ s❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs é ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r k✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❞❡ ❛tr❛çã♦ s✉r❣❡ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ k✲
✶✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá❢✐❝❛
✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ❙◆❘ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ ❙✐❣♥❛❧✲t♦✲◆♦✐s❡ ❘❛t✐♦✮ ♠❡❞✐❞♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❛❧íst✐❝❛ s❡❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ s❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❡ r❡❣❡♥❡r❛r ❛♦ ♣❡r❞❡r ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①❛ ❡ ♠❛♥té♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r♦❜ô ♣♦ss✉✐✉ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛♦ q✉❡❜r❛r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♦ r♦❜ô s❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ ❡①✐st✐❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
❖✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s ❱♦r♦♥♦✐✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❈♦rt❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✹❪ ❡ P✐♠❡♥t❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ♦ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ é ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✳
✷✳✹ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡ ●❛t❡✇❛②
❯♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ é ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❈♦rr❡❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✾❪ ❡ ❉❡r✲ ❜❛❦♦✈❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✶❪✳ ◆♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t❡♥t❛r ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ár❡❛ ❝♦❜❡rt❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❡st❡❥❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✜♥❛❧✳ ❈♦rr❡❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✾❪ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛ ❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♠í♥✐♠❛s ❞❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦çã♦ ❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s r♦❜ôs ❛♣❡♥❛s ❧♦❝♦♠♦✈❡r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ r♦❜ôs ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ◆❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ♦s r♦❜ôs s❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦✈❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ r❛♥❞♦♠ ✇❛❧❦ ✭❈❛♠♣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✷❪✮✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❥✉♥t❛r ♦✉ ❡✈❛❞✐r ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s✳
❏á ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❉❡r❜❛❦♦✈❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✶❪✱ ♦s r♦❜ôs ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛②✱ ❝❛♠♣♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦✲ r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ❝❛❞❛ r♦❜ô ❞❡s❝♦♥❡①♦ ❛♦ r♦❜ô ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛②✳
✷✳✺ ◆❛✈❡❣❛çã♦
✷✳✻✳ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ✶✶
❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡ss❡s ♥❛✈❡❣❛♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❊s♣♦s✐t♦ ✫ ❉✉♥❜❛r ❬✷✵✵✻❪ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡♥①❛♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ✉♠ ♦❜✲ ❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r♦❜ôs✳ ◆❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❝❛❞❛ r♦❜ô s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛ ❡ss❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r✲❛✲♣❛r ❞♦s r♦❜ôs ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✳
❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐ss♦✱ ❙❛❜❛tt✐♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✷❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋✐❡❞❧❡r ✭❋✐❡❞❧❡r ❬✶✾✼✸❪✮ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋✐❡❞❧❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ é ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s q✉❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs ♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❋✐❡❞❧❡r ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐❛r ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✳ ●✐♦r❞❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✸❪ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋✐❡❞❧❡r ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ✐♥❞♦ ❛❧é♠✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❝♦❧✐sã♦✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r✱ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ❨❛♦ ✫ ●✉♣t❛ ❬✷✵✵✾❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡❣❡r ❧í❞❡r❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs✳ ◆❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ♦s r♦❜ôs ❧í❞❡r❡s sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s r♦❜ôs ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ s✉❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡ s❡❧❡✲ ❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♦s ❧í❞❡r❡s ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◆❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs✳
❏á ❛❜♦r❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦s r♦❜ôs sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✱ t❡♠♦s ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❍s✐❡❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✻❪✳ ◆❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❣✉✐❛r ♦s r♦❜ôs ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s ❧✐♥❦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♣ré✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s✳
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❍♦❧❧✐♥❣❡r ✫ ❙✐♥❣❤ ❬✷✵✶✵❪ r❡❧❛①❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦ ❛♦s r♦❜ôs ♣❡r❞❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❝✉rt♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ◆❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❡①❛s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs ♣❡r❞❡♠ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
