❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦❢✐❛✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦
Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ à ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛ ❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛
▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝❛ ❞♦ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❈r✉③
❊❧❡✈❛❞♦
❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❆r❛♥t❡s
❘❆❋❆❊▲ ❆❘❆◆❚❊❙
▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝❛ ❞♦ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❈r✉③
❊❧❡✈❛❞♦
✈❡rsã♦ ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞❛
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✱
❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦ ❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡
❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦
❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿
❋ís✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ à ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛ ❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❘♦q✉❡
❆❯❚❖❘■❩❖ ❆ ❘❊P❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ❊ ❉■❱❯▲●❆➬➹❖ ❚❖❚❆▲ ❖❯ P❆❘❈■❆▲ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❚❘❆❇❆▲❍❖✱ P❖❘ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ▼❊■❖ ❈❖◆❱❊◆❈■❖◆❆▲ ❖❯ ❊▲❊❚❘Ô◆■❈❖✱ P❆❘❆ ❋■◆❙ ❉❊ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❊ P❊❙◗❯■❙❆✱ ❉❊❙❉❊ ◗❯❊ ❈■❚❆❉❆ ❆ ❋❖◆❚❊✳
❆r❛♥t❡s✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧✳
▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝❛ ❞♦ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❈r✉③ ❊❧❡✈❛❞♦✴ ❘❛❢❛❡❧
❆r❛♥t❡s❀ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❘♦q✉❡✳ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ✷✵✶✻✳
✶✸✸ ♣✳
❚❡s❡ ✭❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
à ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛ ❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✮ ✲ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s
❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳
◆♦♠❡✿ ❆r❛♥t❡s✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝❛ ❞♦ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❈r✉③ ❊❧❡✈❛❞♦
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✱ ❈✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳
❆♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ❡♠✿ ✴ ✴ ✳
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ✿ ■♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✿
❏✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ❆ss✐♥❛t✉r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ✿ ■♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✿
❏✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ❆ss✐♥❛t✉r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ✿ ■♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✿
❏✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ❆ss✐♥❛t✉r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ✿ ■♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✿
❏✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ❆ss✐♥❛t✉r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ✿ ■♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✿
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
➚ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦✲ s♦✜❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞♦✉t♦r ❙í❧✈✐♦ ▼♦r❛t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡♥t✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❡❞✐❞♦s✳ ❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❉r✳ ❍é❝t♦r ❏✉❧✐❛♥ ❚❡❥❛❞❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐✉ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛r❛♠ ❡st❛ t❡s❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞♦✉t♦r ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❘♦q✉❡ ❡ ❝♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ♣r♦✲ ❢❡ss♦r❛ ❞♦✉t♦r❛ ●❡r❛❧❞✐♥❡ ●ó❡s ❇♦s❝♦ ♣♦r t♦❞❛ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛✳
➚ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ té❝♥✐❝♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥❡ss❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳
➚ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡ ◆í✈❡❧ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ✭❈❆P❊❙✮ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆❘❆◆❚❊❙✱ ❘✳ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝❛ ❞♦ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❈r✉③ ❊❧❡✈❛❞♦✳ ✶✸✸ ♣✳ ❚❡s❡ ✭❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✮ ✲ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ✷✵✶✻✳
❖ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝r✉③ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❛t♦s✳ ❆s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛s sã♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠ ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡✲ r✐♦r ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ✉♠ í♥❞✐❝❡ q✉❡ r❡s✉♠❛ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❢❡✐t❛s✳ ❊st❛ t❡s❡ s✐♥t❡t✐③❛ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡st❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♠ í♥❞✐❝❡s✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ✉s❛ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈✐s✐t❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ r❛t♦s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ t❡s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ▼❛r❦♦✈✐❛♥♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡s✲ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡✈❡❧♦✉ ✈❛❧♦r❡s s✉♣❡r ♦✉ s✉❜❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❡st❛ t❡s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛❞♦s ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✿ r❡✲ ❛r✐♥❣✱ str❡t❝❤✐♥❣✱ ❞✐♣♣✐♥❣✱ ❢r❡❡③✐♥❣ ❡ ❣r♦♦♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✐♥é❞✐t❛✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❡①❛❣❡r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✈ár✐❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❞❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ✶✳ ❈❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈✳ ✷✳ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✸✳ ❆♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ✹✳ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❈r✉③ ❊❧❡✈❛❞♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❆❘❆◆❚❊❙✱ ❘✳ ❊❧❡✈❛t❡❞ P❧✉s ▼❛③❡✿ ❛ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✳ ✶✸✸ ♣✳ ❚❤❡s✐s ✭P❤✳❉✳✮ ✲ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ✷✵✶✻✳
