The Efficacy and Safety of Icotinib in
Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung
Cancer Previously Treated with
Chemotherapy: A Single-Arm, Multi-Center,
Prospective Study
Xingsheng Hu1☯, Li Zhang2☯, Yuankai Shi1, Caicun Zhou3, Xiaoqing Liu4, Dong Wang5, Yong Song6, Qiang Li7, Jifeng Feng8, Shukui Qin9, Nong Xv10, Jianying Zhou10, Li Zhang11, Chunhong Hu12, Shucai Zhang13, Rongcheng Luo14, Jie Wang15, Fenlai Tan16,
Yinxiang Wang16, Lieming Ding16, Yan Sun1*
1Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing, China,2Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,3Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,4Department of Pulmonary Oncology, 307 Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Cancer Center, Beijing, China,5Third Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University of People‘s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China,6Nanjing Military General Hospital, Nanjing, China,7Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 8Jiangsu Province Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China,9Nanjing Bayi Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Nanjing, China,10 The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,11Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China,12The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China,13Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China,14Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,15Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China,16Betta Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, China
☯These authors contributed equally to this work.
*suny@csco.org.cn
Abstract
Background
Icotinib is a small molecule targeting epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, which shows non-inferior efficacy and better safety comparing to gefitinib in previous phase III trial. The present study was designed to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of icotinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with plati-num-based chemotherapy.
Methods
Patients with NSCLC progressing after one or two lines of chemotherapy were enrolled to receive oral icotinib (125mg tablet, three times per day). The primary endpoint was progres-sion-free survival. The secondary endpoints included overall survival, objective response rate, time to progression, quality of life and safety.
OPEN ACCESS
Citation:Hu X, Zhang L, Shi Y, Zhou C, Liu X, Wang D, et al. (2015) The Efficacy and Safety of Icotinib in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated with Chemotherapy: A Single-Arm, Multi-Center, Prospective Study. PLoS ONE 10 (11): e0142500. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142500
Editor:Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, SPAIN
Received:July 9, 2015
Accepted:October 19, 2015
Published:November 24, 2015
Copyright:© 2015 Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability Statement:All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding:This study was funded by Betta Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd. The funder provided funding and organizational support and collected the data, and also provided support in the form of salaries for authors [Fenlai Tan, Yinxiang Wang, and Lieming Ding], the specific roles of these authors are articulated in the‘author contributions’section.
Results
From March 16, 2010 to October 9, 2011, 128 patients from 15 centers nationwide were enrolled, in which 124 patients were available for efficacy evaluation and 127 patients were evaluable for safety. The median progression-free survival and time to progression were 5.0 months (95%CI 2.9–6.6 m) and 5.4 months (95%CI 3.1–7.9 m), respectively. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 25.8% and 67.7% respectively. Median overall survival exceeded 17.6 months (95%CI 14.2 m-NA) according to censored data. Further fol-low-up of overall survival is ongoing. The most frequent treatment-related adverse events were rash (26%, 33/127), diarrhea (12.6%, 16/127) and elevation of transaminase (15.7%, 20/127).
Conclusions
In general, this study showed similar efficacy and numerically better safety when compared with that in ICOGEN trial, further confirming the efficacy and safety of icotinib in treating patients with advanced NSCLC previously treated with chemotherapy.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.govNCT02486354
Introduction
Recent analysis of cancer incidence and mortality demonstrated that lung cancer is the leading cause of the cancer-related death both worldwide and nationwide in China, which highlights
the urgent need for more effective therapeutic interventions.[1,2] First-line platinum-based
doublet chemotherapy regimens have achieved 1-year survival rates of approximately 34%. The targeted agents, such as gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib, have further improved outcome for patients with a driver mutation in first-line setting with a median PFS around 9.5 to 13.1
months. [3–6] Second-line therapy for advanced NSCLC included single docetaxel,
peme-trexed, erlotinib, gefitinib with a tumor response of 6.3–9.1%, and a median PFS of 2.2–6.3
months in unselected population. [7–9]
Icotinib (Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China) is a potent, orally active, highly
selective EGFR-TKI. [10] A favorable safety profile was noted in its phase I and II trials, with
rash and diarrhea as the most common adverse events. [11,12] Based on the phase III trial,
icotinib was approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) as second- or
third-line treatment for advanced NSCLC. [13] ICOGEN is a randomized, double-blind,
head-to-head, phase III trial designed to determine whether icotinib is non-inferior to gefitinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one platinum-based chemotherapy regimen. In this study, icotinib was non-inferior to gefitinib in terms of
progres-sion-free survival (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.67–1.05; median progression-free survival 4.6 [3.5–6.3]
months vs. 3.4 [2.3–3.8] months; p = 0.13). [13] The most common adverse events were rash
(icotinib vs. gefitinib: 40.5% vs. 49.2%) and diarrhea (21.5% vs. 29.1%). Icotinib was associated with lower rates of drug-related adverse events (60.5% [121/200] vs. 70.4% [140/199];
p = 0.05), especially drug-related diarrhea (18.5% [37/200] vs. 27.6% [55/199]; p = 0.03). [13] A
retrospective phase IV study further assessed the efficacy and safety of icotinib, and tumor response was observed across a broad range of patient subtypes with favorable safety profile. [14]
To further explore the role of icotinib as second-line treatment, here we present a single-arm, prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of icotinib in patients with advanced NSCLC previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.
