J of Evidence Based Med & Hlthcare, pISSN- 2349-2562, eISSN- 2349-2570/ Vol. 2/Issue 42/Oct. 19, 2015 Page 7341
PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN GRANITE WORKERS
P. Srilakshmi1, D. Swetha2, M. Vijaya Bhaskar3, K. Rambabu4, M. Madhulatha5HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:
P. Srilakshmi, D. Swetha, M. Vijaya Bhaskar, K. Rambabu, M. Madhulatha. “Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Granite Workers”. Journal of Evidence based Medicine and Healthcare; Volume 2, Issue 42, October 19, 2015; Page: 7341-7345, DOI: 10.18410/jebmh/2015/992
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) has significantly increased over the last few decades and has become a main health challenge worldwide. Prevalence of MS is quickly rising in developing countries due to changing lifestyle. It was considered worthwhile to study MS and its components in granite workers since granite factories are situated in and around Khammam area. Moreover, no studies of MS in granite workers have been reported in literature. OBJECTIVES: Aim of our study is to assess the prevalence of
metabolic syndrome and its components in granite workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 210
male workers in the age group of 20-50 working in granite industries located in and around the Khammam town of Telangana State are selected for the present study. Blood pressures (BP), waist circumference (WC) were measured. Fasting blood samples were collected for the
estimation of glucose and lipids. RESULTS: 69 subjects out of 210 were identified as having MS
based on updated National cholesterol education programme- Adult Treatment Panel III
(NCEP-ATP III) guidelines. CONCLUSION: MS should be identified and remedial measures may be suggested, so that the risk of hypertension, cardiovascular risk, diabetes and the resultant morbidity is minimized and can be delayed.
KEYWORDS: Blood pressure, Central obesity, Blood glucose.
INTRODUCTION: A worldwide alteration in the disease pattern has been observed, where the relative impact of infectious diseases are decreasing while chronic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are increasingly dominating the disease pattern.[1]
For the last fifteen years, Indian epidemiologists and the world health organization (WHO) has been giving information for quickly raising the burden and consequences of CVD. CVD will be the largest cause of disability and death in India, with 2.6 million Indians predicted to die due to CVD by 2020.[2,3]
MS primarily characterized by coexistence of of abdominal obesity, high fasting glucose levels, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated blood pressure (BP). Is
termed as MS.MS also known as syndrome X.[4,5] MS dominated by clinical representation of one
of its components.[4] MS individuals have twofold risk of CVD and a 5-fold risk of diabetes.
Depending up on the components, MS individuals have a 30%–40% possibility of developing diabetes and/or CVD in 20 years.[6]
The incidence of the MS varies by definitions used for the components and central obesity of the subjects. In the United States, the incidence of the MS in the adult residents was projected to be more than 25%. Similarly, the prevalence of MS in seven European countries was around 23%.[7,8] Hydrie et al.,[9] reported that in urban areas of Karachi, Pakistan, showed a high
J of Evidence Based Med & Hlthcare, pISSN- 2349-2562, eISSN- 2349-2570/ Vol. 2/Issue 42/Oct. 19, 2015 Page 7342
definition and modified NCEP- ATP III criteria respectively. It was known that 20%–25% of South
Asians have developed MS and many more may be prone to get it.[7,8] Overall, the prevalence of
the MS in immigrant Asian Indians varies from 20 - 32%.[10] A recent survey in Central India
observed an overall MS prevalence as per ATP III criteria to be 5%. When ATP III criteria were modified using WC cut-offs recommended by Asia-Pacific guidelines, MS was seen in 9.3% (8.2% in males and 10.7% in females).[11] A latest community-based study from eastern India has
observed a prevalence of MS of 31.4%, with females having a much higher prevalence (48.2%)
than males (16.3%).[12] A recent population survey in a semi-urban area of South India showed
that the prevalence of MS is 29.7% (26.5% in men and 31.2% in women).[13] Padmavathi et
al.,[14] reported the prevalence of MS is 19.52% in their study.