❚❤❡ ❡❧❡✈❛t❡❞ ♣❧✉s ♠❛③❡ ✐s ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ st✉❞✐❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛♥①✐❡t② ✐♥ r❛ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉s❡❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❡♥tr✐❡s ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ s♣❡♥t ♦♥ ♦♣❡♥ ❛r♠s✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t st✉❞✐❡s ❛♥❛❧②③❡ t❤❡ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❛r♠s✱ ❜✉t ❞♦ ♥♦t ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❞❡① t❤❛t s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡s t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡s✳ ❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡s ❜② ✐♥❞✐❝❡s t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ❆♥ ✐♥❞❡① ✉s❡s t❤❡ ✜rst ✈✐s✐t ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ t✐♠❡ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛③❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥❛r② ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ♦❢ r❛ts s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♥①✐♦❧②t✐❝ ❞r✉❣s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t❤❡s✐s ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❛t ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡s ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s s❤♦✇❡❞ ♦✈❡r✲ ♦r ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❝❤❛✐♥s ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦rs ❛s st❛t❡s✿ r❡❛r✐♥❣✱ str❡t❝❤✐♥❣✱ ❞✐♣♣✐♥❣✱ ❢r❡❡③✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦♦♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ♥❡✇ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ t❤♦✉❣❤ ♦✈❡rs✐♠♣❧✐❢② t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❛s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ❡①♣❧♦✐t❛t✐♦♥✳
❑❡②✲✇♦r❞s✿ ✶✳ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❈❤❛✐♥✳ ✷✳ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r✳ ✸✳ ❆♥①✐t②✳ ✹✳ ❊❧❡✈❛t❡❞ P❧✉s✲▼❛③❡✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝r✉③ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞♦ ▲❈❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✷✳✶ ▲❈❊ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ s❡♠ ❢✉❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✷ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✸ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈❉P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✹ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼❉❩ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✺ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✻ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✼ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✽ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙❈❩ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✾ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ P❚❩ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✶✵ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ P❚❩✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✶✶ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ P❚❩✷✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✶✷ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ P❚❩✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✶✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✶✹ π✬s ❞♦s ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✷✳✶✺ π✬s ❞♦s ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
①✐✐
✷✳✶✻ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ π✬s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✷✳✶✼ π6−π5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✶✽ π6−π5 ♣❛r❛ ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✷✳✶✾ π6−π5 ♣❛r❛ ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✷✳✷✵ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈✐s✐t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✷✶ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈✐s✐t❛ ❞♦s ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✷✷ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈✐s✐t❛ ❞♦s ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✷✸ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✷✹ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✷✺ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✷✻ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✷✳✷✼ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✷✳✷✽ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✸✳✶ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ t❛①❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✷ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ t❛①❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✸ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ t❛①❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✹ ❚❛①❛s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞r♦❣❛✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✻ π ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❈❉P✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ P❚❩✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✸✳✼ µ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❈❉P✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ P❚❩✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
①✐✐✐
✹✳✹ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✺ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙❈❩ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✻ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ P❚❩ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
❇✳✶ ▲❈❊ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❝♦♠ ❢✉❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ❇✳✷ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈❉P ❝♦♠ ❢✉❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ❇✳✸ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❢✉❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ❇✳✹ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❢✉❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ❇✳✺ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❢✉❣❛✶✶✻ ❇✳✻ π6−π5 ❝♦♠ ❢✉❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❛t♦s ❡ ❞♦s❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞r♦❣❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ✷✾
