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Spatial query processing for wireless sensor networks

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❘❖◆❊ ■▲❮❉■❖ ❉❆ ❙■▲❱❆

❙P❆❚■❆▲ ◗❯❊❘❨ P❘❖❈❊❙❙■◆● ❋❖❘ ❲■❘❊▲❊❙❙

❙❊◆❙❖❘ ◆❊❚❲❖❘❑❙

❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲ ✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❏♦sé ▼❛r❝♦s ❙✳ ◆♦❣✉❡✐r❛

❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ▼❛❝❡❞♦

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❘❖◆❊ ■▲❮❉■❖ ❉❆ ❙■▲❱❆

❙P❆❚■❆▲ ◗❯❊❘❨ P❘❖❈❊❙❙■◆● ❋❖❘ ❲■❘❊▲❊❙❙

❙❊◆❙❖❘ ◆❊❚❲❖❘❑❙

❚❤❡s✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ●r❛❞✉❛t❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ✐♥ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❢✉❧✜❧❧♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✲ ❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❉♦❝t♦r ✐♥ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳

❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ❏♦sé ▼❛r❝♦s ❙✳ ◆♦❣✉❡✐r❛

❈♦✲❛❞✈✐s♦r✿ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ▼❛❝❡❞♦

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✷✵✶✷✱ ❘♦♥❡ ■❧í❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✳

❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳

❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❘♦♥❡ ■❧í❞✐♦ ❞❛

❙✺✽✻♣ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ❙❡♠ ❋✐♦ ❂ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ◗✉❡r② Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✴ ❘♦♥❡ ■❧í❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✳ ✖ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ✷✵✶✷

①①①✐✈✱ ✶✵✽ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾❝♠

❚❡s❡ ✭❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✖ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❏♦sé ▼❛r❝♦s ❙✳ ◆♦❣✉❡✐r❛ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ▼❛❝❡❞♦

✶✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✷✳ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ■✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳ ■■✳ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳ ■■■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦✳

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❚♦ ♠② ✇✐❢❡✱ ♠② ♣❛r❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ♠② ❜r♦t❤❡rs✳

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❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥ts

❆♥t❡s ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦✐s❛ é ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ ❉❡✉s✳ ❋♦✐ ❊❧❡ q✉❡♠ ❝♦❧♦❝♦✉ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❤♦r❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛✳ ❋♦✐ ❊❧❡ q✉❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡✉ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛✳ ➱ ❊❧❡ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❡♥✈✐❛ s❡✉s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡✐r♦s ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♠❛✐s ár❞✉❛s✳ ❆❜❡♥ç♦❡ t❛✐s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡✐r♦s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦✱ ♠❡✉ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r ❡ss❛ ❢❛♥tást✐❝❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊s♣❡r♦ ❢❛③❡r ❥✉s ❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛✳ Pr❡t❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❜ô♥✉s ♣♦r ✐ss♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✜❝♦ ❢❡❧✐③ ❡♠ s❡r ✉♠ ❡t❡r♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞❡r✱ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉✐r✱ ♥♦s ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❛❧❣♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐s ♣❧❡♥❛✱ ♠❛s ♣❡rt♦ ❞♦ ❙❡♥❤♦r✱ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❛③ ❡ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❛✳

❘♦sâ♥❣❡❧❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡st♦✉ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐❞♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❙✉❛ ❞♦ç✉r❛ ❢♦✐✱ é ❡ s❡♠♣r❡ s❡rá ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠✱ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥q✉✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳ ❙❡♠♣r❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♣♦✐❛♥❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♠ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞✐r❡t♦s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s✳ ❱♦❝ê é ❛ ❧✉③ ❞✐✈✐♥❛ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❧❛♥ç❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝❡r ❡ ♠❡ t♦r♥❛r ❢❡❧✐③✳ ◗✉❡ ✈♦❝ê s❡❥❛ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛❞❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❞♦ç✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥✐♥❛ ♣❡r❞✉r❡✳ ❆♠♦ ✈♦❝ê ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r✳