Methods
Study design and patients
This study was a single-arm, multi-center, prospective trial, aiming to evaluate the efficacy and safety of icotinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one platinum-based chemotherapy regimen.
Eligible subjects are histologically or cytologically confirmed locally advanced/metastatic (stage IIIB/stage IV, using the American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] 6th edition of tumor-node-metastasis [TNM] staging system) NSCLC patients progressed after at least one platinum-based chemotherapy regimen at entry. Other eligibility criteria included: age 18 to 75
years; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0–2; at least one
measurable lesion by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.0; and adequate hematologic and biochemical values. Patients with symptomatic brain metastases; malignant tumor within the previous five years; severe infection; congestive heart failure; previous treat-ment with drugs targeting EGFR; and a history of interstitial lung disease were excluded from this study.
The study protocol was approved by independent ethics committees at 15 participating cen-ters in China, the full names of all the ethics committee/institutional review board(s) that
approved our study are listed inS1 Appendix. All subjects provided written informed consent
prior to participating in the study. The study was undertaken in full accordance with the guide-lines for Harmonization/Good Clinical Practice, the Declaration of Helsinki, and other bioethi-cal principles. This study was retrospectively registered as NCT02486354.
Procedures
Patients were enrolled by physician referral and administered with oral icotinib (tablet form, 125 mg) three times daily by investigators at the 15 participating centers within two days after enrollment until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Treatment interruption (no more than 14 days) was recommended when grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred, and dose reduction of icotinib was not permitted. If the adverse events did not resolve after a 14-day interruption, patients withdrew and were excluded from the final data analysis.
The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) in the full analysis set. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), time-to-progression (TTP), overall response rates (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), toxicity, safety and quality of life (QoL).
PFS was defined as the duration between the date of entering the study and the date of dis-ease progression or death. TTP was defined as the duration between the date of study entry and the date of disease progression. OS was defined as the time between the date of study entry and the date of death from any cause. The efficacy was evaluated by investigators. Tumor response assessment was conducted using RECIST version 1.0 at the 4 week after the first med-ication, and then at a 6-week intervals. We assessed QoL using the 4th edition of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung (FACT-L) questionnaires and Lung Cancer Symptoms
Subscale (LCS). [15] Toxicities were monitored and graded according to the National Cancer
Statistical analysis
Since icotinib is a completely new drug, and only 200 patients treated with icotinib were enrolled in the registered phase 3 ICOGEN study, more data were needed for IND application. Therefore, after completing the registered ICOGEN study, China food and drug administration dictated an additional single-arm study of the study drug involving at least 100 subjects in same population to further explore the efficacy and safety of icotinib. This is how the sample size was determined in this study.
Descriptive statistical analysis was performed in this study using SAS 9.1.3. The mean, stan-dard deviation, median, minimum and maximum were used to describe the measurement data. Frequency and percentage were used to describe the categorical data. The ORR was defined as the sum of CR and PR, and DCR was defined as the sum of CR, PR and stable dis-ease (SD). The Kaplan-Meier curve was performed to estimate the median and the 95% CIs for PFS and OS and draw survival curves. The LCS Scale total score and the FACT-L scores were analyzed by covariance analysis. Adverse events (AEs) and drug-related AEs were coded and graded according to CTCAE v3.0. The descriptive summary of the index of laboratory exami-nation mainly aimed at the abnormal data.
Efficacy analysis was performed in the full analysis set (FAS), which included all random-ized subjects who have completed at least 1-cycle (28 days as 1 cycle) treatment of the study drug, and safety and toxicity were analyzed in the safety set (SS), including all randomized sub-jects who have used at least 1 dose of the study drug.