✸✳✶ ❚❛①❛s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞r♦❣❛✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✹ µ ❡π ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❈❉P✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ P❚❩✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✹✳✶ ❘❛t♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈✐s✐t❛ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❈❉P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✸ ❚❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈✐s✐t❛ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ P❚❩✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✹ ❚❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈✐s✐t❛ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✺ ❚❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦s ❡st❛❞♦s str❡t❝❤✐♥❣✱ ❞✐♣♣✐♥❣ ❡ ❣r♦♦♠✐♥❣ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✻ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
▲❈❊ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❈r✉③ ❊❧❡✈❛❞♦✳ ❘◆❆ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳
❈❉P ❈❧♦r❞✐❛③❡♣♦① ✭✉♠❛ ❞r♦❣❛ ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝❛✮✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ r❛t♦s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❡ss❛ ❞r♦❣❛✳
▼❉❩ ▼✐❞❛③♦❧❛♠ ✭✉♠❛ ❞r♦❣❛ ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝❛✮✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ r❛t♦s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❡ss❛ ❞r♦❣❛✳
❙❈❩ ❙❡♠✐❝❛r❜❛③✐❞❛ ✭✉♠❛ ❞r♦❣❛ ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝❛✮✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜✲ ❝❛r ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ r❛t♦s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❡ss❛ ❞r♦❣❛✳
P❚❩ P❡♥t✐❧❡♥♦t❡tr❛③♦❧ ✭✉♠❛ ❞r♦❣❛ ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝❛✮✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥✲ t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ r❛t♦s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❡ss❛ ❞r♦❣❛✳
P❚❩✶✵ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ r❛t♦s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ 10mg/Kg ❞❛
❞r♦❣❛ P❚❩✳
P❚❩✷✵ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ r❛t♦s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ 20mg/Kg ❞❛
❞r♦❣❛ P❚❩✳
P❚❩✸✵ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ r❛t♦s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ 30mg/Kg ❞❛
❞r♦❣❛ P❚❩✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✺
✶✳✶ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✶✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❛t♦r✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦❡❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠
r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✶✳✷✳✶ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙❛❧✉♠✱ ▼♦r❛t♦ ❡ ❘♦q✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✶✳✷✳✷ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦st❛✱ ❘♦q✉❡✱ ▼♦r❛t♦ ❡ ❚✐♥ós ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✶✳✸✳✶ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ●✐❞❞✐♥❣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✶✳✸✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✶✳✶✳✸✳✸ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❥❛❞❛✱ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ▼♦r❛t♦ ❡ ❘♦q✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦✱ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❚❡s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❛ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❉✐s❝r❡t♦ ✷✸
✷ ❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✷✳✶ ❈❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❛ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❉✐s❝r❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷ ▼❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡ ❆♠♦str❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❙✉❥❡✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✷ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦s ▼é❞✐♦s ❞❡ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❱✐s✐t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✹✳✷✳✶ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❆♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❛ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❈♦♥tí♥✉♦ ✺✺
✸✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ P♦✐ss♦♥ ❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ▼❛r❦♦✈✐❛♥♦ ❛ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❈♦♥tí♥✉♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❊t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✿ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❛ t❡♠♣♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t♦ ✼✸
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ✸
✺ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✽✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✾✺
❆ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✶✵✸
❆✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ❆✳✷ ❱❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❆❧❡❛tór✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ❆✳✸ ■♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❊st♦❝ást✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
❇ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❉✐s❝r❡t♦ ❝♦♠ ❋✉❣❛ ✶✶✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
1