DEFINITIONS: MS is mainly characterized by if any three of the five parameters present according to modified NCEP ATP III (2004).[1]
Elevated Waist Circumference (WC) (≥90 cm in men, ≥80 cm in women) - for Asian Americans/Indians.[10,9]
Elevated Triglycerides≥150 mg/dl (1.7mmol/L).[15]
Reduced HDL-C (men≤40 mg/dl (1.03mmol/L and women ≤ 50 mg/dl (1.29mmol/L) – or
on treatment.[15]
Elevated BP ≥ 130/85mmHg or use of medication for hypertension - BP is defined as per
the JNC VII criteria.[16]
Elevated fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl (5.6mmol/L) or use of medication for
hyperglycemia.[10]
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in the department of biochemistry, Mamata Medical College and General Hospital, Khammam, Telangana State, India. All subjects were informed about the study and written consent was obtained. The study was approved by the institutional ethical committee.
Study Duration: The study was conducted for 12 months in between November 2013 to October 2014.
Study Design: Cross-sectional comparative study.
Statistical Analysis: Percentage of MS and its components (elevated Blood pressure, Waist Circumferance, Triglycerides, reduced HDL-C and elevated glucose) were calculated.
Inclusion Criteria: Subjects in the age group of 20-50 yrs.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Workers less than 12 months of exposure.
2. Alcoholics and smokers.
3. Subjects with past history of HTN and DM.
J of Evidence Based Med & Hlthcare, pISSN- 2349-2562, eISSN- 2349-2570/ Vol. 2/Issue 42/Oct. 19, 2015 Page 7343
five minutes apart was taken. A fasting venous blood sample was obtained after 12 hours of overnight fast for glucose serum triglycerides (TG) and high HDL-C was performed. Glucose was estimated using Glucose Oxidase and peroxidase method, Triglycerides by Glycerol-3-P-Oxidase method and HDL-Cholesterol by Phosphotungstate precipitation method using Tulip fully automated analyzer.
RESULTS: Sixty nine granite workers out of 210 were affected with MS and the percentage was 33. Elevated BP was observed in 85 workers. 61 out of total 210 workers showed elevated Waist Circumference (WC). Elevated glucose was observed in 42 granite workers. Triglycerides was
increased in 52 workers and 25 % of workers shown reduced HDL-C. Statistical percentage was
done based on the percentage.
Parameters No. of Granite workers Percentage
Elevated BP 85 40
Elevated WC 61 29
Elevated TG 52 25
Reduced HDL-C 72 34
Elevated Glucose 42 20
MS 69 33
Prevalence of MS and its components
DISCUSSION: Similar studies have not been reported in granite workers population in literature so far. The present study shows the prevalence of MS is 33% in 69 out 210 granite workers. Granite workers sit for longer duration during sawing, surface grinding polishing and trimming of granite stone which further causes stress phenomenon. Gohil et al.,[17] reported that prolonged
stress can be an underlying cause of MS by upsetting the hormonal balance of the hypothalamic-pituitary –adrenal axis (HPA-axis). HPA-axis dysfunction may explain the reported risk indication of abdominal obesity and diabetes.[18] Central adiposity is a key feature of the metabolic
syndrome, reflecting the fact that prevalence is driven by strong relationship between WC and increased adiposity.[19]
J of Evidence Based Med & Hlthcare, pISSN- 2349-2562, eISSN- 2349-2570/ Vol. 2/Issue 42/Oct. 19, 2015 Page 7344
CONCLUSION: MS should be identified and beneficial measures should be initiated, so that the risk of hypertension, diabetes and the resultant morbidity and mortality can be delayed.
Strategies: Various strategies have been proposed to prevent the development of MS, which include increased physical activity and a reduced calorie diet. However, if 3-6 months of efforts at remedying risk factors prove insufficient, then drug treatment is frequently required.
Limitations of the Study: The study includes only male workers and need to conduct on more number of granite workers.
Clinical Significance of the Study: The study signifies the presence of MS is 33% of male granite workers.
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4. Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana.
5. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana.
NAME ADDRESS EMAIL ID OF THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Dr. P. Srilakshmi,
Associate Professor,
Department of Biochemistry, Mamata Medical College, Khammam-507002, Telangana. E-mail: sri.biochemistry@gmail.com
Date of Submission: 07/10/2015. Date of Peer Review: 08/10/2015. Date of Acceptance: 12/10/2015. Date of Publishing: 14/10/2015. AUTHORS:
1. P. Srilakshmi 2. D. Swetha 3. M. Vijaya Bhaskar 4. K. Rambabu 5. M. Madhulatha
PARTICULARS OF CONTRIBUTORS: 1. Associate Professor, Department of
Biochemistry, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana.
2. Post Graduate, Department of General Medicine, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana.