Results
Between March 16, 2010 and October 9, 2011, a total of 128 patients were enrolled in the study (Fig 1), in which 127 were treated and evaluable for safety analysis (1 case was excluded from the safety set [SS] due to no medication after enrollment), and 124 subjects were included in the full analysis set (FAS, 4 subjects were excluded from the FAS due to the informed consent form withdrawal or protocol violation). A total of 117 patients were included in per protocol
set (PPS), 11 patients did not complete the study (Table A inS1 Appendix).
Baseline characteristics
The baseline characteristics are summarized inTable 1. The median age was 57 years (range:
30–73 years), the females and males accounted for 52.4% (n = 65) and 47.6% (n = 59)
respec-tively. The majority of patients had stage IV disease (89.5%, n = 111), and 74.2% (n = 92) had adenocarcinoma. Four patients excluded from the FAS due to consent withdrawal or protocol
violation, the baseline characteristics were listed in Table B inS1 Appendix.
Efficacy
At the cut-off (April 24, 2012), a total of 124 subjects entered the FAS, and 101 (81%) had pri-mary endpoint events (92 disease progression and 9 death). The median PFS and TTP were 5.0
months (95%CI 2.9–6.6 m) and 5.4 months (95%CI 3.1–7.9 m), respectively (Fig 2,Table 2).
With respect to other efficacy endpoints, the ORR was 25.8% (32/124), including 32 PRs, and
the DCR was 67.7% (84/124) in the FAS population (Table 3). The per-protocol analysis for
PFS, TTP, ORR and DCR were listed in Table C inS1 Appendix, andS1 File.
At the OS cut-off (May 17, 2012), 59 cases reached the OS endpoint in FAS with an
esti-mated median OS exceeding 17.6 months (95%CI 14.2–NA) according to censored data.
Subgroup analysis demonstrated that females, adenocarcinoma, non-smokers, and patients with CR/PR had significantly better PFS than males, non-adenocarcinoma, smokers and patients with SD. However, there was no statistically significant difference between different
ECOG score and diseases stage (Table 3). The OS analysis also showed similar results.
Multivariate analysis was also performed to detect potential predictors by Cox model. As
showed inTable 4, adenocarcinoma, stage IIIb, and non-smokers were the significant variable
after a stepwise selection in the model for progression-free survival. Fig 1. Study profile.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142500.g001
Table 1. Baseline characteristics (the full analysis set).
Characteristics Icotinib (n = 124)
Median age (range, years) 57 (30–73)
Sex Male 65 (52.4%)
Female 59 (47.6%)
Smoking status Smokers 51 (41.1%)
Non-smokers 73 (58.9%)
ECOG PSa 0–1 118 (95.9%)
2 5 (4.1%)
Tumor histology Squamous-cell carcinoma 25 (20.3%)
Adenocarcinoma 91 (74.0%)
Adenosquamous carcinoma 2 (1.6%)
Other 5 (4.1%)
Disease stage IIIB 13 (10.5%)
IV 111 (89.5%)
Data are number (%) of subjects or median (range) of age.
a
ECOG = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
Fig 2. Kaplan-Meier analysis of primary and secondary endpoints in full-analysis set (FAS). Kaplan-Meier curves for progression-free survival (A), time to progression (B), and overall survival (C).
Safety
The overall adverse events incidence was 70.2% (89/124), with rash (26.6%, 33/124), diarrhea (12.1%, 15/124), and elevation of transaminase (14.5%, 18/124) as the most frequent
treat-ment-related AEs (>10%). Other AEs and drug-related AEs were listed inTable 5. Most AEs
were mild (grade I/II) and manageable, only one grade 3 elevation of transaminase and one fatal ILD was seen in the present study.
Four patients were excluded from the FAS due to consent form withdrawal or protocol viola-tion, in which 3 patients suffered at least 1 AE. One had possibly treatment-related leucopenia and neutropenia, one had unrelated urinary tract infection, and one had treatment-unrelated hypohemoglobinemia, and erythrocytopenia. All these AEs were mild to moderate.
We recorded serious adverse events (SAEs) in 14 patients (11.3%), including 4 deaths and 3 hospitalizations due to disease progression, 4 lung infections, 1 oral ulcer with fungal infection, 1 sudden death, and 1 death related to interstitial lung disease. Most of them were considered as not treatment-related by investigator, the death related to interstitial lung disease was the only possibly treatment-related serious adverse event. No treatment-related discontinuation was recorded.
Table 2. Tumor response (the full analysis set).