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆❛ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛✱ ♥❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♥❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①✲ ♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ r♦❡❞♦r❡s ❡♠ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦s ♦✉ ❛r❡♥❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ♥♦✈❛s ❞r♦❣❛s✳ ❊ss❡ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ r♦❡❞♦r❡s sã♦ t❡st❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝❤❛✲ ♠❛❞♦ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝r✉③ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ✭▲❈❊✮✳ ◆❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s t❡st❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ r♦❡❞♦r ❛♣ós ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞r♦❣❛s✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝✐rúr❣✐❝♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ t❡st❡ ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ P❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛✱ ❛ s❡çã♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ▲❈❊✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆r❛♥t❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸❛✮✳ ❆♣ós ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦✱ ❛ s❡çã♦ ✶✳✷ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛rá ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✳
✶✳✶ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❖ ▲❈❊ é ✉♠ t❡st❡ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❞♦s à ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❛t♦s ❡ ❝❛♠✉♥❞♦♥❣♦s✱ ❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞r♦❣❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ✭❍❆◆❉▲❊❨❀ ▼■❚❍❆◆■✱ ✶✾✽✹❀ ❙❆▲❯▼❀ ▼❖❘❆❚❖❀ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❲❆▲❋❀ ❋❘❨❊✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ P❆❲▲❆❑ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❖ t❡st❡ ❞♦ ▲❈❊ ❢♦✐ ✈❛❧✐✲ ❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ✭P❊▲▲❖❲
✻ ✶ ✲ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝r✉③ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❝r✉③ ❝♦♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❜r❛ç♦s ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✳ ❉♦✐s ❞❡st❡s ❜r❛ç♦s sã♦ ❝❡r❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❡ ❞♦✐s sã♦ ❛❜❡rt♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✜❝❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝❤ã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡50cm✳
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ ❈❘❯❩❀ ❋❘❊■❀ ●❘❆❊❋❋✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❍❖●●✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ●❘■❊❇❊▲ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❊❧❡ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ✭❈❆❘❖❇❘❊❩❀ ❇❊❘❚❖●▲■❖✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻ ❤❛✲ ✈✐❛♠ ✻✵✸✽ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ P✉❜▼❡❞ ❡ ✶✺✷✽✼ ♥♦ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❉✐r❡❝t r❡♣♦rt❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ▲❈❊✳
✶✳✶ ✲ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✼
❖ ▲❈❊ ❢♦✐ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r P❡❧❧♦✇ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✺✮ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❣♦♠❡r② ✭✶✾✺✺✮ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❣❡r❛ ♥♦ r♦❡❞♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥t❡r✲ s❡ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞♦✳ ❆ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣♦r trás ❞❡ss❡ t❡st❡ é q✉❡ r♦❡❞♦r❡s tê♠ ❛✈❡rsã♦ ♣♦r ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ❞❡s♣r♦t❡❣✐❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥✢✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♥♦✈♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❢❡t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❝✐t❛❞❛s ❡stã♦ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ s❡①♦✱ ✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✱ ❝❡♣❛✱ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❣❛✐♦❧❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ✭❍❖●●✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ❘❖❉●❊❘❙❀ ❉❆▲❱■✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❘❖❉●❊❘❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ●❆❘❈■❆❀ ❈❆❘❉❊◆❆❙❀ ▼❖❘❆❚❖✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❖✉tr❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s sã♦ ❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❡str❡ss❡ ♦✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ré✈✐♦ ❞♦ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦✱ ❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❞r♦❣❛ ✭❍❖●●✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ❘❖❉●❊❘❙❀ ❉❆▲❱■✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❙■▲❱❆❀ ❇❘❆◆❉➹❖✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ♥♦ ▲❈❊ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♥♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❜r❛ç♦s✳ ❆s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛♠ ❛ ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r♦❡❞♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ sã♦✿ ❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♥♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ❡ ❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❚❛✐s ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♥s sã♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♦✉ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❜r❛ç♦s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ à ❞✉r❛çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ✭❋■▲❊✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦t♦r❛ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦t♦r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ✭P❊▲▲❖❲ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ✉♠ í♥❞✐❝❡ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦ é ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s ✭❋■▲❊✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