❲❛❧❞②r ❡ ❍✐❧❞❛✱ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❛♠❛❞♦s✱ t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❢❛ç♦ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês✳ ❚❡♥❤♦ ❛ ❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tê✲❧♦s s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ ♦r❛çã♦✳ ❙✉❛s ♣r❡❝❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s s❡ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ r❡❛✐s✿ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❢é✳ ❉❡♥✐s❡✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ✐r♠ã ❡ ❛♠✐❣❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ é ❝♦♥❢♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛s ♦r❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s✳ ❉❡✉s ❧❤❡ ❞❛rá ❡♠ ♣❛③ t♦❞❛ ❢♦rç❛ q✉❡ ✈♦❝ê ♠❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐✉ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❙❛♥❞r♦✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❞❡ ✈♦♥t❛❞❡✳ ❱♦❝ê s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦✐ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠ ✉♠ í❝♦♥❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛✳

❆♦ ❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡ ❞❡s❝✉❧♣❛r ❝❛s♦ ❡sq✉❡ç❛ ❛❧❣✉é♠✳ ▼❛t✐❧❞❡ ❡ ●✐♥♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❝❛❜❡r✐❛ ♥❡st❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ✈♦❝ês ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣♦r ♠✐♠ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❘♦sâ♥❣❡❧❛✳ ❘❡❝❡❜❛♠ ❡♠

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❞♦❜r♦ ❞♦ ❙❡♥❤♦r t✉❞♦ ♦ ❜❡♠ q✉❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛r❛♠✳ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❛❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ s❡♠✲ ♣r❡ ❛❧❡❣r❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❢♦rt❛♥t❡✳ ▼❛r✐s❛✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛✳ P❡❞r♦✱ ▲✉❝❛s✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧✱ ❆♥❞ré✱ ▼❛t❡✉s✱ ❍❡❧❡♥❛✱ ●✉st❛✈♦✱ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡ ❡ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♣❛ss❛r ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✈♦❝ês ♠❡ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠✳ ❉♦♥❛ ▲✉③✐❛✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♦r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ â♥✐♠♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ à ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❈❛♥❛❛♥✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❙❛♥t❛♥❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❙❡♥s❡✐ ❱✐❝❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ é ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❲✐♥❡t✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯❋▼● ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧✳

❋✐♥❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦✱ ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❏♦sé ▼❛r❝♦s ❡ ❛ ♠❡✉ ❝♦✲ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❉❛♥✐❡❧✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s s❡♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ t✐✈❡ ♦ ♣r❛③❡r ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r✳ ❱♦❝ês s❡rã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❉❡✉s✱ ❡♠ s✉❛ ✐♥✜♥✐t❛ s❛❜❡❞♦✲ r✐❛✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♥ós ♣❡ss♦❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✈♦❝ês ♣❛r❛ ♥♦s ♠♦str❛r ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉❡♠ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s t✉❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠✳

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❘❡s✉♠♦

❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭❘❙❙❋✮ sã♦ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✳ ❆s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❣❡♦✲ ❣rá✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ sã♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❚❛✐s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞♦ ❙◗▲✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✮ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s♦♠❡♥t❡ à r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋ ❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠❡✲ ❝❛♥✐s♠♦✱ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❡stá❣✐♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ s❡✉ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ♦✉ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❆té ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦❜❥❡t♦s r❡❛✐s ♣❧♦t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♠❛♣❛s ♦✉ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ t❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ♥ós s❡♠♣r❡ ❛t✐✈♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛❧❤❛r ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s ♦✉ ❛❞♦r♠❡❝❡r ♣❛r❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛r ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ■ss♦ ♠✉❞❛ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡♥✈✐❛r ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ tr♦❧❡ ♥♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ r♦t❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s✳ ❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❛q✉✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦✱ ❘❙❙❋ ❝♦♠ ♥ós ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ♥ós q✉❡ ❛❞♦r♠❡❝❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛r ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡✱ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦❜tê♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡ ❝♦♥s♦♠❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ✈❡③❡s ♠❡♥♦s ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳

P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❘❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ❙❡♠ ❋✐♦✱ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s✳