N (%)
CR
-PR 32 (25.8%)
SD 52 (41.9%)
PD 33 (26.6%)
Death 5 (4.0%)
Other 2 (1.6%)
ORR 32 (25.8%)
DCR 74 (67.7%)
PFS (month) 5.0 (95%CI 2.9–6.6)
TTP (month) 5.4 (95%CI 3.1–7.9)
OS (month) NA (95%CI 14.2-NA)
aOther included patients who was not evaluable or tolerable.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142500.t002
Table 3. Progression-free survival by subgroup (FAS).
N PFS (Median, month) 95% CI (month) P value
Gender Male 59 2.4 1.2–3.6 0.0003
Female 65 9.4 5.8–12.5
ECOG PS 0–1 119 5.1 2.9–6.7 0.1178
2 5 3.9 0.8–8.4
Smoking status Smokers 73 2.3 1.2–3.6 0.0003
Non-smokers 51 7.9 5.3–12.3
Disease stage IIIB 13 5.1 2.4-NA 0.1420
IV 111 5.0 2.6–6.6
Tumor histology Adenocarcinoma 92 7.9 4.9–11.0 0.0005
Non-adenocarcinoma 32 1.5 1.1–2.9
Best response CR+PR 32 15.4 12.3–19.3 0.0002
SD 52 5.8 4.0–9.2
Discussion
This phase 3, prospective, single-arm study demonstrated that icotinib provided favorable clin-ical outcome benefits in pretreated NSCLC patients with a median PFS of 5.0 months, which was consistent with that in the confirmatory phase 3 ICOGEN study (median PFS 4.6 months).
[13] In addition, a good safety profile was also observed in this study.
Several studies evaluated the role of icotinib in pretreated NSCLC patients. The phase 3 ICOGEN study compared icotinib with gefitinib in 400 NSCLC patients who had progressed
with at least 1 chemotherapy regimen. [13] In this study, icotinib displayed non-inferior
effi-cacy to gefitinib, with the median PFS for icotinib and gefitinib as 4.6 months and 3.4 months,
respectively, without statistical significance. [13] A phase 4 study further confirmed these
out-comes in a large and heterogenerous patients population. [14] A total of 6,087 patients with
advanced NSCLC were registered in this study, of which 5,549 were evaluable for safety and tumor response analysis. The ORR for second- and multiple lines were 30.3% and 30.4%
respectively. [14]
The current study was an expansion of the ICOGEN study utilizing same criteria. Similar baseline characteristics were observed between the two studies in icotinib-treated population
except that the current study recruited more patients with ECOG PS 0–1 (95.9% vs 86.9%,
p = 0.0078, Table D inS1 Appendix), which might contribute to the numerically longer PFS.
Results of our efficacy analysis showed that the PFS and OS were 5.0 months and 17.6 months, respectively. The findings were favorably comparable with those in previous studies. Other effi-cacy endpoints, including TTP (5.1 months), ORR (25.8%) and DCR (67.7%), were also
consis-tent with the results from the ICOGEN study (TTP: 5.2 month; ORR: 27.6%; DCR: 75.4%) [13].
Table 4. Summary of multivariate analysis for progression-free survival.
Predictor variables for progression-free survival Hazard ratio (95% CI) P value
Men vs womena 1.63 [0.89, 2.96] 0.1114
Non-adenocarcinoma vs Adenocarcinomab 2.28[1.38, 3.76] 0.0013
ECOG 0–1 vs 2a 0.87 [0.35, 2.19] 0.7670
Stage IV vs IIIbb 2.38[1.12, 5.05] 0.0235
Smoker vs non-smokerb 1.84[1.21, 2.81] 0.0046
aResults from the full model. b
Results from the model after stepwise selection.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142500.t004
Table 5. Adverse events and drug-related adverse eventsa.
Adverse events (N = 124) Drug-related adverse events (N = 124)
Rash 33 (26.6%) 33 (26.6%)
Transaminase elevation 20 (16.1%) 18 (14.5%)
Pain 18 (14.5%) —
Diarrhea 16 (12.9%) 15 (12.1%)
Hypo-albuminemia 7 (5.6%) —
Fever 7 (5.6%) —
Total 87 (70.2%) 61 (49.2%)
aTable 5 listed all adverse events and drug-related adverse events with incidence over 5%. Data are
number (%) of subjects, unless otherwise stated. Some patients reported have more than 1 AEs. All adverse events were assessed according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE, version 3.0).
Current therapy for second-line and multiple-line setting included single docetaxel,
peme-trexed, erlotinib and gefitinib. Chemotherapies provided an ORR of 6.3–7.6% and a PFS
around 2.0–2.7 months.[8,9] EGFR TKIs, such as gefitinib and erlotinib, merited similar
out-come benefits to chemotherapy with a PFS of 2.2 months in overall population, and a PFS
around 3.0–3.4 months in Asian population.[7–9] The phase 4 Tarceva Lung Cancer Survival
Treatment (TRUST) study recruited a total of 6,665 patients worldwide, with 1,242 patients
recruited within the East/Southeast (E/SE) Asian region.[17,18] The median PFS for the E/SE
Asian population was 5.78 months, compared with 2.92 months for the non-E/SE Asian popu-lation and 3.25 months for the overall global popupopu-lation. As a subgroup of Asian patients, 519 Chinese patients were enrolled. Of these patients, one case had complete response, 127 cases had partial response, 263 cases had stable disease, and 88 cases had progressive disease, result-ing in a 26.7% ORR and a 75.3% DCR. The median TTP was 6.44 months, and median OS was
15.37 months. [17]
Asian origin, sex, smoking status, and histologic findings help to identify patients who have
a higher likelihood of positive EGFR mutation. [5] In this study, females, those with
adenocar-cinoma, never smokers had significantly better PFS than the males, those with non-adenocarci-noma, and current smokers. In addition, results from the multivariate analysis suggested an association between PFS and adenocarcinoma, stage IIIb disease, and non-smokers.
As suggested by the results of the current study, there was no unexpected safety finding rele-vant to icotinib. Most drug-related AEs were generally mild to moderate with only 1 reported case of grade 3 transaminase elevation and 1 ILD. Both frequency and severity of drug-related
AEs were consistent with the previous work studying icotinib. [11–14]
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is considered as a major safety concern for EGFR-TKIs. The
incidence of ILD among gefitinib-treated patients was 0.44–2.0%, and the mortality rate of ILD
was reported to be 0.12–0.5%.[19–21] ILD was also found in patients receiving erlotinib, with
the incidence of 0.1–4.8% and the mortality of 0.8–2.4%.[22–26] Several factors were reported
to contribute to the development of ILD, including older age, poorer performance status, smoking status, shorter duration since diagnosis of NSCLC, reduced normal lung, preexisting
ILD, and concurrent cardiac disease.[19] For icotinib, one ILD case was reported in a phase I
study,[11] and no ILDs was reported with icotinib or gefitinib in the ICOGEN study.[13] In
the IV phase study, three ILD-like events were observed, and all of these cases were in elderly patients with stage IV adenocarcinoma who had received at least one platinum-based
chemo-therapy.[14] In the present study, one ILD case was reported who had received two
platinum-based chemotherapy regimens. Investigators considered this ILD as icotinib-related by CT scan and clinical syndrome.
In summary, this trial further confirmed efficacy and safety of icotinib in treating patients with advanced NSCLC previously treated with chemotherapy. Icotinib is a potential option for pretreated NSCLC population with favorable antitumor activity and safety profile.
Supporting Information
S1 TREND Checklist. Trend Checklist.
(PDF)
S1 Appendix. Text.The list of all the ethics committee/institutional review board(s) that approved the present study. Table A. Number of patients included in each analysis set. Table B. Baseline characteristics of the 4 patients excluded from FAS. Table C. Tumor response (the per-protocol set). Table D. Baseline characteristics of the current study and the ICOGEN study.
S1 File. Kaplan-Meier analysis of primary and secondary endpoints in per-protocol set (PPS).Kaplan-Meier curves for progression-free survival (Figure A), time to progression (Figure B), and overall survival (Figure C).
(EPS)
S1 Protocol. Trial protocol.
(PDF)
Acknowledgments
We thank all the participating patients, their families, and the network of investigators, research nurses, study coordinators, and operations staff.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: XSH LZ (2nd author) YKS CCZ XQL DW YongS QL JFF SKQ NX JYZ LZ (13th author) CHH SCZ RCL JW FLT YXW LMD YanS. Performed the experiments: XSH LZ (2nd author) YKS CCZ XQL DW YongS QL JFF SKQ NX JYZ LZ (13th author)CHH SCZ RCL JW YanS. Analyzed the data: XSH LZ (2nd author)YKS FLT YXW LMD YanS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XSH LZ (2nd author) YKS FLT YXW LMD YanS. Wrote the paper: XSH LZ (2nd author) YKS CCZ XQL DW YongS QL JFF SKQ NX JYZ LZ (13th author) CHH SCZ RCL JW FLT YXW LMD YanS.
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