✽ ✶ ✲ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❡❞♦ ✭❘❖❉●❊❘❙❀ ❉❆▲❱■✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ▼❖❇❇❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ é ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ❡s❝❛♣❛r✱ ♦ q✉❡ é r❛r♦ ❞❡ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♥♦ ▲❈❊ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ é ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❝❛✉t❡❧♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ár❡❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦✳ ◆♦ ▲❈❊ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❝❛✉t❡❧♦s❛ sã♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r✲s❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❛t❛s tr❛s❡✐r❛s ✭r❡❛r✐♥❣✮✱ s❡ ❡st✐❝❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ s❡♠ ♠♦✈❡r ❛s ♣❛t❛s ❞❡ trás ✭str❡t❝❤✐♥❣✮✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ✭❞✐♣♣✐♥❣✮✱ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❜r❛ç♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r t❡♥s♦ ❡ ❡stát✐❝♦ ✭❢r❡❡③✐♥❣✮ ✭❍❖●●✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ❘❖❉●❊❘❙❀ ❉❆▲❱■✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❙■▲❱❆❀ ❇❘❆◆❉➹❖✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❈❆❘❖❇❘❊❩❀ ❇❊❘❚❖●▲■❖✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❖✉✲ tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s q✉❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ r❡♣♦rt❛❞❛s ♥♦ ▲❈❊ sã♦ ❝❤❡✐r❛r✱ s❡ ❧✐♠♣❛r ✭❣r♦♦♠✐♥❣✮ ❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❡③❡s ✭❙❊❚❊▼ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❲❆▲▲❀ ▼❊❙❙■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❖❍▲✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❍á ♠✉✐t❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ♥♦ ▲❈❊✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡s♣❛ç♦✲t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❡ ❡t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛té ❛q✉✐✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❛t♦r✐❛❧✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✾✵ ❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✷✵✵✵✱ ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ três ❢❛t♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r♦❡❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ✭❲❆▲▲❀ ▼❊❙❙■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s é ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✭♣♦s✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✮ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♠❡✲ ❞✐❞❛s ❡s♣❛ç♦✲t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r♦❡❞♦r✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ♦✉ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✱ ♦✉ ♣♦r❝❡♥✲ t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♥♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ♦✉ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ✭❘❖❉●❊❘❙❀ ❉❆▲❱■✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❲❆▲▲❀ ▼❊❙❙■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
✶✳✶ ✲ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✾
❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r♦❡❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ▲❈❊✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❡st✉❞♦s ❢♦✐ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r ❝❡rt❛s ❤✐✲ ♣ót❡s❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r♦❡❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ▲❈❊✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♥t❛r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♥♦✈❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡ t❡♠♣♦s ♥♦ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦✳ ❊ss❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❡ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✭❘◆❆✮✳
✶✳✶✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❛t♦r✐❛❧
❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❛t♦r✐❛❧ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✲ ❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♦❝✉❧t❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ✭❍❆■❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❊①✐t❡♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❛✲ t♦r✐❛❧✿ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛tór✐❛✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ t❡♠ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ é ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❡s✲ t❛t✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦st✉❧❛❞♦✳ ❆♠❜♦s ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦✱ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✳
❋❡✐t❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r t❡♠ ❡♠ ♠ã♦s ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✲ ✈❡✐s sã♦ ❧✐st❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s sã♦ ❧✐st❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s✳ ◆♦s ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ❞❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦rr❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✳ ❖ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ é ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♦✉ ♣r❡❞✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳
✶✵ ✶ ✲ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❏❖❍◆❙❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❍❖▲▼❊❙❀ ❘❖❉●❊❘❙✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡st✉❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ♠♦str❛♠ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çõ❡s ❢♦rt❡s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t♦r♥❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦s ✭❲❆▲▲❀ ▼❊❙❙■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❢❛t♦r✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐✲ â♥❝✐❛✱ é ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡ss❡ ❢❛t♦r ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡♠ ❢♦rt❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛✲ çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✭❈❘❯❩❀ ❋❘❊■❀ ●❘❆❊❋❋✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❘❖❉●❊❘❙❀ ❏❖❍◆❙❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❊❙❀ ❋■▲❊✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ❘❖❉✲ ●❊❘❙❀ ❉❆▲❱■✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❲❆▲▲❀ ▼❊❙❙■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❱■❖▲▲❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦str❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦t♦r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✳ P♦r ✐ss♦ ❡❧❡ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss♦✲ ❝✐❛❞♦ à ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦t♦r❛ ✭❈❘❯❩❀ ❋❘❊■❀ ●❘❆❊❋❋✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❘❖❉●❊❘❙❀ ❏❖❍◆✲ ❙❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❊❙❀ ❋■▲❊✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ❘❖❉●❊❘❙❀ ❉❆▲❱■✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❲❆▲▲❀ ▼❊❙✲ ❙■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❊♠ ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ✉♠ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❢❛t♦r✱ ❡❧❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❝♦rr❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡ss❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦❞❡ r❡✲ ✢❡t✐r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱ ❡ss❡ ❢❛t♦r é ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ✭❘❖❉●❊❘❙❀ ❏❖❍◆❙❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❘❖❉●❊❘❙❀ ❉❆▲❱■✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❲❆▲▲❀ ▼❊❙❙■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❊st✉❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s ✭r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦✲ t♦r❛✮ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞♦ ▲❈❊ ❡♥tr❡ r❛t♦s ❡ ❝❛♠✉♥❞♦♥❣♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❢❛t♦r é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡❧❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❝❛♠✉♥❞♦♥❣♦s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ♣♦r ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❧♦♥❣♦s q✉❡ r❛t♦s ✭❘❖❉●❊❘❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❲❆▲▲❀ ▼❊❙❙■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✶✮
✶✳✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦❡❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ❜❛s❡✲
❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s
✶✳✶✳✷✳✶ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙❛❧✉♠✱ ▼♦r❛t♦ ❡ ❘♦q✉❡
✶✳✶ ✲ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✶✶
♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s ♦♣♦st♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ é ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ é ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡r✐❣♦s♦✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ é ❛ ❛✈❡rsã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞♦ r❛t♦ ❛ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ❡ ❛❧t♦s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ss❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡✳
❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ▲❈❊ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❘◆❆ ❞❡ ✻✺ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❉❡ss❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ✷✶ ❡stã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ ❝❤ã♦ ❞♦ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❢♦✐ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ r❛t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ❡ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ✹✹ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ár❡❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛✳ ❊♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡stá ❛t✐✈❛✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ r❛t♦ ♦✉ ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❡stá ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦✳ ❆s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣❡s♦s ωij q✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ q✉❛❧ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ s❡rá
❛t✐✈❛ ♥♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥❡①ã♦ é ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❡♥❝❡r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ❛t✐✈❛ ♥♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
❖s ♣❡s♦s ωij ♣r♦✈ê♠ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s✱ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ M ❡ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡
❛✈❡rsã♦ A✳ ❖s ♣❡s♦s ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠ t♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r✱
♠❛s ❞❡❝❛❡♠ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ j ♣❛r❛ i ♦❝♦rr❡✳
■ss♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣❡t✐r ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s ♣❡s♦s ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❛✈❡rsã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠ t♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛✈❡rs✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ r❛t♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦✳ ▼❛s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ j ♣❛r❛ i✱ ❡ss❡s ♣❡s♦s ❝r❡s❝❡♠ ♦✉
❞❡❝❛❡♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦i ❡st❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜r❛ç♦ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✱
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉st❛r ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛✐s ✭❙❆▲❯▼❀ ▼❖❘❆❚❖❀ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❯♠ ❞❡❧❡s é ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ q✉❡ ❞á ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣❡s♦ ❡①tr❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣❡s♦s ωij ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❞♦ à ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❛
✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ j ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ i ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛ é
❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆♦ t♦t❛❧✱ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠ ✶✷ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✭❙❆▲❯▼❀ ▼❖❘❆❚❖❀ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
✶✷ ✶ ✲ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