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❆❜str❛❝t

❲✐r❡❧❡ss s❡♥s♦r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✭❲❙◆✮ ❛r❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❢♦r ♦❜t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ❡✈❡♥ts ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ✇❡❧❧✲❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ r❡❣✐♦♥✳ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤✐s t❛s❦ t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ✉s❡ s♣❛t✐❛❧ q✉❡r✐❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❙◗▲✲❧✐❦❡ q✉❡r✐❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ❞❛t❛✳ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧ q✉❡r✐❡s s❛✈❡ ❡♥❡r❣② s✐♥❝❡ ♦♥❧② ♥♦❞❡s ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤✐s r❡❣✐♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥✲♥❡t✇♦r❦ s♣❛t✐❛❧ q✉❡r② ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❲❙◆✳ ❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ s♣❛t✐❛❧ q✉❡r② ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ t♦ ✇❡❧❧✲❞❡✜♥❡❞ st❛❣❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ❤❡❧♣s ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛❧ q✉❡r② ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡s ✐t ❡❛s✐❡r t♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ♥❡✇ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s s✉r✈❡② s❤♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛rt ♦❢ s♣❛t✐❛❧ q✉❡r② ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rs r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st s❤❛♣❡❞ ❛s r❡❝t❛♥❣❧❡s ♦r ❝✐r❝❧❡s✳ ❚♦ t❤❡ ❜❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs✬ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ♥♦ r❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇♦r❦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rs r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st s❤❛♣❡❞ ❛s ♦❢ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t r❡❛❧ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ♣❧♦tt❡❞ ♦♥ ♠❛♣s ♦r s❛t❡❧❧✐t❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ ❆ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ q✉❡r② ❜② ❛ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♣♦✐♥ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ♦❝❝✉♣② s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♣❛❝❦❡ts ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ q✉❡r② tr❛♥s♠✐s✲ s✐♦♥✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇♦r❦s✱ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❛t ♥♦❞❡s ❛r❡ ❛❧✇❛②s ♣♦✇❡r❡❞ ♦♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♥♦❞❡s ❝❛♥ ❣♦ t♦ s❧❡❡♣ ♠♦❞❡ ✭t✉r♥ ♦✛ t❤❡ r❛❞✐♦ ✐♥ ❞✉t② ❝②❝❧❡s✮ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s❛✈❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ♦r ❝❛♥ ❢❛✐❧ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♥❣❡s t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ t♦♣♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ t♦ ✉♣❣r❛❞❡ r♦✉t✐♥❣ t❛❜❧❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ ❡♥❡r❣②✲❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢❛✉❧t✲ t♦❧❡r❛♥t ✐♥✲♥❡t✇♦r❦ s♣❛t✐❛❧ q✉❡r② ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ t❤❛t ❛ss✉♠❡s ♣♦❧②❣♦♥❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st✱ ❢❛✐❧✲♣r♦♥❡ ♥♦❞❡s ❛♥❞ ♥♦❞❡s ❡♠♣❧♦②✐♥❣ ❞✉t② ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❊①❤❛✉st✐✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ♠♦r❡ q✉❡r✐❡s t❤❛♥ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛rt ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡s ❢♦✉r t✐♠❡s ❧❡ss ❡♥❡r❣②✳

❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ◗✉❡r②✱ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦✱ ❲✐♥❞♦✇ ◗✉❡r②✱ ❉✉t② ❈②❝❧❡✱ ❋❛✉❧t ❚♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡✳

(16)
(17)

❘❡s✉♠♦ ❊st❡♥❞✐❞♦

❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❞✐❣✐❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❣❧ês ❝♦♠ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ✏❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ◗✉❡r② Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s✑✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❧❡✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r às ♥♦r♠❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦ ❛q✉✐ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ❡♠ P♦rt✉❣✉ês ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❝♦♥t✐❞♦s ♥❛ t❡s❡✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶ ✲ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ❙❡♠ ❋✐♦ ✭❘❙❙❋✮ sã♦ r❡❞❡s ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝♦♠♣♦✲ ♥❡♥t❡s ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧♦s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s✳ ❊❧❛s sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ é ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♦✉ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❚r❛❞✐✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ rá❞✐♦ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✐♥❦ ✭t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s♦r✈❡❞♦✉r♦ ♦✉ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡✮ ❡ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❚❛❧ ♥ó ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ♠❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉ s❡r ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ s❡♠ ❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛s ♥♦s ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ t❛✐s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ó s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s sã♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❜❛t❡r✐❛s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❘❙❙❋ ❬❆❦②✐❧❞✐③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✳

P❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ❘❙❙❋ ❞❡✐①❛r❛♠ ❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ✈ár✐❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ t❛✐s r❡❞❡s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r r❡❣✐õ❡s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❛s s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❇♦♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s sã♦ ♦ ❚✐♥②❉❇ ❬▼❛❞❞❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪ ❡ ♦ ❈♦✉❣❛r ❬❉❡♠❡rs ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❙◗▲✳ ❈♦♠ t❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r

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q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡✱ s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ♦s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ é q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r q✉❛✐s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❝♦❧❡t❛s✳

❚❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ s✉♣♦rt❛♠ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❝♦♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s✳ ■ss♦ ❝♦♥s♦♠❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s sã♦ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❬❉❡s❤♣❛♥❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋✱ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡s♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡✈✐t❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r t❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋ q✉❡ s✉♣♦rt❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❝♦♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❚❛✐s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠ ❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥ós q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛♠ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♥ós ❝♦♥t✐❞♦s ♥❡❧❛✳

❆s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s q✉❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s sã♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❬▼❛♥❛❧♦♣♦✉❧♦s ❛♥❞ P❛♣❛❞❛♣♦✉❧♦s✱ ✷✵✵✹❪ ❡ sã♦ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ P♦st●■❙ ❡ ♦ ❖r❛❝❧❡ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ❬❈❛s❛♥♦✈❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣♦♥t♦s✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ❡❧❛s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♠ t✐♣♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ❡❧❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ♦✉ ✉♠ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ q✉❡ s♦❜r❡♣õ❡ ♦✉tr♦✳ ❘❙❙❋ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tá✲❧❛s ❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳

◆❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ tr❛t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❢✉t✉r❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ é ♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s s❡rã♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ◆❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ t❛✐s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r ♦✉ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✳ ❆té ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ tr❛t♦✉ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❝✉❥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✉♠ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦❜❥❡t♦s r❡❛✐s ♣❧♦t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♠❛♣❛s ♦✉ ❢♦t♦s ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡❥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ✉♠❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✐❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❛ ❘❙❙❋ ♣❛r❛ s❡r tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐r✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ♠♦♥t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦s ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳

❖✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ q✉❡ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐✲

(19)

çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋ é q✉❡ t❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ♦s ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠♣r❡ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❛ ❛✜r✲ ♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ▼❆❈ ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛♠ ♦ rá❞✐♦ ❞♦s ♥ós s❡♥✲ s♦r❡s ♥♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛r ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❧✉❣❛r❡s ✐♥ós♣✐t♦s ♦♥❞❡ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s sã♦ ❧❛♥ç❛❞❛s✱ ♦s ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s sã♦ ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ❡♥tã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♠✉❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘❙❙❋✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦s ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✈✐❛r ♠❡♥✲ s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐r ♠✉✐t❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳

❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐✲ ❛✐s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ◆❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ t❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡ ♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜q✉❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝❧❛r❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❘❙❙❋ ❝♦♠ ♥ós q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♥ós ♣r♦♣í✲ ❝✐♦s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❚❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s r❡❛✐s ❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❡♠ ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❡stá❣✐♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦✈♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s✳ ❚❛✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❢♦r♠❛♠ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ q✉❡ tê♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♥s✉♠✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❞♦r♠✐♥❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡ q✉❡ t❛✐s ♥ós ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛❧❤❛r✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ✲ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s

❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s

◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡s✲

(20)

s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❢♦✐ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✐s ❡stá❣✐♦s✿ Pré✲Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❊♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦✱ ❙❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦✳ ❖ Pré✲ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ◆❡❧❡✱ ♣r❡♣❛r❛✲s❡ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s❡❥❛ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥ó s❡♥s♦r q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠❛ r❡q✉✐✲ s✐çã♦ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❖r✐❣❡♠✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❊stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ é ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♥ó ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❛té ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❈♦♦r✲ ❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳ ◆♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❝♦♥t✐❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ❚❛✐s ♥ós ❝♦❧❡t❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛té ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❆❣r❡❣❛❞♦r✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❡stá❣✐♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó r❡❝❡❜❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❡ ❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s s❡♥s♦r❡s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ♥❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦✱ ♦ ❆❣r❡❣❛❞♦r r❡t♦r♥❛ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ó ❖r✐❣❡♠✳

❖s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡✲ r❛t✉r❛ sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ tr❛t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❡s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❛ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❆ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❘❙❙❋ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ s❡✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ❡♠ s❡✉s ❡stá❣✐♦s✳

❱❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♣❡❧♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r ♦✉ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✳ ❊ss❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐✲ ❝❛s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦✳ ❚❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❣✉❧♦s❛ ♦✉ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ●P❙❘ ❬❑❛r♣ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✵❪ ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❊♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦✳ ❊ss❡s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝r✐❛♠ ❡ ♠❛♥té♠ ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♥ó ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ r❡♣❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋ ❝♦♠ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♥ós ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r t❛✐s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛s t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ❛❧t♦✳ ◆♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ♦s ♠❡❝❛✲ ♥✐s♠♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐t✐♥❡rár✐♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ú❧t✐♠♦s s❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥✲ s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♠❡♥♦s ♥ós tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♠ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳

❋♦r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ❝r✐❛♠ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s✳ ❚❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s tê♠ ❛

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❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♥ós ♦✉ ♣♦r ♥ós ❡♠ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r à tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ■ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦✐s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ s❛❧✈❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥ó s❡♥s♦r s♦❢r❡♠ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠ ❞♦s ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞✐r❡t♦s ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t♦s ❞❡ss❡ ♥ó✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ✈ár✐❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ✲ ❘❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ P❛❝♦t❡s ❖❝✉♣❛❞♦s ♣♦r

✉♠❛ ❘❡q✉✐s✐çã♦

❊ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ Pré✲Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❚❛❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ✉♠❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s✳ ■ss♦ r❡❞✉③ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ♦❝✉♣❛ ❛♦ s❡r tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝❛❞❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ✈ár✐❛s ✈❡③❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ s❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛♦ s❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ♠❡♥♦r✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s✲P❡✉❝❦❡r ❬❉♦✉❣❧❛s ❛♥❞ P❡✉❝❦❡r✱ ✶✾✼✸❪✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡✈✐❞❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛r ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ✲ ❖ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❆❇❋

❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❆❇❋ ✭❆s❦ ❇❡❢♦r❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞✐♥❣✮ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦✳ ❚❛❧ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♥ós ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♦✉ ♥ós q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❞✉t② ❝②❝❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛r ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✱ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s q✉❡ ♠❛♥té♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐r ♠✉✐t❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ■ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦✐s ♦s ♥ós ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛♠ s✉❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ r♦t❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♥ós t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳

❆❇❋ ❛ss✉♠❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥ó S ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞♦ ✭✉♠❛

(22)

r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ♦✉ s❡✉ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✮ ❡❧❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ q✉❛❧ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ♦ ❡♥✈✐❛✳ ❊ss❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥ó R r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦✱ ❡❧❡

❡♥✈✐❛ ♣❛r❛ S ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ ❛♥ú♥❝✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛ ❛ S s✉❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛

r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦✳ R ❛tr❛s❛ ♦ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ ❛♥ú♥❝✐♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦

♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ à s✉❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛ ❛té ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ■ss♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ t❡♥❤❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡ r♦t❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛♦ r❡❝❡❜❡r ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♣❛❝♦t❡s✱ S ❡s❝♦❧❤❡ ♦ ❡♠✐ss♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♥ó ♥❛ r♦t❛

❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♥ó ♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❛ s❡r ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❆❇❋ ❡✈✐t❛ ♦ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♥ós ❛❞♦r♠❡❝✐❞♦s ♦✉ q✉❡ ❢❛❧❤❛r❛♠✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s ♥ós ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♠❛♥t❡r t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❊st❛❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡

❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦

❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ três ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❆❣r❡✲ ❣❛çã♦✳ ❚❛✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s sã♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s✿ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ✭❈❧❛ss✐❝ ❘❡✲ str✐❝t❡❞ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣✮✱ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ P♦r ❚❡♠♣♦ ✭❉❡❧❛②❡❞ ❘❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣✮ ❡ ■t✐♥❡rár✐♦ ✭■t✐♥❡r❛r②✮✳ ❊❧❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♥ós ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ♥ós ❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ❡st❛ ár✈♦r❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❡s❝✉t❛ ♦s ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡✉s ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ✉♠ ♥ó q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s é ✉♠ ♥ó✲❢♦❧❤❛✳ ❖s ♥ós✲❢♦❧❤❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛♠ ♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❡♥✈✐❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥ós ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ♥❛ ár✈♦r❡✳ ❖s ♥ós ♥ã♦ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❡s♣❡r❛♠ r❡❝❡❜❡r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❧❡✐t✉r❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡✉s ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠ ♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ s♦❜r❡ t❛✐s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ s♦❜r❡ s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛♠ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥ós s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ❡❧❡s✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é r❡♣❡t✐❞♦ ❛té q✉❡ ❛ r❛✐③ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ r❡❝❡❜❛ ❛s ❧❡✐t✉r❛s ❞❡ s❡✉s ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦✳

❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ♣♦r ❚❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐st✐♥t❛✳ ❱ár✐❛s ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ♣♦r ✐♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ■ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛♣ós ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥ó S ❡♥✈✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦s t❡♥t❛♠

r❡❡♥✈✐á✲❧❛ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡S ♥ã♦ r❡❝❡❜❛ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ✈✐♥❞❛

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❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛✱ S ❡♥✈✐❛ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s

t❡♥❤❛♠ ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦ s✉❛s ❧❡✐t✉r❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ♣♦r ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❡s♣❡r❛ ❛s ❧❡✐t✉r❛s ❞❡ s❡✉s ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✳ ❊ss❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ é ✐♥✈❡rs❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ♥ó ♥❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ♦s ♥ós ❢♦❧❤❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s t❡♠♣♦s ❡ ♦ ♥ó r❛✐③ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r✳ ❚❛❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❡✈✐t❛ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ♣♦✐s ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥ó é ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡✉s ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❡♥✈✐❛r s✉❛s ❧❡✐t✉r❛s✳

❖ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ■t✐♥❡rár✐♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ③✐❣③❛❣ ✭✐t✐♥❡rár✐♦✮ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ♣♦r ♦♥❞❡ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♥ós q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ✐t✐♥❡rár✐♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♠ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦✳ ❖s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♥ós s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛♠ s✉❛s ❧❡✐t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ó s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✐t✐♥❡rár✐♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ❡♥✈✐♦✉ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♥ós tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♠ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞♦✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡♥♦r✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐t✐♥❡rár✐♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❜❛✐①❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥ós ♣♦❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞✐r ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐t✐♥❡rár✐♦ ❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦✳ ◆♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ s♦❢r❡ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♥✢✉ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣♦✐s t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♠ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ✲ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦

❖s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ◆❙ ✈❡rsã♦ ✷✳✸✹✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞❛s três ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❡❧❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❆❇❋ ✭♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✮ ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✲ ❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦✳ ❚❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s sã♦✿

• ❈❧❛ss✐❝✿ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛❀

• ❉❘❋ ✭❉❡❧❛②❡❞ ❘❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣✮✿ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ♣♦r

❚❡♠♣♦✱ ❡❀

• ■t✐♥❡r❛r②✿ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■t✐♥❡rár✐♦✳

❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ três ❢❛s❡s✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡ ❢♦✐ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❛♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ Pré✲Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦

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❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ◆❡st❛ ❢❛s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❈❧❛ss✐❝ t❡✈❡ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r❛♠ ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ t❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ Pré✲Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③♦✉ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✽✵✪ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❉❘❋ ❡ ✻✵✪ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞❛ ♣♦r ■t✐♥❡r❛r②✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❡ ❛ ár❡❛ s❡♥s♦r✐❛❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛✈❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳

◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦✐ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♥ós ❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐✲ ❛✐s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋✱ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❙❲■P✲✷✳ ❚❛❧ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ é ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❲■P✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❬❈♦♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❙❲■P ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❣✉❧♦s♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦✱ ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❆❣❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❙❲■P✲✷ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ●P❙❘ ❬❑❛r♣ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✵❪ ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ■♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❡str✐t❛ ♣♦r ❚❡♠♣♦ ♥♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✲ t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦✳ ❚❛✐s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❙❲■P ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❙❲■P✲✷ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✉ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❝✉❥❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦s ♥ós ❡r❛ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ✻✵✪✳ ❉❘❋ ❡ ■t✐♥❡r❛r② ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✾✵✪ ❞❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❉❘❋ ❡ ❞♦ ■t✐♥❡r❛r② ❢♦r❛♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✽✵✪ ❡ ✽✺✪ ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❙❲■P✲✷✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ■t✐♥❡r❛r② ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✺✺✪ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ❙❲■P✲✷✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❉❘❋ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ t❡♠♣♦ ✶✺✪ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ ❙❲■P✲✷✳

❆ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s♦✉ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋ ❝♦♠ ♥ós ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✿ tr❛♥s✐tór✐❛s ✭♦s ♥ós ✜❝❛♠ t❡♠♣♦r❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❛t✐✈♦s✮ ❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s ✭❛♣ós ❢❛❧❤❛r✱ ♦s ♥ós ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❛t✐✈♦s✮✳ P❛r❛ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛✱ ✈❛r✐♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞♦s ♥ós ❡♥tr❡ ✵✪ ❡ ✾✵✪✳ ❆♠❜♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙❲■P✲✷✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♦❜t❡✈❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✸✵✪ ❞❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❡r❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✶✵✪ ❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ✹✵✪✳ ❉❘❋ ❡ ■t✐♥❡r❛r② ♦❜t✐✈❡r❛♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡♠ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✾✺✪ ❡ ✾✵✪ ❞❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❡r❛ ❞❡ ✶✵✪✳ ❈♦♠ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛

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✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✹✵✪✱ t❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♦❜t✐✈❡r❛♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✽✵✪ ❞❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s✳ ❖ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❲■P✲✷ ❢♦✐ ❛té ✹✵✵✪ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❉❘❋ ❡ ■t✐♥❡r② ❡♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼ ✲ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦

❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ t❡s❡ r❡s✉♠❡ ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ tr❛③ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋✳ ◆❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❢♦✐ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❡stá❣✐♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛✲ ♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❛té ❡♥tã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ ♥❡st❡s ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ t❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r❛♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❡s ❛ss✉♠✐❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡s✲ tã♦ ❛♣t♦s ❛ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✳ ❚❛❧ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ é ✈á❧✐❞❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❘❙❙❋✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ♥ós s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛❧❤❛r ♦✉ ❛❞♦r♠❡❝❡r ♣❛r❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛r ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳

❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ Pré✲Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❆❇❋ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦ ❡ três ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ Pré✲ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❞✉③✐✉ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞❛s três ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❛q✉✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s✿ ❈❧❛ss✐❝✱ ❉❘❋ ❡ ■t✐♥❡r❛r②✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❡ss❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ Pré✲Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❆❇❋ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❘❡t♦r♥♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s três ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦✳ ❆s três ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❙❲■P✲✷✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❙❲■P ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❬❈♦♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❈❧❛ss✐❝ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝❛rt❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❉❘❋ ❡ ■t✐♥❡r❛② ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ✈❡③❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❙❲■P✲✷✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦❜t✐✈❡r❛♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛♣ós s❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ■t✐♥❡r❛r② ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s✳ ❊ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❛t✐♥❣✐r❛♠ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡✳

❈♦♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ✈ár✐❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❘❙❙❋

(26)

r❡❛✐s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛té ❡♥tã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝✐t❛❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ✐♠♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♥❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥ós✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ é ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❡♠ três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✳ ❚❛✐s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r✐❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡s✲ s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r✐❛♠ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣♦❧✐❡❞r♦✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲ s❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s r❡❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✳

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