③❡r♦ ✭❙❆▲❯▼❀ ▼❖❘❆❚❖❀ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ■ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ❙❛❧✉♠✱ ▼♦r❛t♦ ❡ ❘♦q✉❡ ♠❡❞✐r❡♠✱ ♥❛s s✉❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❜r❛ç♦ ❡ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ▲❈❊✳ ❖✉tr❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❜r❛ç♦✳ ❆ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s r❡❛✐s ✭❙❆▲❯▼❀ ▼❖❘❆❚❖❀ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❊♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞✉❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ▲❈❊✱ ✉♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❞♦ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦ ❡r❛♠ ❛❜❡rt♦s ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ♦♥❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡r❛♠ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✳ ❆s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦s ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡s ♠♦str❛✲ r❛♠ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡r ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ❡①♣❧♦r❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❜r❛ç♦ ❞♦ ❧❛❜✐r✐♥t♦✱ ❡ ❡ss❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❢♦✐ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s r❡❛✐s ✭❙❆▲❯▼❀ ❙■▲❱❆❀ ▼❖❘❆❚❖✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
✶✳✶✳✷✳✷ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦st❛✱ ❘♦q✉❡✱ ▼♦r❛t♦ ❡ ❚✐♥ós
❆ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦❡❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❈♦st❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉s❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▲❈❊ ❛❞♦✲ t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ✭❙❆▲❯▼❀ ▼❖❘❆❚❖❀ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ♦ r❛t♦ ❢♦✐ tr❛t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❘◆❆ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❡ ❣❡r❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❛í❞❛ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞✐r❡çõ❡s✿ ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ trás✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❡stá ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s✱ ♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐✲ r❡✐t❛ ❡ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ♦✉ ❞❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❡ ❡stá✳
✶✳✶ ✲ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✶✸
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❛♦s ❧❛❞♦s✱ à ❢r❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❛trás✳
❖s ♣❡s♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❘◆❆ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❣❡♥é✲ t✐❝♦ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s t❡r♠♦s✱ ✉♠ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❞♦ à r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ ❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ à ♣✉♥✐çã♦✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ s♦♠❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ à ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ ✈✐s✐t❛❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♥♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦❀ ❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♣✉♥✐çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✜①♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✿ s❡ ❡❧❡ ❡stá ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜r❛ç♦ ❛❜❡rt♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜r❛ç♦ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✭❈❖❙❚❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ➱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ✉s❛❞❛✱ ♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♠❛s é s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉♦ q✉❡ ♦❜t✐✈❡r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ✺ ♠✐♥✉t♦s ♥♦ ▲❈❊ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦✳
✶✹ ✶ ✲ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s
✶✳✶✳✸✳✶ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ●✐❞❞✐♥❣s
❖✉tr❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❛t♦ ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ●✐❞✲ ❞✐♥❣s ✭✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ s✉❜s❡çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✭❙❆▲❯▼❀ ▼❖❘❆❚❖❀ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❈❖❙❚❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ●✐❞❞✐♥❣s ♥ã♦ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ s♦❜r❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣♦r trás ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❛t♦ ♥♦ ▲❈❊✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❣r❛s✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❛t♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❡ ❡stá ❡ s❡✉ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳
◆♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ●✐❞❞✐♥❣s ✭●■❉❉■◆●❙✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❞♦ ▲❈❊ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ✭❞❡ss❛ ✈❡③ três✮ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ r❛t♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❛t♦ ❡stá ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❜r❛ç♦ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢r❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ trás✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❧❛t❡r❛✐s ✭♣❛r❡❞❡ ♦✉ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞♦ ❜r❛ç♦✮ ♦✉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ♣❛r❛❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❛t♦ ❡stá ❡♠ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❜r❛ç♦ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡❧❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ❛ss✉♠✐r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦✳ ❊ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❛t♦ ❡stá ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s✱ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ♣❛r❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❛ss✉♠✐r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ r❛t♦s r❡❛✐s ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❥✉st❡s ✜♥❛✐s✱ ●✐❞❞✐♥❣s ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ♣r♦❞✉③✐✉ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❛t♦ ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ✭●■❉❉■◆●❙✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ❞á ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❛t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❡ ❡stá ♥♦ ❜r❛ç♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❡ s❡ ♠♦✈❡✉ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ à ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❜r❛ç♦ ♥♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♣❛ss♦✳
✶✳✶ ✲ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✶✺
✶✳✶✳✸✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❣r❛❢♦s
❖s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♥♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❛♥s✐❡✲ ❞❛❞❡✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡ss❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ r♦❡❞♦r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❜r❛ç♦ ❛❜❡rt♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❞ã♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♠❛✐s ❛ ár❡❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❛♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ♦✉ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❜r❛ç♦ ❛❜❡rt♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❛s ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ r♦❡❞♦r ♥♦ ▲❈❊✱ q✉❡ r❡✢✐t❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ❡ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✱ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❚❡❥❛❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▲❈❊ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ✭❉■❊❙❚❊▲✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ q✉❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ s✐❞♦ ❢❡✐t♦ ♣♦r ❙❛❧✉♠✱ ▼♦r❛t♦ ❡ ❘♦q✉❡✱ ♦ ▲❈❊ ❢♦✐ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ✭✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷❛✮ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥ós ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦✳
❆♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❞♦ ▲❈❊✱ ❚❡❥❛❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ✉s❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ✭✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷❜✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦✳ ◆❡st❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉♠ ❜r❛ç♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ é ❞♦❜r❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❜r❛ç♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❜r❛ç♦ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦ é ❞♦❜r❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❜r❛ç♦ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦✳ ❖s ♥ós ♥✉♠❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✺ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s✱ ♦ ♥ó ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✻ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡ ♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ✼ ❛ ✶✶ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ▲❈❊✱ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ✭✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷❝✮✳ ❊ss❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ♦ ✈✐és ❞♦ ♥ó ❝❡♥tr❛❧✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦✐s ♥ós✱ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ ♥ó ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦✳ ■ss♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♣♦✐s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✳
✶✻ ✶ ✲ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
11 10 9 8 7
11 10 8 9 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 5 4 3 2 1
11 10 8 9 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
11 10 8 9 7 a.
b.
c.
✶✳✶ ✲ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✶✼
❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣rá✜❝♦ r❛♥q✉❡❛❞♦ ✭◆❊❲▼❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❑■◆❖❯❈❍■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ r♦❡❞♦r ♥♦ ▲❈❊✳ ❊ss❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝✉❥❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ r♦❡❞♦r ♥♦ ▲❈❊ ✭❚❊❏❆❉❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
❯s❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡❥❛❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ r❛♥q✉❡✲ ❛❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ s❡ ❛❥✉st❛ ❜❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ❢❛r♠❛❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s s❡✉s r❛t♦s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❛t♦s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s ❛ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❢❛r♠❛❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ♦ ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✭k✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❘❛t♦s ❡①♣♦st♦s ❛ ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝❛s ♠♦s✲ tr❛r❛♠ ✉♠k ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ r❛t♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ ✉♠k ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡
r❛t♦s ❡①♣♦st♦s ❛ ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ ❞r♦❣❛ ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝❛ ♦ ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡k ❢♦✐ s❡♥sí✈❡❧ à ❞♦s❡ ❞❛ ❞r♦❣❛✿ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ❞♦s❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡k✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❛t♦s✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❚❡❥❛❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞♦s r❛t♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ é q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐s✲ tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ r❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♥ós ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢❛r♠❛❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ P❛r❛ r❛t♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❡r❛♠ t♦❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❢❡✲ ❝❤❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s ❛ ❞r♦❣❛s ❛♥s✐♦❣ê♥✐❝❛s✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❛♥s✐♦❧ít✐❝♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♠❛✐s ♠✐st♦✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♥ós ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ❝♦♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♥ós ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✳ ❖✉tr♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❢♦✐ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛♠ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❜r❛ç♦ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦✳
